EN1014 Electronic Engineering 6/24/2022

The Great Invention in 1948

Bipolar Junction Transistor

Amplifier

Kithsiri Samarasinghe
Willium Shokley explaining their invention
Senior Lecturer
Dept. of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering
Team : Willium Shokley, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain

Bell Laboratories, USA

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The First-ever Transistor Early Developments

1948 1952 1952 1954

The point- Junction field- Single-crystal Oxide masking
contact BJT is effect transistor silicon is process is
invented ( JFET) is fabricated developed.
invented

World’s First Transistor developed by Shokley, Bardeen and Brattain

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Packaging BJTs for practical use

Packages for BJT

TO 18 , TO 39, TO 92, TO 99
TO 5, TO247

TO 3

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TO-92

Miniaturizing trend

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Three Terminals of a BJT Internal Structure

Three Layers of Middle Layer is

▪ E - Emitter Extrinsic the BASE Base is thin
Semiconductors

▪ B - Base
E C
Emitter Base Collector
▪ C - Collector

It‘s a sandwich
B

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PNP Transistor PNP Transistor

E C E C
p n p

B B

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NPN Transistor NPN Transistor

E C E C
n p n

B B

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Summary DC Bias & Operating Modes

Switching Amplifying
Mode Mode

Cut-Off BE Junction
Forward
(OFF State) Biased

Saturation BC Junction
(ON State) Reverse Biased

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Summary of Modes Analog & Digital

Mode & State BIAS Analog Digital

BE BC Electronics Electronics
Switching Cut-Off Rev Rev
we study how transistors we study how they are used
Saturation Fwd Fwd are used as amplifiers as switching devices
Amplifying Active Fwd Rev

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BJT as an Amplifier

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Amplification Amplification

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Amplification Biasing an NPN BJT for

For ‘biasing’ the BJT

Amplifying Mode

VCE

VBE
VCB

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Biasing an NPN BJT for

NPN BJT Biasing
Amplifying Mode

• The Base must be more positive than

VCB VCB the Emitter
VCE

VBE
• The Collector must be even more
VBE
positive than the Base

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Biasing the PNP BJT Activity

If a PNP transistor is selected, The base terminal

must be more ………. than the emitter terminal in
VCB VCB order to forward bias the B-E junction.
VCE
The collector terminal must be even……...…….
VBE VBE than the base terminal in order to reverse bias the
B-C junction.

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Solution External Voltages and Currents

If a PNP transistor is selected, The base terminal must
be more NEGATIVE than the emitter terminal in order
to forward bias the B-E junction.

The collector terminal must be even MORE

NEGATIVE than the base terminal in order to reverse
bias the B-C junction.

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Kirchoff’s Current Law

Internal Operation of BJT

IE = IB + IC

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Junctions Biased by External DC sources Junctions Biased by External DC sources

BC junction is reverse biased

Electric field exists in the depletion layer
Only the Minority carriers can cross it

BE Junction is forward biased

Majority carriers can cross BE junction

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Behaviour of Current Carriers Transistor Action

Majority carriers from emitter gets injected to the base at high velocity

But the Base is thin

Therefore most of them get caught in the electric field of BC junction

They are swept to the Collector

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Rearranging the Bias Supplies Replacing BJT with its Symbol…

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Separating Input and Output Terminals… Limiting Currents with External Resistors

V CE

Electron Flow

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Static Current Gain Concept

 Ratio between static output current and static input
current.

BJT Current Relationships  Also given as hFE

β = hFE = IC/IB

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Current Relations
α = hFB = IC/IE
IC = β IB
IE = IB + IC
I E = IB + β I B
IE = (1 + β) IB

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Generating a Higher Force…

Example

 BC 109C BJT
 HFE = 500 (Typ.)
 Find currents in the three
terminals when the Base
current is 20 A ?

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Current Control Concept

 Using a small current to control a larger current

 Collector current is determined by the base current.

BJT Amplifier Configurations
 BJT is a current-controlled device.

 Controlling + Controlled =Emitter current

 Current means; electron and hole movement

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there are one port amplifiers in diodes

An Amplifier Two Ports from Three Terminals ?

