MCQS

1.WHO warned about emerging infections rate to increase in its report of

a.2007

b.2005

c.2003

d.2010

2.condition when infectious agents in animals are passed to humans

a.pshycosis

b.zoonoses

c. toxoplasmosis

d.brucellosis

3.infections that have appeared recently within a population are called

a.emerging infections

b.reemerging infections

c.microbial infections

d.none of these

4.dengue virus is classified into

a. 3 serotypes

b. 4 serotypes

c. 7 sero types

d. 10 serotypes

5. pakistan is the _________ most popolous country according to WHO

a. 5th

b.4th

c.6th

d.8th

6.what is tha cause of emerging infectious diseases

a. climate change

b. global travel
c. zoonoses

d. all of the above

7. polio virus cases still reported in

a. afghanistan

b. nigeria

c.kenya

d. both a and b

8. prevalence of HCV is around

a. 6 %

b. 10%

c. 5%

d. 15 %

9. HIV results in decline of

a. CD 8 T cells

b. CD 4 T cells

c.Th 1 cells

d. B cells

10. bacteria and viruses can evolve over time and develop resistance to drugs defined as

a. drug resistance

b. antimicrobial resistance

c. immunization

d. antibiotic resistance

How does vaccination contribute to the prevention of emerging infectious diseases in a One Health framework?

A) By promoting the spread of diseases

B) By weakening the immune system

C) By reducing the reservoirs for potential pathogens

D) By increasing the use of pesticides

Vaccination helps by

A. Preventing disease emergence

B. Restrictions pathogen spread

C. Contoll zoonotic pathogen transmission

D. All of these

First vaccine used was

A. Live attenuated

B. Killed vaccine

C. Not known

D. None of these

AMR is a serious rising problem. It's possibly due to

1. Overuse of vaccination

2. Misuse of antibiotics

3. Misuse of vaccination

4. All of them

One health is Linked to.

A. Humans health

B. Animal health

C. Environment wellbeing

D. All

Which term describes diseases that affect both humans and animals simultaneously?

A) Unilateral diseases

B) Universal diseases

C) Zoonotic diseases

D) Individual diseases

What term describes the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines working together for improved health
outcomes?

A) Multidisciplinary

B) Interdisciplinary

C) Unidirectional

D) Singular focus

Which of the following is a long-term benefit of widespread vaccination?

A) Increased antibiotic resistance

B) More frequent disease outbreaks

C) Reduction in the prevalence of certain diseases

D) Depletion of biodiversity

What term describes the concept of a population being largely immune to a specific disease due to vaccination
or previous infection?

A) Immunodeficiency

B) Herd immunity

C) Vaccine hesitancy

D) Antibiotic resistance

Vaccine challenges are

A. Cold chain maintaince

B. Zoonotic transmission

C. AMR

D. All

Mcqs:

1. ________ is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, toxins or other harmful agents to cause illness or
death in people, animals or plants.

a) bioterrorism
b) biodiversity
c) bio disturbance
d) bio control

2. The first incident of bioterrorism was seen in victims of __________

a) anthrax
b) tularemia
c) plague
d) e.coli

3. Agents that are considered highest risk belong to which category_____?

a) A
b) B
c) C
 d) A &B

4. Which category of bioterrorism has highest mortality rate?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) None

5. Tularemia is also known as?

a) Plague
b) Rabbit fever
c) Hyperpyrexia
d) Intermittent fever

6. Plague is caused by?

a) Bacillus anthracis
b) Francisella bacterium
c) Yesinia pestis
d) Staphylococcus aureus

7. Which disease is caused by spore forming bacterium?

a) Plague
b) Tularemia
c) Anthrax
d) E. coli

8. Which one is the characteristic of biological weapons?

a) Easy to multiply
b) Very deadly
c) Invisible & microscopic
d) All of above

9. Bioterrorism is not threat to?

a) Economy
b) Population size
c) Wildlife
d) None

10. Who put dead bodies in water resources of enemies as an act of bioterrorism?

a) Greeks
b) British
c) Romans
d) Barbarians
1. What is the main focus of One Health?

