5.

3 ELECTRICAL ENERGY

- Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of expenditure of energy, therefore, electrical
energy is equal to the product of electrical power and time.

Energy is given by the following Equation:

W = P⋅t = (F ⋅v)⋅t = E⋅I ⋅t = F ⋅s ⇒ Watt −sec or Joules (J ) Eq. 5.16

Units of Energy:
mks: ------- Joule (J) N-m
cgs: ------- erg dyne-cm
British: ------- lb-ft lb.-ft.

For commercial purposes larger unit is used, commonly:

1 kW-hr = 3,600,000 Joules

Illustrative Problem 5.13

If energy is sold for Ᵽ12 per kW-hr, how many kW-hr may be purchased for Ᵽ 1,800.00?
Solution:
Given Data:
Cost of energy = Ᵽ12 per kW-hr
Amount to purchase energy = Ᵽ 1,800.00

Required:
Units of energy (W) in kW-hr may be purchased:
1,800.00 Php
W=−
=
12.00 Php.
150 kW Hr −
kW Hr
SPECIFIC HEAT :

BTU Ice
− =.

0.50 0.50 = =
oo
gm C
Cal lb F
−
CONVERSION
: BTU Steam
oo − =.
gm C
lb F
−
1 252 . BTU Cal
BTU Water
− =
1 . 4.185 Cal J =
=.
Cal
1.0 1.0
 Cal
0.48 0.48 =
oo
gm C lb F
From THERMODYNAMICS: (Physics)
HEAT OF FUSION : −

BTU
H f.
= 144 = 80 EVAPORIZATION :
Cal gm
lb

HEAT OF

BTU
He.
= 970 = 540 lb
Cal
gm

Q=W=P⋅t

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

= ⋅ Δ = ⋅ = ⋅ = = ⋅ Eq. 5.17
QmctmHmHWPt
fe

Where: Q = Energy in the form of Heat (BTU or Cal. or Joules)

W = Energy in mechanical form or work (N.m or Joules or
lb.ft or ergs (dyn.cm)
P.t = Energy in electrical form (Watt-sec or Joules or kW-hr)

Illustrative Problem 5.14

A 1200-Watt water heater is used to boil 2-kg of water @ 28 oC. It is connected across a
120-Volt supply. Find the time required and resistance of the heating element.
Solution:
Given Data:
P = 1,200 Watts
E = 120 V
m = 2 kg (H2O)
t0 = 280C
tf = 1000C

Required:

Time required:

From Thermodynamics, Equation 5.17 the heat needed (Q):

 Q mc t
= ⋅Δ

(100 28) 144,000 .

⎜⎛ 1000 1 .
⎜⎝⋅ Cal
⎜ −= ⎟
⎜ ⎝⎛ ⎟ ⎠⎞
⎟
⎟ ⎠⎞
gm
kg x
2 =
0

kg Q = P⋅t 0 C Cal
Also,
gm C

J
−
And applying conversion 1,200 1 sec Watt
4.185
144,000 .

( Watts) t Cal x = ⋅
x
Cal
.
J
Hence,
t = 502.02 sec = 8.37 min s. The

resistance of the heating element: From equation

of power: Equation 5.15

2
E
P = R
2
120
1,200 =
R
Hence,
1202
= = 12 Ω
R 1,200

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Illustrative Problem 5.15
How long will it take a 1000-Watt 220-Volt percolator to melt 2 kg of ice at -10oC to steam
at 120oC? Assume heat loss of 22%. Also find the resistance of the heating element.
 1200C-steam
Solution: Q5
Given Data: Q3

P = 1,000 Watts E = 220 V Q2

m = 2 kg (H2O) t0 = -100C_ice 1000C-water1000C-steam Q_Loss
Phase-Transition Diagram Q4

00C-ice 00C-water
tf = 1200C_steam of Q_in
Losses = 22%
Q1

-100C-ice

Required: Total time required (including losses) to melt 2 kg of ice at -10oC to steam at
120oC, and the resistance of the heating element.

