Lecture 2 Feedback Amplifier

• Introduction of Two‐Port Network

• Negative Feedback (Uni‐lateral Case)
• Feedback Topology
• Analysis of feedback applications
– Close‐Loop Gain
– Input/Output resistances

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 1

KN Amplifiers
Two-Port Network (z-parameters)
(Open-Circuit Impedance)
⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ z11 z12 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤
⎢V ⎥ = ⎢ z z 22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2

V2 = z 21 I1 + z 22 I 2

At port 1 At port 2

Open-circuit V Open-circuit forward z = V2

z11 = 1 21
I1 I 2 = 0
input impedance I1 I 2 = 0 transimpedance

V2
Open-circuit reverse z = V1 Open-circuit z22 =
transimpedance
12
I 2 I1 = 0 output impedance I 2 I1 = 0

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 2

KN Amplifiers
Two-Port Network (y-parameters)
(Short-Circuit Admittance)
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ y11 y12 ⎤ ⎡V1 ⎤
⎢I ⎥ = ⎢ y y22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣V2 ⎥⎦
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21
I1 = y11V1 + y12V2

I 2 = y21V1 + y22V2

At port 1 At port 2

Short-circuit I Short-circuit forward y = I 2

y11 = 1 21
V1 V2 = 0
input admittance V1 V2 = 0 transadmittance

I2
Short-circuit reverse y = I1 Short-circuit y22 =
transadmittance
12
V2 V1 = 0 output admittance V2 V1 = 0

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 3

KN Amplifiers
Two-Port Network (h-parameters)
(hybrid)
⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ h11 h12 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤
⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢h h22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣V2 ⎥⎦
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21
V1 = h11 I1 + h12V2

I 2 = h21 I1 + h22V2

At port 1 At port 2

Short-circuit V Short-circuit forward h = I 2

h11 = 1 21
I1 V2 = 0
input impedance I1 V2 = 0 current gain

I2
Open-circuit reverse h = V1 Open-circuit h22 =
voltage gain
12
V2 I1 = 0 output admittance V2 I1 = 0

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 4

KN Amplifiers
Two-Port Network (g-parameters)
(inverse-hybrid)
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ g11 g12 ⎤ ⎡V1 ⎤
⎢V ⎥ = ⎢ g g 22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21
I1 = g11V1 + g12 I 2

V2 = g 21V1 + g 22 I 2

At port 1 At port 2

Open-circuit I Open-circuit forward g = V2

g11 = 1 21
V1 I 2 = 0
input admittance V1 I 2 = 0 current gain

V2
Short-circuit reverse g = I1 Short-circuit g 22 =
current gain
12
I 2 V1 = 0 output impedance I 2 V1 = 0

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 5

KN Amplifiers
 z-parameter example

Z11 = 6Ω Z 22 = 6Ω Z11 = 12Ω Z 22 = 3Ω Z11 = 18Ω Z 22 = 9Ω

V1 V1 V1 6I
Z12 = = 6Ω Z12 = = 0Ω Z12 = = 2 = 6Ω
I 2 I1 = 0 I 2 I1 = 0 I 2 I1 = 0 I 2
V2 V2 V2 6I
Z 21 = = 6Ω Z 21 = = 0Ω Z 21 = = 1 = 6Ω
I1 I 2 = 0 I1 I 2 = 0 I1 I 2 = 0 I1

[Z ] = ⎡⎢
6 6⎤ 12 0⎤
⎥ [Z ] = ⎡⎢ ⎥ [Z ] = ⎡⎢
18 6⎤
⎥
⎣6 6 ⎦ ⎣ 0 3⎦ ⎣ 6 9⎦
Note: (1) z-matrix in the last circuit = sum of two former z-matrices
(2) z-parameters is normally used in analysis of series-series circuits
(3) Z12 = Z21 (reciprocal circuit)
(4) Z12 = Z21 and Z11 = Z22 (symmetrical and reciprocal circuit)
Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 6
KN Amplifiers
 y-parameter example

−1
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
y11 = 0.05S y22 = 0.05S y11 = ⎜ + ⎟ = 0.0692S
⎝ 0.1 0.2 + 0.025 ⎠
I1 − 0.05V2 −1
y12 = = = −0.05S ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
V2 V1 = 0 V2 y22 = ⎜ + ⎟ = 0.0769S
⎝ 0.2 0.1 + 0.025 ⎠
I2 − 0.05V1 I1
y21 = = = −0.05S y12 =
V1 V2 = 0 V1 V2 V1 = 0
0.05 − 0.05⎤ But I 2 = y22V2 = 0.0769V2
[ y ] = ⎡⎢ ⎥ − I1 I 2 + I1
⎣− 0.05 0.05 ⎦ =
0.1 0.025
⇒ I1 = −0.8 I 2 = −0.0615V2
y12 = −0.0615S
By reciprocal, y21 = y12 = −0.0615S
0.0692 − 0.0615⎤
[ y ] = ⎡⎢ ⎥
⎣− 0.0615 0.0769 ⎦
Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 7
KN Amplifiers
 y-parameter example (Cont’)

y11 = 0.05 + 0.692 = 0.1192

y22 = 0.05 + 0.769 = 0.1269
I1
y21 = y12 =
V2 V1 = 0
I 2 = y22V2 = 0.1269V2
0.05
I 0.05 S = I 2 = 0.05V2
0.1269
I 0.2 S = I 2 − I 0.05 S = 0.0769V2 Note: the y-matrix is equal to
0.1 the sum of two former ones.
I 0.1S = 0.0769V2 = 0.0615V2
0.1 + 0.025 Therefore, y-parameters is
I1 = −0.0615V2 − 0.05V2 = −0.1115V2 normally used in analysis of
⇒ y12 = −0.1115 = y21 shunt-shunt circuits
0.1192 − 0.1115⎤
[Y ] = ⎡⎢ ⎥
What connection should be for
⎣− 0.1115 0.1269 ⎦ h- or g- parameters?

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 8

KN Amplifiers
 General Feedback Structure

A : Open Loop Gain

A = Vo / Vε

β : feedback factor
β = Vf / Vo

Vo A 1 T
Vε = Vs − V f Close loop gain : ACL = = = ( )
Vs 1 + Aβ β 1 + T
V f = β ⋅ Vo Loop Gain : T = A ⋅ β
Vε = VS − β ⋅ Vo Amount of feedback : 1 + A ⋅ β
1
Vo = A ⋅ Vε Note : ACL A→∞ =
β

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 9

KN Amplifiers
 Negative Feedback Properties

• Negative feedback takes a sample of the output signal and applies

it to the input to get several desirable properties. In amplifiers,
negative feedback can be applied to get the following properties
– Desensitized gain : gain less sensitive to circuit component
variations
– Reduce nonlinear distortion : output proportional to input
(constant gain independent of signal level)
– Reduce effect of noise
– Control input and output impedances by applying appropriate
feedback topologies
– Extend bandwidth of amplifier
• All of these properties can be achieved by trading off gain

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 10

KN Amplifiers
 Gain De-sensitivity

• Feedback can be used to desensitize the closed‐loop gain to variations in the

basic amplifiler.
• Assume β is constant. Take differentials of the closed loop gain equation
gives,
A dACL 1 dA
ACL = Differential respected with A = or dA =
1 + Aβ (1 + Aβ ) 2 (1 + Aβ ) 2
CL
dA

• Divided by Av, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,

dACL dA (1 + Aβ ) 1 dA
= =
ACL (1 + Aβ ) 2 A 1 + Aβ A

• This result shows the effects of variations in A on ACL is mitigated by the

feedback amount.
• (1+Aβ) is also called the desensitivity amount.

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 11

KN Amplifiers
 Basic Feedback Topologies

Depending on the input signal (voltage or current) to be amplified

and form of the output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be
classified into four categories. Depending on the amplifier
category, one of four types of feedback structures should be used.

(Type of Feedback) (Type of Sensing)

(1) Series (Voltage) Shunt (Voltage)
(2) Series (Voltage) Series (Current)
(3) Shunt (Current) Shunt (Voltage)
(4) Shunt (Current) Series (Current)

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 12

KN Amplifiers
Feedback Structure (Series‐Shunt)
Voltage Gain Calculation:
Vo = A ⋅Vε
V f = β ⋅Vo
Vo
Vi = Vε + V f = + β ⋅ Vo
A
(Close Loop Voltage Gain)
Vo 1 T
⇒ ACL = = ( )
Vi β 1 + T
where T = Aβ
And, we get
¾ Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled
V ⋅A
voltage source Vo = i
¾ Requires high input impedance, low 1+ A⋅ β
output impedance Vi = Vε (1 + A ⋅ β )
¾ Voltage-voltage feedback
Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 13
KN Amplifiers
Input/Output Resistance (Series‐Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
Vi (Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
Rin = Vo
Ii Rout |Vi =0 =
Io
Vi = (1 + T ) ⋅ Vε
Vo − A ⋅ Vε
Vε Vi Io =
Ii = = ro
ri (1 + T ) ⋅ ri
Vε + β ⋅ Vo = Vi = 0
Vi
Rin = = (1 + T ) ⋅ ri Vε = − β ⋅ Vo
Ii
Vo + A ⋅ β ⋅ Vo
Io =
ro
Vo ro r
⇒ Rout = = = o
Io 1+ A ⋅ β 1+ T

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 14

KN Amplifiers
 h-parameter Modeling

Only uni-lateral case

will be considered :
(1) NO reverse
dependent signal
found in the
amplifier network.
|h12a| = 0
(2) NO reverse
dependent signal
found in the
feedback network.
|h21f| = 0

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 15

KN Amplifiers
 Uni-lateral

From Input port : V1 = ( h11a + h11 f + Z s ) I1 + h12 f V2

From output port : (h22 a + h22 f + YL )V2 + h21a I1 = 0
h21a I1
Put V2 = − back to first equation,
(h22 a + h22 f + YL )
For h12 f = 0, the Open Loop Gain,
V2 − h21a − h21a
A= = =
V1 (h11a + h11 f + Z s )(h22 a + h22 f + YL ) zi yo
where zi = h11a + h11 f + Z s and yo = h22 a + h22 f + YL
With the feedback f = h12 f , the Closed Loop Gain is
− h21a
A z i yo − h21a
ACL = = =
1 + Aβ − h21a ⋅ h12 f zi yo − h21a ⋅ h12 f
1+
zi yo
Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 16
KN Amplifiers
 Series-Shunt Example
Given : A = 105 , R1 = 1kΩ, R2 = 9kΩ, rπ = 10MΩ and ro = 40Ω

It is observed that:
(1) Series connection in input ports
(2) Shunt connection in output ports
⇒ Series-Shunt connection Equivalent circuit
h-parameter should be used.

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 17

KN Amplifiers
 h-parameter analysis

V1 RR
h11 f = = R1 // R2 = 1 2 = 0.9
I1 V2 = 0 R1 + R2
V1 I 2 R1 R1
h12 f = β = = = = 0 .1
V2 I1 = 0 I 2 ( R1 + R2 ) R1 + R2
I2 I2 1 1
h22 f = = = =
V2 I1 = 0 I 2 ( R1 + R2 ) R1 + R2 10k

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 18

KN Amplifiers
Firstly, set h12 f = 0 for open loop circuit and
from the input port,
⎛ rπ ⎞
Vε = V1 ⎜ ⎟ ~V
⎜r +h ⎟ 1
⎝ π 11 f ⎠
from output port,
V2 − AVε
+ h22 f ⋅V2 = 0
ro
1
by putting V1 = Vε and h22 f = , we get
R1 + R2
⎛1 1 ⎞ AV1
⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟V2 =
⎝ ro R1 + R2 ⎠ ro
Therefore, the open loop voltage gain is The input impedance,
V A( R1 + R2 ) R in = (1 + AOP β )(h11 f + rπ ) → ∞
A OP = 2 = ~ A = 105
V1 r0 + R1 + R2
The output impedance,
And the close loop voltage gain,
ro //(1 / h22 f )
AOP 10 5 R out = →0
A CL = = ~ 10 1 + AOP β
1 + AOP β 1 + (10 )(0.1)
5

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 19

KN Amplifiers
Feedback Structure (Series‐Series)
Gain Calculation :
I o = A ⋅ Vε
V f = β ⋅ Io
Io
Vi = Vε + V f = + β ⋅ Io
A
(Close Loop Transadmittance Gain)
I 1 T
⇒ ACL = o = ( )
Vi β 1 + T
where T = Aβ
And, we get
V ⋅A
Io = i
1+ A⋅ β
Vi = Vε (1 + A ⋅ β )

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 20

KN Amplifiers
Input/Output Resistance (Series‐Series)

Input Resistance: Output Resistance

(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
Vi
Rin = Vo
Ii Rout |Vi =0 =
Io
(1 + T ) ⋅ Vε
= from input port,
Ii
Vε = V f = − β ⋅ I o
= (1 + T ) ⋅ ri
from output port,
Vo V
I o = AVε + = −T ⋅ I o + o
ro ro
Vo
⇒ Rout = = (1 + T )ro
Io

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 21

KN Amplifiers
 Series-Series Example

CE amplifier with an un-bypassed emitter ac small signal equivalent circuit

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 22

KN Amplifiers
Feedback Network with z-parameter

v1
z11 f = = RE
i1 i2 = 0
v1
β = Z12 f = = RE
i2 i1 = 0
Reduce equivalent circuit
v
Z 22 f = 2 = RE
i2 i1 = 0

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 23

KN Amplifiers
 Close loop analysis
⎛ rπ ⎞
vπ = ⎜ ⎟vs and io = gvπ
⎜r +Z ⎟
⎝ π 11 f ⎠
io rg
Then open loop transadmittance gain is Aop = = π
vs rπ + RE
Therefore,
rπ g
Aop r + RE rπ g
The close loop transadmittance gain is ACL = = π =
1 + Aop β 1 + rπ gRE rπ + RE + rπ gRE
rπ + RE
Input impedance is :
⎛ r gR ⎞
R in = (rπ + z11 f )(1 + AOL β ) = (rπ + RE )⎜⎜1 + π E ⎟⎟
⎝ (rπ + RE ) ⎠
= (rπ + RE ) + grπ RE
Output impedance is :
R out = [( z 22 f )(1 + AOL β )]

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 24

KN Amplifiers
 Final Rin and Rout

R'in = R in // R1 // R2 R'out = R out // RC

= [(rπ + RE ) + grπ RE ] // R1 // R2 = [( z 22 f )(1 + AOP β )] // RC

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 25

KN Amplifiers
Feedback Structure (Shunt‐Shunt)
Gain Calculation :
Vo = A ⋅ I ε = A( I i − I f )
I f = β ⋅Vo
A( I i − βVo ) = Vo
AI i = (1 + T )Vo
(Close Loop Transimpedance Gain)
V 1 T
⇒ ACL = o = ( )
Ii β 1 + T
where T = Aβ
And, we get
I ⋅A
Vo = i
1+ A⋅ β
I i = I ε (1 + A ⋅ β )
Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 26
KN Amplifiers
Input/Output Resistance (Shunt‐Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
V
Rin = i Vo
Ii Rout |Vi =0 =
Io
I ε ⋅ ri
= from input port,
I ε (1 + T )
ri I ε = − I f = − βVo
=
(1 + T ) from output port,
Vo − AI ε Vo + TVo
Io = =
ro ro
Vo ro
⇒ Rout = =
I o (1 + T )