 An amplifier should have an input port and an

output port (Four wires). Input port Amplifier Output port
two port device

Input port Amplifier Output port  BJT is a three terminal device !

 Solution : Take one of it’s terminals as a
common terminal for both ports.

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Three Amplifier Configurations

BJT

Common Common
Common Base
Emitter Collector
Configuration
Configuration Configuration
(CB)
(CE) (CC)

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don’t get too much amplification from one transistor, noise, hum , power interfearence

for high gain, put one amplifier after another (cascaded amplifiers) - these can generate more power with stability

Configuration CE CC CB

Voltage Gain High <1 HIgh

Current Gain High High <1

Power Gain High Moderate Moderate

Phase Inversion Yes No No BJT Characteristics

Input Moderate High Low
Impedance (≈1K) (≈300K) (≈50 Ohm)

Output Moderate Low High

Impedance (≈50K) (≈300 Ohm) (≈1M)

54 first rf circuit of mobile phones 55

Number of Variables involved Variables in an Amplifier Configuration

reducing number of variables
by choosign a 2 port network
 Diode
– One current and one voltage
BJT
Input voltage Output voltage
 BJT Input current Output current
– Three currents and three voltages!
– They are interdependent
– How many characteristic graphs?
Four Variables
Vi, Ii, Vo, Io

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Three Characteristics of a BJT in a given

Characteristics of a BJT
Amplifier Configuration
DC behaviors
mutual characteristics
Static Transfer
Characteristics Static Output Characteristics

 Static Input Characteristics

BJT
Static Input Static Output
Characteristics Characteristics  Static Transfer Characteristics
– Mutual Characteristics

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Test Circuit for CE Configuration Static Input Characteristics

 The plot of input current against input

voltage
input current depends on this
– Keep the output voltage constant
– Multiple curves for each constant value

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Static Input Characteristics for CE

Configuration

 For CE configuration it is the plot of Base current

vs Base voltage

– Collector voltage is kept constant

– Remember diode characteristics >

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Static Input Characteristics Static Output Characteristics

Vce increases leaving less current to Base terminal

 The plot of output current against output voltage

– Keep the input current constant

– Multiple curves for each constant value

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Static Output Characteristics Static Output Characteristics

Text

 For CE configuration it is the plot of Collector

current vs Collector voltage
maximum number of electrons to be caught by collector is reached
called saturation value
– Base current is kept constant
>

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Static Output Characteristics Static Transfer Characteristics

Biasing the base more will
give high base current
which will inturn increase
the max level of Ic
plotting controlled parameter, vs controlling parameter
 The plot of output current against input current
– Keep the output voltage constant
– Multiple curves for each constant value

 For CE configuration it is the plot of Collector current

vs Base current
– Collector voltage is kept constant
– Linear behaviour

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Controlled Vs. Controlling Controlled Vs. Controlling

Collector Collector
Current Current

Saturation Region

Ic = B Ib
Active / Amplifying
linear region
active / amplify region Region

Cut-off Region
Base Current Base Current

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Typical Static Output Characteristics for

CE Three Regions
Junctions are reversed biased

switching action  Cut-off Region

Junctions are forward biased
 Saturation
Region
Active Region

Saturation
 Active Region
(Amplifying
Cut-off Region
Region)

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Summary of BJT Characteristics static output

static transfer
Collector
Current

All Characteristics
in one diagram
Base Current

static input
BJT

irrespective of the configuration (CC, CE, CB)

the graph will take this shape

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Biasing in CE Configuration

BJT in
Common Emitter Amplifier
Configuration

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Output Side is a Potential Divider… Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

VLOAD + VTRANSISTOR = VSUPPLY

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A Negative Resistance ? Activity

when increase base current load voltage decrease and vise versa When collector current is increased voltage across
……………… rises and voltage across ………………
IC
decreases. When the input voltage increases,
collector current ………………., and the voltage
IB
across the load …………………… . The output
IE voltage is the C-E voltage across the transistor. It
………, as a result of the increase in load voltage.

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in microwaves, at high frequencies, even a diode acts as a negative resistance, acting as an amplifier)

Answer Conceptualizing …
Proportional Lighting in Amplifying Mode
When collector current is increased voltage across
transducers, output
the LOAD rises and voltage across TRANSISTOR side of
control circuits
decreases. When the input voltage increases,
collector current RISES, and the voltage across
the load RISES AS A RESULT. The output voltage
is the C-E voltage across the transistor. It DROPS,
sensors are input side of
as a result of the increase in load voltage. control circuits

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Lighting Proportional to Sound

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DC Load Line

VLoad = IC x RL
VTransistor = VCE
Plotting DC Load Line VSupply = V+ = VCC

Using Kirchoff's Voltage Law …

VCE + IC x RL = VCC

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DC Load Line DC Load Line is KVL in Graphical Form

Collector Current (IC )

VCE + IC x RL = VCC

IC x RL = - (VCE)+ VCC
1 𝑉𝐶𝐶
VCC/RL 𝐼𝐶 = − 𝑉𝐶𝐸 +
𝑉𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿
𝐼𝐶 = − +
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿

1 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐶 = − 𝑉𝐶𝐸 +
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿

Y= m. X + C
VCC Collector Voltage (VCE )

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Operating Point (Q Point)

Collector Current (IC )

Quiescent point / operating point Operating Q Q

VCC/RL [VCE,Q, IC,Q]

Point
(Q Point)
IC,Q IB,Q

Q
Collector Voltage
(VCE )
VCE,Q VCC

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A Common Emitter BJT Amplifier ?

BJT Biasing Techniques

1. Base Bias
2. Fixed Bias Amplitude 1.5 V

Frequency 1 kHz
3. collector feedback bias
4. potential divider bias

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Output is half wave Rectified

not amplifying , it’s rectifying
DC Bias on Terminals

• Transistor must be in its active mode throughout the

BE is not entire cycle of the input AC signal. This is called ‘Class
forward biased the
whole time A’ operation.

• Solution :
• Superimpose the small input AC signal on a DC
voltage.

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having two power supplies is not good for cost effectiveness

good for labs not for industries, we are biasing base directly with dc

The Base Bias

DC bias 2.3 V DC voltage 2.3 V

Amplitude 1.5
Frequency 1 kHz AC Amplitude 1.5 V

Frequency 1 kHz

PNP Needs Opposite Bias Polarity.

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DC Analysis Ex. Base Bias Example

Let us analyze this circuit

DC voltage=2.3 V
AC = 0 V

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Maximum theoretical drive possible

1 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐶 = − 𝑉𝐶𝐸 +
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿

IB,Q = 198 µA The Fixed Bias

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Fixed Bias Circuit

Apply KVL
+VCC VBE + IB.RB = VCC
RB RL
high resistor Analysis

VBE + IB.RB = VCC

0.7 V
VBE IB.RB = VCC - VBE Typical

IB,Q = (VCC - VBE,Q) / RB

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Apply KVL
VBE + IB.RB = VCC Plotting DC Load Line
Designing

VBE + IB.RB = VCC

Selecting Static Output
0.7 V Characteristics
IB.RB = VCC - VBE Typical

RB = (VCC - VBE,Q) / IB,Q

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DC Load Line DC Load Line

VCE + IC x RL = VCC
VLoad = IC x RL
VTransistor = VCE IC x RL = - (VCE)+ VCC

VSupply = V+ = VCC 𝑉𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝐶𝐶

𝐼𝐶 = − +
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿

Using Kirchoff's Voltage Law … 1 𝑉𝐶𝐶

𝐼𝐶 = − 𝑉𝐶𝐸 +
VCE + IC x RL = VCC 𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿

Y= m. X + C

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DC Load Line is KVL in Graphical Form Operating Point (Q Point)

Collector Current (IC ) Collector Current (IC )

1 𝑉𝐶𝐶 [VCE,Q, IC,Q]

VCC/RL 𝐼𝐶 = − 𝑉𝐶𝐸 + VCC/RL
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿

IC,Q IB,Q

Collector Voltage
(VCE )
VCC Collector Voltage (VCE ) VCE,Q VCC

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Feeding the Input Signal to Ride on D.C.

 Input signal is a small a.c. signal
 Eg. Audio from a microphone

 Should ride on d.c. bias levels. This is known as

superimposing.
 Use coupling capacitors
 Input coupling capacitor can superimpose small a.c.
 Input signal is elevated to level VBE,Q
signal on base bias.
 Output DC level (VCE,Q) is removed by
Watch this Video… output coupling capacitor
https://youtu.be/eF8e-FmtDh4

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Common Emitter Amplifier with Fixed Bias An Example Design

5V

VCC
+ block dc currents 40 µA
going into the speaker
RB RL 107
1.25
KΩ
KΩ

β = 50
CC
CC
ri
1 KΩ
(for ac)

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Load Line on Output Characteristics (Cont.)

Load Line on Static Output Characteristics

(2.5 V, 2 mA)

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DC voltage 0 V Saturation current 1 fA

Amplitude 16.8 mV Forward beta 50
Frequency 1 kHz Collector resistance 1Ω
Base resistance 1Ω
Emitter resistance 1Ω

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DC Analysis

DC voltage 0 V Saturation current 1 fA

Amplitude 16.8 mV Forward beta 50
Frequency 1 kHz Collector resistance 1Ω
Base resistance 1Ω
Emitter resistance 1Ω

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Gain of an Amplifier

• Ratio between an output parameter and the

corresponding input parameter

• Gain is specified in three ways

• Power Gain (G)
• Voltage Gain (Av)
• Current Gain (Ai)

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Current Gain of an Amplifier

• Ratio between the peak-peak output current variation

and the peak-peak input current variation

𝐼𝑜,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)
𝐴𝑖 =
𝐼𝑖,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

𝐼𝑜,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)
Ex. Find the current gain of the circuit 𝐴𝑖 =
𝐼𝑖,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

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Voltage Gain of an Amplifier

• Ratio between the peak-peak output voltage variation
and the peak-peak input voltage variation

𝑉𝑜,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑖,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

Ex. Find the voltage gain of the circuit. 𝑉𝑜,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

𝐴𝑣 =
Assume input resistance as 1 KΩ 𝑉𝑖,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

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Power Gain of an Amplifier Power Gain of an Amplifier

• Ratio between the output signal power and the Power = voltage x current
input signal power
𝑉𝑜 . 𝐼𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
𝐺= = . = 𝐴𝑣 . 𝐴𝑖
𝑉𝑖 . 𝐼𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖
𝑃𝑜
𝐺=
𝑃𝑖 𝐺 = 𝐴𝑣 . 𝐴𝑖

Ex. Find the power gain of the circuit

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Input voltage vs. Output voltage

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Phase Inversion
Q Q
• Output voltage measured between emitter and collector on
a common-emitter amplifier, is 180 degrees out of phase
with the input voltage waveform.

• Common-emitter amplifier is called an inverting amplifier

circuit.
Q

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Ex. Calculate Av Ai and G Incorrect Q Point

Assume Ri = 1 KΩ for BE junction

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Incorrect Q Point Q Point

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Too much drive… Thermal Runaway

 Power is dissipated in the collector and hence it is made
physically larger than the emitter and base region.
 As the power is dissipated the collector base junction
temperature increase.
 The reverse leakage current ICBO increases due to the
flow of thermally generated minority carriers

IC = α IE + ICBO

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Emitter Degeneration with degenerative feedback

Thermal Runaway
 Process is cumulative leading
eventually to the destruction
of the transistor.
 Thermal runaway can be
prevented by using a heat
sink.
 Emitter degenerative
feedback can also be used.

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Collector-to-Base Bias/Collector Feedback bias Stability in Collector-to-Base Bias

• Biasing voltage is derived from
the voltage drop across the load
resistor RL
• If the load current increases,
there will be a larger voltage
drop across RL
• Reduced collector voltage, VC.
• Base current IB reduces in
turn
• IC is stabilized

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Tutorial Question DC Analysis

DC voltage 0V
Amplitude 5 mV
Frequency 1 kHz

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Input

Output

Emitter Voltage & Capacitor Current

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