The heat required to bring 2 kg of ice at -10oC to 0oC (Q1):

From Thermodynamics, Equation 5.17 the heat needed (Q):
Q mc t
1
= ⋅Δ ice
(10 0) 10,000 .
⎜ gm ⎜⎛ ⎟ −= ⎟
⎜ ⎝⎛ kg x ⎜ ⎝ ⋅ ⎟ ⎠⎞ ⎟ ⎠⎞

1000 0.50 .
Cal
20 =
kg C Cal
0
gm C

The heat required to bring 2 kg of ice at 0oC to 0oC water (Q2):

From Thermodynamics, Equation 5.17 the heat needed
(Q): Q m H f
2
=⋅
⎜ gm
kg x ⎜ ⎛ ⎟ ⎞ = ⎟ ⎞
⎜ ⎝⎛ ⎜⎝⎟⎠ ⎟⎠
= 1000 80 . Cal
160,000 .
2
kg gm Cal

The heat required to bring 2 kg of water at 0oC to 100 oC water

(Q3): From Thermodynamics, Equation 5.17 the heat
needed (Q): Q mc t water
3
= ⋅Δ

(100 0) 200,000 .
 ⎜ gm ⎜⎛ ⎟ −= ⎟
⎜ ⎝⎛ kg x ⎜ ⎝ ⋅ ⎟ ⎠⎞ ⎟ ⎠⎞

1000 1.0 .
Cal
20 =
kg C Cal
0
gm C

The heat required to bring 2 kg of water at 100oC to 100 oC steam

(Q4): From Thermodynamics, Equation 5.17 the heat needed
(Q): Q m He
4
=⋅

1,080,000 .
⎜ 2 gm Cal
⎜ ⎝⎛ ⎜⎛⎟
kg x Cal
= ⎜ ⎝ ⎟ ⎠⎞ 1000 540 .= ⎟
⎟ ⎠⎞
kg gm
The heat required to bring 2 kg of steam at 100oC to 120 oC steam (Q5):

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

From Thermodynamics, Equation 5.17 the heat needed
(Q): Q mc t
5 steam
= ⋅Δ
(120 100) 19,200 .
⎜ gm ⎜⎛ ⎟ −= ⎟
⎜ ⎝⎛ kg x ⎜ ⎝ ⋅ ⎟ ⎠⎞ ⎟ ⎠⎞

1000 0.48 .
Cal
20 =
kg C Cal
0
gm C

The total heat required to bring 2 kg of ice at -10oC to 120 oC steam

(Q_out): Q out Q Q Q Q Q
=++++
_12345

=++++
10,000 160,000 200,000 1,080,000 19,200
= 1,469,20
 0 . Cal

Total energy required (including losses) to melt 2 kg of ice at -10oC to steam at

120oC. (Q_in):
Q_ in= Q_ out + Q_ Loss
Q_ in Q_ out 22Q_ in
= + 0.
Hence,
Q
1,469,200
1,833,589.743 . Qout
_

_ Cal
===
in
o
.78 0.78

Total time required (including losses) to melt 2 kg of ice at -10oC to steam at 120oC.
(t):
Since,
QPt
_

in =⋅
−
And applying conversion 1,000 1 sec Watt

4.185
1,833,589.743 . J

( Watts) t Cal x = ⋅
x
Cal
.
J
Hence,
t = 7,882.823 sec = 131.38 min s. The

resistance of the heating element:

From equation of power: Equation 5.15

2
E
P = R
2
220
1,000 =
R
Hence,
2202
= = 48.4 Ω
 R 1,000

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Illustrative Problem 5.16
A hoisting machine is to raise a 2.25-tonne mine cage at a speed of 15 ft/s. Mechanical
efficiency of the hoist is 92%. What is the horse-power required to drive the load at that
speed?
Solution:
Given Data:
Weight = F = 2.25 tonnes
⎜
⎜ ⎝⎛
2.25 = ⎟
⎟ ⎠⎞
lbs
F tonnes x 20,065.909 9.81
2000 1 kg N

N
= ft/s x kg
v = 15 2.22 lbs
tonne x

v= ⎟
⎟ ⎠⎞
⎜ ft 1 m
⎜ ⎝⎛

4.573 /sec
=
15 m
x 92%
sec 3.28
Required: ft
Efficiency =

horse-power required (P_in) to drive the load at a speed of 15 ft/s

From Equation 5.16:
P⋅t = (F ⋅v)⋅t
[]
P F v Conversion Factor
=⋅⋅
 ⎢⎡
⎣⋅
⎥
⎦⎤
m watt
PN
1
1
⎜ 20,065. ⎟ Hp
out = ⎝⎛ 909 sec ⎠⎞ 1 /sec x
() 4.573
123.01 P Nm
= Hp 746
Also, Watts

. 100% _x

Eff = out

P
_

Hence,
123.01
P 100%
in

x Hp Pout

_ ===
in 133.706
Eff . 0.92

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Learning Activity 5.3 Self-Assessment:
Electrical Energy
 Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ related equations to
determine the corresponding required data for each problem. (See Answer-Key to verify
your answers)

1. A hoist is used to lift 10 tons of load @ a height of 12 meters in one minute. (a) What is the
power required of the 220-Volt electric motor which drives the hoisting system? (b) What
is the current taken by the motor from the 220-Volt supply mains?