a) Human health

b) Animal health

c) Environmental health

d) Interconnectedness of people, animals, and the environment

2. What is the primary approach of One Health in addressing health challenges?

a) Isolation of health issues

b) Integrated solutions through collaborative, cross-disciplinary approaches

c) Exclusively human-focused solutions

d) Solutions through environmental preservation only

3. Which of the following is emphasized by One Health in relation to health challenges?

a) Segregation of health systems

b) Collaboration across different fields

c) Independent solutions for human and animal health

d) Narrow focus on one aspect of health

4. In which country did One Health initiatives lead to a significant decrease in malaria cases?

a) Ethiopia

b) Zambia

c) Tanzania

d) Kenya

5. What is the main focus of the One Health case study in Ethiopia?

a) Controlling zoonotic diseases

b) Improving food security through sustainable agriculture practices

c) Addressing environmental pollution

d) Enhancing healthcare infrastructure

6. What is the outcome of the One Health approach in Zambia?

a) Increased incidence of zoonotic diseases

b) Strengthened community resilience

 c) Decrease in environmental sustainability

d) Lack of impact on human and animal health

7. Which of the following is crucial to One Health in relation to environmental health?

a) Preservation of human health at the expense of the environment

b) Advocacy for unsustainable practices

c) Emphasis on integrated strategies for human and environmental health

d) Separation of human and environmental health concerns

8. What is the role of One Health in addressing food insecurity in Ethiopia?

a) Focus on increasing food prices

b) Collaboration with global food corporations

c) Implementation of innovative agriculture techniques and education programs

d) Ignoring environmental sustainability concerns

9. What is the primary outcome of One Health initiatives in Tanzania?

a) Decreased community involvement in public health efforts

b) Improved diagnosis and reporting of malaria cases

c) Increased prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases

d) Lack of impact on malaria control measures

10. The One Health approach emphasizes the need for:

a) Isolated solutions for health issues

b) Collaborative efforts from diverse fields

c) Focused interventions on human health only

d) Exclusively animal-focused strategies

1. Millennium Development goals consists of how many goals?

a) 5

b) 6

c) 7

d) 8

2. The Millennium Summit was adopted in September ______.

a) 2000
b) 2001

c) 2002

d) 2003

3. MDGs are ______ related to health.

a) Directly

b) Indirectly

c) Both a and b

d) None of the above

4. Malnutrition is estimated to contribute to more than _____ percent of all deaths in children under five.

a) 10

b) 20

c) 33

d) 50

Answer: c

5. Following health care interventions must be adopted to improve maternal health

a) Provide proper Nutrition

b) Care and support during pregnancy and following childbirth.

c) Both a and b

d) None of the above

6. The targets of goal 6 (combat diseases) is/are______

a) Halt and reversal of the spread of HIV/AIDS

b) Universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment

c) Reversal of the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

d) All of the above

7. The aim of environmental sustainability goal was to achieve substantial improvement in the lives of a
minimum of _____ million slum dwellers by 2020.

a) 10

b) 20

c) 60

d) 100
8. Global partnership addresses the special needs of the ______ countries.

a) Least developed

b) Developed

c) Rich

d) Gulf

9. Millennium development goals were adopted by ___ nations.

a) 89

b) 189

c) 289

d) 389

10. ________ is a field of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving
equity in health for all people.

a) Global Health

b) Primary Health

c) Secondary Health

d) Local Health

1. Tularemia is caused due to which factor:

Swimming. Hunting. Gardening. All of the above.

2. Proper use of bed nets is recommended in which case:

Malaria. Typhoid. Leishmaniasis. None of these.

3. Vector involved in Japanese encephalitis is:

Snails. Aedes mosquito. Culex mosquito. Sandflies.