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 27

KN Amplifiers
 Shunt-Shunt Example

CE amplifier ac small signal equivalent circuit

Shunt-Shunt connection found! ⇒ y-parameter

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 28

KN Amplifiers
 I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
I 2 = y21V1 + y22V2
Feedback Network
I1 1
y11 = =
V1 V2 = 0 RF
I1 −I 1
y12 = = 2 =−
V2 V1 = 0 V 2 RF
I2 1
y22 = =
V2 V1 = 0 RF

y-parameter modeling

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 29

KN Amplifiers
 From input port,
Vπ = I S ( RF // rπ )
Vπ
⇒ IS =
( RF // rπ )
And from output port,
Vo
+ gVπ = 0
RF // RC // RL ri
Rin =
Vo = − gVπ ( RF // RC // RL ) (1 + AOP β )
Vo ( RF // rπ )
Open loop tranimpedance gain : =
IS (1 + AOP β )
AOP = − gVπ ( RF // RC // RL )( RF // rπ ) ro
Rout =
1 (1 + AOP β )
With feedback factor β = − ,
RF ( RF // RC // RL )
=
the close loop transimpedance gain : (1 + AOP β )
AOP Vo Vo
ACL = Voltage Gain : =
1 + AOP β Vs I s ( Rs + Rin )

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 30

KN Amplifiers
Feedback Structure (Shunt‐Series)
Gain Calculation :
I o = A ⋅ I ε = A( I i − I f )
I f = β ⋅ Io
A( I i − βI o ) = I o
AI i = (1 + T ) I o
(Close Loop Current Gain)
I 1 T
⇒ ACL = o = ( )
Ii β 1 + T
where T = Aβ
And, we get
I ⋅A
Io = i
1+ A⋅ β
I i = I ε (1 + A ⋅ β )
Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 31
KN Amplifiers
 Input/Output
Resistance (Shunt‐
Series)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
V I r
Rin = i = ε i Vo
Ii Ii Rout |Vi =0 =
Ii Io
⋅ ri from input port,
(1 + T )
= I ε = − I f = − βI o
Ii
ri from output port, I o = Vo / ro + AI ε
=
(1 + T ) Vo = ( I o − AI ε )ro
Vo = ( I o + T ⋅ I o )ro
Vo
⇒ Rout = = (1 + T )ro
Io

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 32

KN Amplifiers
 Summary
Feedback Close loop Input Output Parameter
Structure gain impedance impedance used

Series-
) Rin = (1 + T ) ⋅ ri R = ro
Vo 1 T h-parameter
= (
Shunt Vi β 1 + T out
1+ T
Series- Io 1 T
= ( ) Rin = (1 + T ) ⋅ ri Rout = (1 + T ) ⋅ ro z-parameter
Series Vi β 1 + T

Shunt- Vo 1 T ri ro
= ( ) Rin = y-parameter
Shun Ii β 1 + T Rout =
1+ T 1+ T
Shunt- Io 1 T
= ( ri
Ii β 1 + T
) Rin = Rout = (1 + T ) ⋅ ro g-parameter
Series 1+ T
Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 33
KN Amplifiers
 Supplementary
R1 = 100Ω
RC = 1kΩ
RE = 2kΩ
β = 200
rπ = 10kΩ

Find the input and output resistance from

- Two port network, and
- Circuit theory

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 34

KN Amplifiers
 Circuit Theory
vs
Rin = R1 // R′ where R′ =
ib
vs − v E v
but ib = and E = ib ( β + 1)
rπ RE
⇒ vs = ib rπ + vE = ib [rπ + ( β + 1) RE ]
Rin = R1 //[ rπ + ( β + 1) RE ] ~ 100Ω

To find Rout , vs = 0 ⇒ ib = 0
∴ Rout = RC = 1kΩ

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 35

KN Amplifiers
 Two Port Network
v1
z11 f = = RE
i1 i2 = 0
v1
Z12 f = = RE
i2 i1 = 0
v2
Z 22 f = = RE
i2 i1 = 0

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 36

KN Amplifiers
 The Open Loop Transadmittance Gain is found by setting feedback signal = 0
vs = ib (rπ + RE )
io = β ib
io βib β
AOL = = =
vs ib (rπ + RE ) (rπ + RE )
⎡ β ⎤
Rin = (rπ + RE ) ⎢1 + RE ⎥
⎣ (rπ + RE ) ⎦
⎡ β ⎤
Rout = RE ⎢1 + RE ⎥
⎣ (rπ + RE ) ⎦

Rin′ = Rin // R1 ~ R1 = 100Ω

′ = Rout // RC ~ RC = 1kΩ
Rout

Ref:080130H EE3110 Feedback 37

KN Amplifiers