Substantivul

I. Numarul
1. Pluralul substantivelor regulate:
 Se ia forma de singular la care vom adauga : s sau es (s,ss,sh,ch,x)
 Daca substantivul se termina in litera o vom avea:
a) Vocala+o= os
b) Substantive de origine straina+s: casino-casinos
c) Prescurtari +s: kilo-kilos
d) Nume propria+s: Romeo-Romeos
e) Consoana+o=oes: hero-heroes

!!!! unele substantive care set termina in litera o pot forma pluralul in ambele moduri:

e.g. archipelago; banjo; bravo; buffalo; calico; commando; domino; flamingo; fresco; ghetoo;
grotto; halo; lasso;; manifesto; memento; motto; portico; stiletto; tabacco; tornado; volcano;
zero

 substantive terminate in f/fe, transforma litera sau literele in v+es

shelf- shelves

exceptii: belief; cliff; fife; grief; gulf; muff; proof; roof; safe; chief; reef; strife; turf; cuff.

!!!! unele substantive pot forma pluralul prin adaugarea lui s sau prin transformarea literelor
in v+es

e.g. dwarf; hoof; scarf;staff; wharf; beef; handkerchief;

2. Pluralul substantivelor neregulate

e.g. man-men; woman-women; goose-geese; louse-lice; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; mouse-mice;

child-children; ox-oxen

3. Pluralul substantivelor compuse

a) Subst+subst: al doilea subst formeaza pluralul

b) subst+ful (s): handful-handfuls

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 c) adj+subst (pl)-blackbird-blackbirds

d) subst+subst terminat in er (ers): potato peeler-potato peelers

e) gerinziu+subst: advertising agency- advertising agencies

f) verb+subst: pickpocket- pickpockets

g) verb+adv: grown up- grown ups

h) substantive formate din 3 cuvinte, al treilea face pluralul: forget me not- forget me
nots

i) subst+man/woman, man sau woman face pluralul insa daca man, woman, lord,
gentlaman, knight sau yeoman sunt primele cuvinte ale substantivului compus, ambele vor
face pluralul:

e.g. policeman-policemen; woman-teacher- women-teachers

j) daca primul cuvant al substantivul compus este un substantiv, urmat de o

prepositional phrase, adverb sau adjective, substantivul este cel care va face pluralul: father-
in-law- fathers-in-law

4. Pluralul substantivelor straine

a) us-es/i; ora-era: bonus; campus, circus vor face cu es; celelalte pot face si cu es dar
si cu i: genius-geniuses-genii

b) a-ae: arena; dilemma; idea; era; sonata vor face prin adaugarea literei s; insa
antenna, vertebra vor face si prin adaugarea literei s dar si prin transformare in ae: antenna-
antennas-antennae

c) um-a: bacterium-bacteria

d)on-a: criterion-criteria

e) ex/ix vor face si cu es dar si in ices: apex-apexes-apices

5. Pluralul zero- aceste substantive for avea aceeasi forma si la

singular dar si la plural

a) substantive care denumesc vanat sau peste: fish; sheep. Insa daca se refera la
diferite specii se poate folosi plural

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 e.g. I like fish/ The fishes in the Black Sea are numerous.

b) nationalitati: Chines

c) substantive care exprima unitati de masura: two dozen boxes. Insa daca acestea nu
exprima un numar exact, ele vor fi la plural: millions of dollars. Daca aceste substantive au in
fata cuvintele few, many, several; some+hundred; thousand; million ele pot avea forma de
singural sau plural:

e.g. some million dog

some millions of dogs- pentru ca il avem pe of intre ele

d) substantivele care arata o unitate de masura a timpului sau disntantei:

e.g. a two-hour exam; the exam lasted for two hours.

6. Substantive care au forma doar de singular

!!!! In limba engleza avem cateva substantive care vor fi folosite numai la singular; ele nu pot
fi precedate de articolul nehoratat si au un inteles colectiv. De aceea daca vrem sa aratam un
inteles singular trebuie sa folosim un quantifier:

a) nume de materii sau substante: bread; water,etc

Quantifiers: a loaf of bread- two loaves of bread
A pound of cheese; a bar of chocolate; a glass of; a pound of rice; a lamp of sugar; an
ingot of gold; a sheet of lead; a cake of soap; a cup of coffee; a packet of butter; a ton
of rye; a kilo of flour; a bottle of juice; a jug of milk; a bottle of; a cup of

Obs: Aceste substantive pot fi la plural cand se refera la diferitele feluri de materii si
substante:

e.g. The flours ground by this mill are of three types.

Chocolates= bomboane de ciocolata

Water poate fi folosit la plural cu sens augmentative

e.g. The waters of the river have flooded the fields.

b) substantive abstracte

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 c) substantive abstracte provenite din adjective: the beautiful; the grotesque; the new;
the old; the present-past-future.

d) jocuri: basketball; bridge; football; golf; handball; soccer; volleyball

e) afectiuni si boli: appendicitis; cancer; gout; scarlet fever; tuberculosis

f) substantive unice precedate de articolul hotarat: the Sun

g) alte substantive: advice; furniture; information; knowledge; news; business;

income; homework; progress; remorse; strength; intelligence; nonsense- ele au forma doar de
singular si inteles colectiv. De aceea se vor folosi cu a piece of

!!!!!! Toate aceste substantive vor fi folosite cu verb la singular

7. Substantive care au forma doar de plural

a) substantive care arata instrumente sau articole vestimentare formate din 2 parti:
scissors; pants; jeans (a pair of)

b) parti ale corpului si denumiri de boli: bowels; brains; entrails;

!!!!! desi au forma de plural ele vor fi urmate de verb la singural:

e.g. Measles which is contagious can be stopped.

c) nume de stiinte +vb sing/plural

d) nume de jocuri (nu in echipa): billiards

e) denumiri geografice: The Alps

f) nume de nationalitati luate ca intreg+vb plural; ca individ+vb sing

e.g. The English are fond of tea. My friend who is an English likes coffee.

g) substative terminate in ings: savings

8. Substantive care au doua forme de plural insa intelesurile sunt

diferite:

Die-dies=metal stamp for making money

-dice= zar

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 Formula- formulas- forms of words

-formula- formula matematica

Genius-geniuses- genii

-genii- spirite

Index-indexes- cuprins

-indeces- semne algebrice

Medium-mediums- medium

-media

Penny-pennies-moneda in valoare de un penny

-pence= subdiviziune a lirei

Staff- staffs-personal

-staves- toiag, portativ musical

Cloth-cloths-panza

-clothes-haine

8. Substantive ale caror forma de plural au alt inteles decat forma de

singular:

Air(aer)- airs(ifose);
ash(scrum)-ashes(cenusa);
colour(culoare)-colours(culori, steag);
compass(busola)-compasses(compase; busole);
content(continut)- contents(cuprins);
custom(obicei)- customs(obiceiuri; taxe vamale; vama);
damage(stricaciune; paguba)- damages(suma platita pentru daune);
decency(decenta)- decencies(reguli de comportament civilizat);
effect(rezultat; consecinta)- effects( rezultate; consecinte; bunuri personale);
energy(putere fizica si mentala)- energies(effort si interes pentru a face ceva);
manner(modalitate)- manners(modalitati, comportament);
minute(minut)- minutes(minute; process verbal);
quarter(sfert)-quarters(sferturi, locuinta);
sand(nisip)- sands(plaja);
spectacle(spectacol)-spectacles( spectacole; ochelari);
spirit(spirit)- spirits( suflete, bautura alcoolica);
draught(seceta)- draughts(secete; joc);

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ground(pamant)-grounds(temei legal, pamantul din jurul casei);
pain(durere)- pains(suferinte, eforturi, necazuri);
premise(premisa)-premises( cladiri; intelegere);
drawer(dulap)-drawers(dulapuri,izmene)

9. Cazuri speciale de acord intre Subiect si Predicat

a) substantive collective+vb singular sau plural
b) substantive care se refera la grupuri de oameni sau animale+vb plural: The cattle were
grazing on the field.
c) subiectul unei propozitii reprezentat de doua substantive care formeaza o unitate_vb sing:
Bread and buuter is my favourite breakfast/ The bread and the butter are on the table.
d) each;every;either; neither+subst+vb sing
e) either of/neither of+subst la plural+vb sing
e.g. Either of the two books is good.
f) either….or; neither…..nor; not only………but also; less than ……; and not+ vb
singular/plural-regula proximitatii
g) Daca substantivul care arata o unitate de masura are in fata un numeral el va fi urmat de
verb la singular:
e.g. Five years is a long period of time.
Years have passed since he went.
h) a number+vb plural; the number+vb singular