4. Which lifestyle factor is involved in vector borne diseases:

Cultural. Social. Economic. All of the above.

5. Impact of global warming and urbanization on vector borne diseases is:

Rise in incidence. Rise in overall prevalence. Decline in incidence.
Decline in prevalence.
 6. Aedes mosquito is vector of:
Yellow fever. Dengue fever. Leishmaniasis. Both a and b

7. Which factor is involved in vector proliferation:

Poor sanitation. Proper drainage. Slow urbanization. All of these.

8. Which type of clothing is recommended to spot ticks:

Vibrant colored. Dark colored. Dull colored. Light colored.

9. Major contributing factor of leptospirosis is:

Swimming. Hunting. Gardening. Camping.

10.Which factors contribute in occurrence of Filariasis:

Open drains. Covered septic tanks. Uncovered septic tanks.
Only b is incorrect.

1. What is the primary focus of metagenomics?

A. Studying individual organisms

B. Analyzing entire nucleotide sequences from a bulk sample
C. Identifying specific genes in a single organism
D. Understanding protein-protein interactions

Answer: B) Analyzing entire nucleotide sequences from a bulk sample

2. Which step in proteomics involves the examination of protein structure and function?

A. Database searching
B. Verification of proteins
C. Extraction of proteins
D. Statistical analysis

Answer: B) Verification of proteins

3. Which analytical technique is commonly used in metabolomics to study small molecules?

A. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

B. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy
C. Gel Electrophoresis
D. Antibody staining
 Answer: B) NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy

4. Which omics discipline is particularly helpful in identifying and mapping metabolic pathways altered in
diseases?

A. Metagenomics
B. Proteomics
C. Metabolomics
D. Genomics

Answer: C) Metabolomics

5. What does the integration of metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics within the One Health
framework primarily offer?

A. Enhanced disease diagnosis

B. Complementary insights into biological systems
C. Specific biomarker identification
D. Targeted therapeutic interventions

Answer: B) Complementary insights into biological systems

6. How does metagenomics contribute to disease surveillance?

A. By studying individual organisms

B. By analyzing entire nucleotide sequences from a bulk sample
C. By isolating specific genes in a single organism
D. By understanding protein-protein interactions

Answer: B) By analyzing entire nucleotide sequences from a bulk sample

7. Which step in proteomics involves analyzing protein interactions within a biological system?

A. Database searching
B. Verification of proteins
C. Extraction of proteins
D. Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) analysis

Answer: D) Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) analysis

8. Which technique among the following is NOT commonly used in metabolomics?

A. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

B. Antibody staining
C. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
D. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Answer: B) Antibody staining

9. How does proteomics contribute to disease diagnosis in One Health initiatives?

A. By identifying specific genes in a single organism

B. By analyzing entire nucleotide sequences from a bulk sample
C. By examining protein pathways and mechanisms
D. By studying individual organisms

Answer: C) By examining protein pathways and mechanisms

10. What is the primary benefit of integrating metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics?

A. Increased specificity in disease diagnosis

B. Enhanced understanding of individual organisms
C. Comprehensive insights into biological systems
D. Development of targeted antibiotics

Answer: C) Comprehensive insights into biological systems

1. Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in

a) Infants b) young ones c) adults d) all ages
2. Major contributors to diarrheal diseases
a) Contaminated water b) lack of hygiene c) poor sanitation d) all of these
3. ---------- lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and stunted growth in children.
a) Coughing b) diarrhea c) fever d) vomiting
4. The frequency and severity of diarrheal episodes can have long-term consequences on health of
a) Adults b) older ones c) children d) none of theses
5. Play a vital role in preventing the spread of diarrheal diseases.
a) Sanitation b) hygiene c) fresh air d) both a & b
6. What is a leading cause of diarrheal disease globally?
a) Bacterial infections b) Viral infections c) Parasitic infections d) All of the above

7. Which age group is most vulnerable to severe outcomes of diarrheal diseases?

a) Adolescents b) Young adults c) Infants and young children d) Elderly individuals