2. An electric motor develops 2-Hp for 5 hours. Determine its output in; (a) Watt-second; (b)
kW-hr.

3. How long will it take for a 2,400-Watt water heater to boil 8.8 pounds of water @ 82.4 oF?
The heater is connected across a 120-Volt supply.

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Assessment 5.0
I. Direction. Answer each question quietly and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. One kW-Hr is equivalent to _______.

(a) 1,414.14 BTU per hour (b) 3,600,000 N.m
(c) 1,414.14 Cal. per sec (d) 3,600,000 kJ

2. The voltage across any part of a circuit is equal to the _______ of the current in amperes and the
resistance in Ohms.
(a) difference (b) product
(c) sum (d) quotient

3. In a series circuit the current is the _______ in any part of the circuit and the total emf (source) is
equal to the _______ of the voltages across each resistor
(a) same, sum (b) same, difference
(c) same, total (d) sum, same

4. System efficiency when maximum power is transferred or delivered is ______.

(a) 60%. (b) 150%.
(c) 50%. (d) 200%.

5. In parallel circuit the emf across each resistor is the _____ and the total current is equal to the _____
of all branch currents
(a) sum, same (b) same, product
(c) same, difference (d) same, sum

6. 1,200 BTU is equivalent to _______ Joules.

(a) 302,500 (b) 1,265,554
(c) 302,400 (d) 3,600,000

7. Ohm’s Law states that, for a steady current, the current in a circuit is ______ proportional to the
total emf acting in the circuit and is ______ proportional to the total resistance.
(a) Inversely, directly (b) directly, not
(c) directly, inversely (d) Inversely, Inversely

8. _______ is the rate of doing work, or rate of expenditure of energy, and its unit is _______.
(a) Energy, Joule (b) Power, Watt
(c) Power, Joule (d) Voltage, Volt

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

II. Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ related equations
to determine the corresponding required data for each problem.

1. In the circuit shown,

300Ω 100Ω 600Ω
determine the equivalent
A
resistance, total current
50Ω
and power in each 400Ω B
resistor if the supply
voltage between 500 Ω
1000 Ω
terminals A and B is 440
Volts.

2. An electric motor takes 28 A at 550 Volts and has an efficiency of 80 %. Determine (a) the horse
power which it delivers; (b) total electric energy consumed after a day of operation; (c) total cost
of energy when unit cost is 12.00 Php per kW-Hr.

3. Two heating units A and B are connected parallel across a 120-volt supply. Unit B takes twice as
much power in A, and the total power is 2160 Watts. Determine resistances of A and B.

4. An aluminum wire 7.5 m long is connected in parallel with a copper wire 6 m long. When a current
of 5 A is passed through the combination it is found that the current in aluminum wire is 3 A. The
diameter of aluminum wire is 1 mm. Determine the diameter of the copper wire. Resistivity of
copper is 1.7 x 10 -6ohm-cm and that of aluminum is 1.724 micro-ohm-cm.

5. In the figure is shown a battery having an emf of 12 Volts and an internal resistance of 0.40 Ohm. A
resistor R1 of 2.6 Ohms is connected across its terminals ab. Determine (a) resistance of R
which, when connected across terminals ab E= 12
in parallel with R1 will make the power V
R1= 2.6ΩR
delivered by the battery a maximum; (b)
current in R1 and R; (c) terminal voltage of r= 0.40Ω

battery; (d) power in R1 and in R; (e) power lost in battery

Hint: To maximize power in R, use differentiation

In the circuit shown, a 6-Ohm resistor connected in series to a parallel combination of two
resistors, one is 30-Ohm and the other is R being
unknown. Determine the value of R if: (a) the
power dissipated in 6-Ohm power of in R; (c) value of R
resistor is equal to the power in maximum power transfer.
the parallel combination; (b) he Hint: To maximize power in R, use E = 24 V r = 0.20Ω
power in 6-Ohm is equal to the differentiation 6Ω
 R
30Ω

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Answer Key

Pre-Test
1. a 6. d
2. d 7. d
3. b 8. a
4. c 9. c
5. d 10. b

Learning Activity 5.I

1. 26.786 Ohms; 1.3125A
2. 150 Ohms; 0.72A; 72V

Learning Activity 5.2

1. 7.50 Ohms; 78.541Ohms (or) 7.50 Ohms; 11.459 Ohms
2. 0.20 Ohm; 720 Watts
2. 1.2A; 25.92Watts

Learning Activity 5.3

1. 19.62 kW; 89.182A

2. (a) W = 26,856,000 W-sec; (b) W = 7.46 kW-Hr 3.
8.37 mins
Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT