Assignment no# 02

Group No # 13

Submitted By:
Muhammad Saqib Ali Malik (Numl-f23-10946)
Abdul Basit (Numl-f23-49248)
Ghayoor Asif (Numl-f23-22398)

Submitted To:
Sir Dr. Mohsin Khan Abbasi
 The Conquest of Mecca: Return to the Birthplace

Objective:
The objective is to explore and analyze the historical significance of the
Conquest of Mecca, emphasizing key events, teachings, and its relevance in
contemporary times. The research aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of this pivotal moment in Islamic history, considering various
perspectives and drawing on credible academic sources to present a well-
rounded narrative.

Introduction:
The Conquest of Mecca (Arabic: ‫فتح مك))ة‬, Romanization:
Fatḥ Makkah) takes place in December 629 AD or January
630 AD (Julian calendar), Ramadan 10-20, AH 8, when the
Prophet Muhammad The city of Mecca was occupied by
Muslims led by This conquest marked the end of the war
between Muhammad's followers and the Quraysh.

Dates:
Ancient sources vary as to the dates of these events.

 The date Muhammad set out for Mecca is variously

given as 2, 6 or 10 Ramadan 8 AH.
 The date Muhammad entered Mecca is variously given as 10, 17/18, 19
or 20 Ramadan 8 AH.
The conversion of these dates to the Julian calendar depends on what
assumptions are made about the calendar in use in Mecca at the time. For
example, 18 Ramadan 8 AH may be converted to 11 December 629 AD, 10 or
11 January 630, or 6 June 630 AD.

Background:
In 628, the Quraysh of Mecca and the Muslims of Medina signed the Treaty of
Hudaybiya, a ten-year pact. In 630, the treaty was breached when Banu Bakr,
allied with the Quraysh, attacked Banu Khuza'ah, recent allies of the Muslims.
The treaty allowed tribes to choose an alliance, and Banu Bakr sided with the
Quraysh. Underlying motives and a desire for revenge led to renewed
hostilities. Banu Bakr violated the treaty by attacking Banu Khuza'ah at Al
Water, resulting in the death of twenty members. Banu Khuza'ah sought
Muhammad's help, demanding reparations and the termination of the alliance
with Banu Bakr. The Quraysh's violation of the treaty became evident,
prompting an emergency meeting. Abu Sufian ibn Harb was sent to Medina for
renegotiation but faced rejection from Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Umar. Even
Ali refused, leaving Abu Sufian in despair. The Quraysh, discouraged but
unaware of the impending danger, were left pondering their next move.

Muhammad implements a communications blackout

Muhammad instructed Aisha to prepare for military action three days before
officially learning about the treaty violation. Aisha's father, Abu Bakr, was
puzzled, but she had no answers. On the third day, Amr bin Salim al-Huzai
arrived in Medina, seeking Muslim help for revenge, revealing that the Quraysh
had broken the agreement. Confirmation came from Mr. Budair and Abu Sufian
ibn Hab. To keep plans secret, Muhammad sent Abu Qatada bin Rabi with a
small distraction group. Fearing an attack, a Muslim follower, Khatib, warned
Mecca. Muhammad, aware through revelation, had Ali and al-Mikdad intercept
and bring the messenger. Khatib explained he did it to protect his family, not
betray. Muhammad pardoned him, praising his past bravery. Umar
acknowledged, saying, "Allah and His Messenger know well."

The Muslim Army Advances towards Mecca

Muhammad, with 10,000 soldiers, set out for Mecca on the tenth day of
Ramadan, forming the largest Islamic force at the time. He left Abu Lulum al-
Ghifari in charge of affairs in Medina. Along the way, at Al-Juffa, Al-Abbas
and his family joined. In Al Abwa,
Muhammad's cousin Abu Sufian and Abdullah
bin Umayyad approached, but due to past
negative attitudes, they weren't welcomed
warmly. Ali advised Abu Sufian to seek
forgiveness like Prophet Joseph's brothers did
in the Quran. Abu Sufian confessed and quoted
verses, and Muhammad pardoned him. The
Muslim army continued, reaching Al Kadid,
where they found water and broke their fast.
They moved to Mar-a-z-Zahran. To avoid
surprising the Quraysh, fires were set for
cooking, allowing the Quraysh to assess the situation before engaging in battle.
Omar ibn al-Khattab guarded their camp.
The Conversion of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Abu Sufian ibn Harb, Hakim bin Hizam, and Budeir bin Warqa, curious about
the Muslim situation, met Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, who
advised them to consider Islam to avoid consequences. In a dire situation, Abu
Sufian sought a meeting with Muhammad, accompanied by Abbas. Despite
Muslim anger, they secured a meeting the next day. During it, Muhammad
urged Abu Sufian to embrace Islam, who eventually begged for forgiveness and
sincerely accepted the faith. Muhammad granted special privileges to Abu
Sufian, ensuring safety for those seeking refuge in his house, staying home, or
entering the holy mosque.

The Muslim Army Heads for Mecca

One morning during Ramadan, at 8:00 am, Muhammad told Abbas to leave a
place called Mar-a-z-Zahran and capture Abu Sufian ibn Harub. This was to
show Abu Sufian the strength of the Muslim army as they marched towards
Mecca. As the different tribes passed with their flags, Abu Sufian was amazed
at their power. When a group of well-armed Muslims from Mecca and Medina,
led by Muhammad, came by, Abbas told Abu Sufian who they were. Abu
Sufian recognized their strength, saying no army could resist them. Saad bin
Ubada, carrying the Ansar flag, mocked Abu Sufian, saying the Quraysh would
face humiliation that day. Abu Sufian expressed regret to Muhammad, who
corrected Saad, saying that that day, the Kaaba would be honored, not
humiliated. Muhammad then gave the flag to his son Qais (Az-Zubayr in
another version).

The Quraysh Prepare for the Approaching Muslim Army

“Prime Minister Abbas urged Abu Sufian ibn Harub to rush to Mecca and warn
the Quraysh against any aggressive actions against Muslims. Sufian shouted
loudly and advised the Quraysh to seek safety in their homes, the people of
Mecca mocked him and scattered in different directions, some taking refuge in
their homes, Others entered the Kaaba (the sacred place of worship), but some,
led by Ikrimah ibn Amr, Sahwan ibn Umayyad, and Suhail ibn Amr, encamped
in the Kaaba. Islamic Invaded a place called Kandama with the intention of
harming the religious.

Entry into Mecca

Muhammad got ready to enter Mecca with his army. He assigned Khalid ibn al-
Walid to lead part of the army and enter through the lower streets. Zubair ibn al-
Awam was in charge of another part attacking from the upper areas. Abu
Ubaida led the infantry to enter from the side valleys. The soldiers were strictly
instructed not to kill unless in self-defence. They successfully followed their
orders. Khalid ibn al-Walid fought in the city, defeating enemies without
unnecessary violence. Zubair ibn al-Awam reached his destination and planted a
flag at the Al-Fath Mosque, waiting for Muhammad. The soldiers acted with
precision, and Khalid's group defeated enemies, resulting in 12 enemy deaths
and the martyrdom of two Muslim soldiers. Zubair successfully reached his
destination, planted a flag, and offered thanks to Allah for the victory.

Muhammad Enters the Kaaba and Breaks the Idols

Without delay, Muhammad joined Ansar and Muhajirun to confront the Kaaba,
filled with 360 idols, symbolizing Allah's
uniqueness. Reading a Quranic verse, he struck
the idols with his bow, proclaiming, "Truth has
come, and falsehood has passed away." This act
marked the end of polytheism, restoring the
Kaaba for the exclusive worship of Allah. This
pivotal event is a milestone in establishing Islam
and spreading monotheism. Muhammad then
circled the Kaaba, completing the ritual.
Afterward, he received the key from Uthman ibn
Talha, the key holder, entered the Kaaba, and condemned the idolatrous
practices of the Quraysh. He ordered the destruction of all idols, images, and
statues, cementing the triumph of monotheism in Mecca.

Muhammad Prays in the Kaaba and Delivers an Address to the Quraysh

After praying in the sacred hall, Muhammad addressed the crowd at the door,
asserting control over all privileges except Al-Qaba's management and food
supply. He urged them to provide water to pilgrims, warning of a heavy blood
price for causing harm, even unintentionally. Muhammad reminded the Quraysh
of human equality, quoting a Quranic verse on diversity. He emphasized that
righteousness determines nobility in Allah's eyes. Expressing goodwill,
Muhammad referred to the story of Prophet Joseph, saying, "I speak to you with
the same words Joseph spoke to his brothers, 'Go.'" Uthman ibn Talhah was
appointed the custodian of the Kaaba, with the keys to remain in his family's
possession perpetually.
Bilal Calls the Adhan at the Kaaba

As prayer time neared, Bilal ibn Labahah climbed the

Kaaba and recited the Islamic call to prayer, the Adhan. In
the courtyard, Abu Sufian ibn Herb, Itab bin Osaid, and Al-
Harris ibn Hisham were present. Itab commented on the
situation, expressing surprise that his father Usayd had not
heard such words. Muhammad, seemingly guided by divine
revelation, approached them and revealed knowledge of
their conversation. Al-Harris and Itab, taken aback,
immediately professed their faith in Islam. Later that day,
Muhammad visited Umm Khani's house, where he
performed ablution and offered prayers of victory. Umm
Khani, with Muhammad's help, brought two relatives in
Mecca to their homes.

Punishing the Enemies

The ruling allowed shedding the blood of nine arch-criminals, even near the
Kaaba. Four were eventually executed, including Abdullah ibn Khatar, who
initially embraced Islam but later committed crimes. Another person, Michath
bin Sababa, killed an Ansar, apostatized, and fled to Mecca. Huwairis and a
female singer were executed, but Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl, who attacked Khalid
ibn al-Walid's group, was pardoned. Amnesty was granted to Wafsi and Hind
bint Utba, despite their past crimes. Habal, who mortally wounded
Muhammad's daughter, was also pardoned. Two Quraish chiefs, Sahwan bin
Umayyad and Hudara bin Umayyare, were pardoned after converting to Islam.
Hudara had previously attempted to assassinate Muhammad at the Kaaba.

Muhammad Addresses the People on the Second Day

On the second day of his conquest, Muhammad emphasized Mecca's sacred

status, praising Allah and declaring it holy for all time. He clarified that no harm
or fighting was allowed there, and the permission for his conquest didn't extend
to others. According to Ibn Abbas, Muhammad stated, "Allah has made Mecca
a sanctuary, before and after me. While I was allowed to fight, certain actions
like uprooting shrubs and cutting trees are forbidden, unless declared." An
exception was made for lemongrass at Al-Abbas's request.
During this time, a person from the Rais tribe was killed. Muhammad instructed
Chuza to abandon revenge in "pre-Islamic practices." Families of victims were
given the choice between compensation or seeking justice for their loved ones'
deaths.

The Ansars Fear that Muhammad Might Remain in Mecca

After his speech, Muhammad went to Safa, a small hill near the Kaaba. Facing
the Kaaba and surrounded by a devoted crowd, he prayed to Allah. The people
of Medina, worried he might leave them after conquering Mecca, expressed
concern. Muhammad reassured them, affirming his commitment to continue
living among them until his death, emphasizing his unwavering connection with
the Medina community.

Taking the Pledge

Entering the sacred hall, Muhammad prayed fervently, praising Allah's

greatness. Addressing the crowd, he asserted control over all privileges except
Al-Qaba's management and food supply. Stressing the importance of providing
water to pilgrims, he warned of severe consequences for intentional harm. Post-
conquest, many embraced Islam, pledging allegiance to Muhammad. Men and
women swore obedience, and Umar bin al-Khattab ensured their commitment to
monotheism and ethical conduct. Abu Sufian ibn Harb's wife, Hind bint Utba,
arrived in disguise, seeking forgiveness. After setting conditions, Muhammad
pardoned her. Pledges included refraining from adultery, infanticide, and false
testimony. Hind, transformed, destroyed idols, admitted past misunderstandings,
and Muhammad stayed in Mecca for 19 days, educating about Islam, restoring
sanctuary pillars, spreading the faith through messengers, and ordering the
destruction of remaining idols near Mecca.

Sources

Donner, Fred M. ed. (1993). Al-Tabari History, Volume X: The Arabian

Conquest, AD 632–633/A.H. 11. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany,
NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1071-4 Gabriel,
Richard A., Muhammad: Islam's First Great General, University of Oklahoma
Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0806138602. Hines, M. (1991). "Maxum" in Bosworth,
CA. Van Donzel, E. & Pera, Ch. (eds.). Islamic Encyclopedia. Volume VI:
Mahk–Mid (Second Edition). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp.100-1 137-140. ISBN 978-
90-04-08112-3.