8. Which organization plays a key role in promoting safe water and sanitation globally?
a) World Health Organization (WHO)
b) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
c) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
d) World Trade Organization (WTO)
9. What is a common symptom of dehydration resulting from diarrheal diseases?
a) Hypertension b) Hyperactivity c) Dry skin and mucous membranes d) Increased urination
10. Why is safe water crucial for preventing diarrheal diseases?
a) Water helps in digestion b) Diarrheal pathogens are often waterborne c) Hydration is
essential after diarrhea onset d) None of the above
MCQs

A person is food …………… when they lack regular access to enough safe and nutritious food.

 Secure
 Insecure
 Independent
 None of above
Uncertainty regarding ability to obtain food is……………?

 Mild food insecurity

 Moderate food insecurity
 Severe food insecurity
 None of above
No food for a day, refers to which level of food insecurity?

 Mild food insecurity

 Moderate food insecurity
 Severe food insecurity
 None of above
Reducing food quantity and skipping meals refers to which level of food insecurity?

 Mild food insecurity

 Moderate food insecurity
 Severe food insecurity
 None of above
…………………. is an uncomfortable or painful physical sensation caused by insufficient consumption of
dietary energy.

 Satiety
 Hunger
 Indigestion
 All of above

…………………….. households often struggle to afford an adequate and nutritious diet, leading to food
insecurity.

 Low-income
 Moderate-income
 Higher-income
 All of above
Droughts, floods, and unpredictable weather patterns can lead to crop failures and food shortages, all of
which contribute to …………………….?

 Food insecurity
 Food security
 Food Availability
  Cheaper food
Which of the following is not the challenge in primary education?

 Lack of Resources
 Poverty
 Availability of educational funds
 Language Barriers
Which of the following is not the Short-Term Consequences of food insecurity?

 Malnutrition
 Impaired Immune Function
 Stunted Growth
 Growth spurt
Visual representation of the positive changes spreading through the community is………………….?

 Ripple Effect
 Cycle of Hunger
 Vicious Cycle
 All of above

1. Which of the following are effects of climate change

o Emergence of vector borne diseases

o Melting of glaciers and rise of sea level

o Increased weather extremes

o All of these

2. Which of the following is the effect of increased precipitation on vectors

a. Larvae of many vectors mature faster

b. Increase in breeding of sun loving vectors

c. Increase in feeding frequency of vectors

d. Increase in breeding and resting sites of vectors

3. Which of the following is effect of deforestation on vectors

a.Larvae of many vectors mature faster

b.Increase in breeding of sun loving vectors

c. Increase in feeding frequency of vectors

d. Increase in breeding and resting sites of vectors

4. Which of the following is not the effect of temperature increase on vector life cycles
a.Female mosquitoes digest blood faster and their feeding frequency increases

b.Larvae of vectors mature faster increasing number of offsprings

c.Malarial parasites complete extrinsic incubation period faster

d.Increase in the number and quality of breeding sites

5. Which of the following is not a human activity leading to climate change

a.Industrialization

b.Deforestation

c.Increased use of fossil fuels

d.Methane emission by animals

6. Major effect of industrialization on human health

a.Disruption in human endocrine function

b.Increase in susceptibility to vector borne diseases

c.Decreased in immunity of individuals

d.All of these

7. Which of the following is not an adaptive strategy to reduce vector borne diseases

a. Vector borne disease control using physical agents

b. Reducing noise pollution in population

c. Wearing protective clothing

d. Staying indoors at dusk and dawn

8. Which of the following is not a physical factor that effect emergence of vector borne diseases

a. Vegetation

b. Temperature

c. Humidity

d. Precipitation

9. Which is not a vector borne disease

a. Theileria

b. Cremian Congo hemorrhagic fever

c. Lymphatic filiriasis

d. Foot and Mouth Disease

10. Which of the following is not a vector

a. Aedes agypeti

b. Rhiphicephlaus appendiculatus

c. Hylomma anatolicum

d. Babesia bigimena

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q 1 .name some causes of emerging infectious diseases

 Zoonosis

 Climate Change

 Anti microbial resistance

 Decline in vacine coverage

 Global travel

Q 2. define emerging infectious diseases

Emerging infectious diseases are infections that have recently appeared within a population or those whose
incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing or threatens to increase in the near future. They may be new
infections resulting from changes or evolution of existing organisms or old infections reemerging because of
antimicrobial resistance in known agents or breakdowns in public health measures

Q 3. what is the situation in pakistan regarding emerging infections?

Pakistan is the 5th most populous country in the world according to WHO.

Despite having a fairly well developed organizational infrastructure the health indicators are poor and show high
rates of mortality of both communicable and non communicable diseases.

According to WHO, Pakistan is at risk of many outbreaks in the future. Pakistan faces many challenges due its
limited resources and financial constraints. According to recent data, Pakistan spends 4.7% of its total budget on
healthcare which is not enough for its population.

Q 4. define strategies to control emerging infections.

 Surveillance and response

 Research and development

 Infrastructure and training

 Prevention and control

 Massive scale awareness campaigns

 International collaboration

Enlist some success stories of vaccination

 Smallpox

 Polio

 Rinderpest

 Influenza

 Measels

2. What are challenges of vaccination

 Vaccine Hesitancy: Public skepticism or resistance to vaccination can hinder the achievement of herd
immunity and overall effectiveness of vaccination programs.

 Emerging Diseases: Rapidly evolving infectious agents may pose challenges in developing vaccines quickly
enough to address emerging threats.
  Limited Access and Equity: Disparities in vaccine access between developed and developing regions, as
well as within populations, can exacerbate health inequalities.

 Zoonotic Transmission: Understanding and preventing the transmission of diseases between animals and
humans (zoonoses) present ongoing challenges due to the complex interplay of ecosystems.

 Cold Chain Requirements: Some vaccines require strict temperature control during storage and
transportation, posing logistical challenges, especially in resource-limited settings.

 Antimicrobial Resistance: Overuse or misuse of vaccines, as well as antibiotics in some animal health
contexts, may contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance.

 Vaccine Development Costs: High costs associated with research, development, and clinical trials can
impede the production of vaccines, particularly for diseases affecting marginalized populations.

3. Highlight importance of vaccine for health

 Prevents disease emergence

 Restrict pathogens spread

 Control zoonotic pathogen transmission

 Additional benefits :

 Improve livestock productivity ( impact on livelihoods and food security

 Effects on climate change

 Reduction in AMU Reduction in AMR

4. Define vaccine and give examples.

A vaccine is an inactivated form of bacteria or virus that is injected into the body to simulate an actual infection.
Because the injected microorganisms are 'dead,' they don't cause a person to become sick. Instead, vaccines
stimulate an immune response by the body that will fight off that type of illness.

5. What is environmental impact of vaccination

 disease prevention

 Population stability

 Preventing zoonotic diseases

 Preserving endagered species

 Enhancing reproductive health

 Maintaining ecosystem services

 Economic sustainability

 Mitigating climate change impacts

Define bioterrorism?

The use of infectious agents or other harmful biological orbiochemicalsubstances as weapons ofterrorism. OR u
Bioterrorism isthe deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, toxins or other harmful agents to cause illness or death in
people, animals or plants.

2. What are the 3 threat levels of bioterrorism?

Bioterrorism is classified into 3 categories depending on how easily they can be spread and the severity of illness or
death they cause.

 Category A: u This category include the agents that are considered the highest risk. u They can be
transmitted from person to person u They have potential for major public health impact. Examples:
anthrax, small pox, tularemia, Ebola.

 Category B: u Agents that are considered second highest priority. u They are easy to spread and have low
death rates and can cause moderate illness. u Examples: brucellosis, food safety threats like E.coli,
salmonella sp.

 Category C: u Agents that are considered emerging threats for disease. u They are easy to produce and
spread and have high mortality rates and potential to have major health impact in the future. u Examples:
Nipahvirus and hanta virus.

3. Write down the characteristic of biological weapon?

4. What are the major threat agents of bioterrorism? Describe briefly.

 Tularemia or "rabbit fever" : Has a very low fatality rate if treated, but can severely incapacitate. u The
disease is caused by the Francisellatularemia bacterium, and can be contracted through contact with the
fur, inhalation, ingestion of contaminated water or insect bites. u Francisellatularemia is very infectious

 Anthrax: It is a non-contagious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. u An

anthrax vaccine does exist but requires many injections for stable use. u When discovered early, anthrax
can be cured by administering antibiotics.

 Plague: Plague is a disease caused by the Yesinia pestis bacterium. u Rodents are the normal host of
plague. The disease is transmitted to humans by flea bites.

5. What are the threats of bioterrorism?

 Threat to economy

 Threat to biodiversity and wild life

 Threat to population size

 Environmental contamination

What are the main components of One Health?

2. How did One Health initiatives contribute to addressing food insecurity in Ethiopia?

3. Describe the significant outcomes achieved through the One Health approach in Tanzania.

4. What are the key elements of the One Health approach in preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases in
Zambia?

5. Explain the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health as emphasized by One Health.

Q1. Define global health and its importance.

A field of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving global health and achieving equity in
health for all people

 Disease Control and Prevention:

 Health Equity:

 Emerging Threats:

 Resource Allocation:

 Research and Innovation:

 Social and Economic Impact:

 Humanitarian Considerations:

 Global Interconnectedness:

Around 100,000 International flights every day > more spread of diseases

Global health also focuses on health determinants i.e. poverty, climate change etc.

Q2. Enlist any 4 Millenium Development Goals.

 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger:

 Achieve Universal Primary Education:

 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women:

 Reduce Child Mortality:

 Improve Maternal Health:

 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases:

 Ensure Environmental Sustainability:

 Develop a Global Partnership for Development:

Q3. How universal primary education can improve health?

 ensure that by 2015, children everywhere— boys and girls alike—will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling

 It will increase employment opportunities

 Educated people can better understand health related information leading to positive health behaviors

Q4. Mentions strategies to improve maternal health.

 Achieve universal access to reproductive health.

 Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters

 Reduce maternal mortality by 75%

 Over 90 percent of these deaths could be prevented if women in developing regions had access to
sufficient diets and health services

 Following health care interventions must be adopted:

 Provide proper Nutrition

 Care and support during pregnancy and following childbirth.

Q5. Write importance of global partnership in achieving global health.

 To address the special needs of the least developed countries

 To provide access to affordable essential drugs in the developing world

 To avail benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

1. Define lifestyle patterns with reference to vector borne diseases.

Lifestyle patterns refer to the habits, behaviors, and daily activities that individuals engage in, influencing their
exposure to various health risks, including vector-borne diseases. Vector-borne diseases are those transmitted to
humans through the bites of infected vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Lifestyle patterns can impact
the likelihood of encountering these vectors and, consequently, the risk of contracting vector-borne diseases.

2. Give some examples of vector borne diseases which are caused due to lifestyle patterns.

Malaria: The risk of malaria is influenced by lifestyle patterns such as outdoor activities during peak mosquito
biting times, lack of bed net usage, and inadequate protection measures.

Dengue Fever: Lifestyle factors like the accumulation of standing water in containers around homes, where Aedes
mosquitoes breed, contribute to the spread of dengue fever.

Lyme Disease: Engaging in outdoor activities in areas with high tick populations, such as wooded or grassy areas,
increases the risk of contracting Lyme disease.
3. How climate and environmental factors contribute in occurrence of vector borne diseases?

CLIMATE CHANGE:

 Alter the distribution and behavior

 of vectors, expanding the geographical

 range of diseases.

LAND USE CHANGES:

 Alterations in land use, such as

 deforestation or irrigation projects,

 impact vector habitats and

 disease transmission.

4. With the help of examples, explain how outdoor activities are involved in vector borne diseases?

People engaging in outdoor activities, such as camping, hiking, or farming are at higher risk of vector exposure and
vector-borne diseases.

EXAMPLES:

 Lyme disease, West Nile virus, Rocky mountain spotted fever are linked with camping, hiking, gardening.

 Tularemia is linked with hunting.

 Leptospirosis linked with swimming.

Give a slight view about vector control programs

Effectiveness of measures like insecticide spraying and community-based interventions, is influenced by public
health infrastructure and government policies.

1. Explain the primary purpose of metagenomics and provide two specific applications in the One
Health context.
Metagenomics is a molecular tool used to study the structure and function of entire nucleotide
sequences isolated and analyzed from all the organisms (typically microbes) in a bulk sample
by a method called sequencing.
Metagenomics is often used to study a specific community of microorganisms, such as those
residing on human skin, in the soil or in a water sample.
 Understanding Microbial Communities
 Disease Surveillance and Diagnosis
 Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring

2. Describe the steps involved in proteomics and elaborate on its applications within the One
Health framework.
These are the steps included in proteomics;
 Extraction and separation of proteins.
  Identification of proteins.
 Verification of proteins.
Then, the final steps include:Database searching, Protein–protein
interactions (PPIs) analysis, and Statistical analysis.
Studying Protein Function in Health and Disease:
Determining the roles of proteins in cellular processes related to health maintenance or disease
development.
Understanding protein pathways and mechanisms.
Identifying Biomarkers for Disease Diagnosis:
Discovery of specific proteins or protein patterns and Developing diagnostic tests for early and
accurate disease detection.
Monitoring Pathogen Proteins in Hosts and Environments:
Enhancing surveillance and understanding of pathogen behavior and evolutio

3. Enumerate and briefly explain at least three analytical techniques commonly used in
metabolomics. Provide an example of how metabolomics contributes to One Health
initiatives.
Common Analytical techniques applied in metabolomics are :
 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
 capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS)
 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Studying Small Molecule Metabolites in Biological Systems

Examining the diverse range of metabolites (e.g., sugars, lipids, amino acids) and Providing insights
into physiological processes and biochemical reactions in health and disease states.

4. How do metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics intersect within the One Health
framework? Explain their interconnection and provide examples of collaborative studies that
benefit from their integration.
There is an interconnection between metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics within the One Health
framework in terms of:

 Integration: Combining these omics disciplines provides a holistic understanding of biological systems.

 Data Synergy: Together, they offer complementary insights, enhancing the depth and interconnectedness
of analyses.

 Collaborative Studies: Merging data from these fields enhances infectious disease research,
environmental health assessments, and personalized medicine initiatives.

Define Diarrheal Disease?

Diarrheal disease is a term used to describe a group of gastrointestinal disorders characterized by the frequent and
loose passage of stools. It involves an increased frequency, volume, and fluidity of bowel movements compared to
the normal pattern.
Identify the major Contributor to Diarrheal Diseases?

Contaminated water, poor sanitation, and lack of hygiene are major contributors to diarrheal diseases.

Bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections can result from the consumption of contaminated water or food.

Define Safe Water?

Safe water refers to water that is free from harmful contaminants and meets specific quality standards to ensure it
is suitable for human consumption and use without posing health risks.

4. Name One Organization Addressing Water and Sanitation Globally?

5. Explain the Role of Hand Hygiene in Disease Prevention?

1. What is the effect of increasing temperature on life cycles of vectors?

2. What is the effect of precipitation on vectors and vector borne borne diseases?

3. What is the effect of industrialization on human and their response to vector borne diseases?

4. What are some strategies that can be used to reduce vector spread and vector borne diseases?

5. What natural and human activities have led to climate change?