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November 5, 2020
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it
does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or
endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of
handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the
conclusion of this presentation.
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American Institute of Steel Construction
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Built-up flexural members are made by combining shapes and plates so that they work
together as a single flexural member. This webinar will delve into the overall provisions
for built-up beams, including all applicable limit states. It will also explore built-up cross-
sections such as box and I-shaped beams formed from channels, double angles that form
T-shaped sections, and crane rail girders formed with channels as a cap to an I-shape.
Examples of a variety of built-up sections will be presented using both ASD and LRFD.
• Identify the sections in the AISC Specification that give requirements for the
design of built-up flexural members.
• List the strength limit states for several configurations of built-up flexural
members.
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
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American Institute of Steel Construction
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
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American Institute of Steel Construction
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
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American Institute of Steel Construction
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 1
• Consider a built-up beam composed of
2C12x25 channels back-to-back in direct
contact but not connected. (treat as two single channels)
• Determine the nominal moment strength
and plot it for a range of unbraced lengths.
X X
Lb
13
Example 1
• Properties for a single C12x25, Fy = 36 ksi
Manual Table 1-5
A 7.34 in.2 H 0.909
Shear Center Center of Gravity S x 24.0 in.3 ry 0.779 in.
Z x 29.4 in.3 rts 1.0 in.
I y 4.45 in.4 t f 0.501 in.
Cw 130 in.6 tw 0.387 in.
eo 0.746 in. x 0.674 in.
J 0.538 in. 4 T 9.75 in.
b f 3.05 in. ho 11.5 in.
ro 4.72 in. I x 144 in.4
14
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 1
• Check local buckling, Table B4.1b
bf 3.05 E 29, 000
6.09 0.38 0.38 10.8
tf 0.501 Fy 36
h T 9.75 E 29, 000
25.2 3.76 3.76 107
tw 0.387 Fy 36
15
Example 1
• Consider lateral-torsional buckling for the
single channel according to Section F2.
• Present results for Lb from 0 to 40 ft.
• Determine Lp and Lr
E 29, 000 F2-5
Lp 1.76ry 1.76 0.779 38.9 in. 3.24 ft
Fy 36
ho Iy 11.5 4.45
c 1.06
2 Cw 2 130 F2-8b
16
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Example 1
2 2
E Jc Jc 0.7 Fy F2-6
Lr 1.95rts 6.76
0.7 Fy S x ho S h
x o E
2 2
29, 000 0.538 1.06 0.538 1.06 0.7 36
1.95 1.00 6.76
0.7 36 24.0 11.5 24.0 11.5 29, 000
161 in. 13.4 ft
Lb Lp
M n Cb M p M p 0.7 Fy S x Mp F2-2
Lr Lp
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Example 1
• Between Lp and Lr
Lb Lp
M n Cb M p M p 0.7 Fy S x M p F2-2
L L
r p
L 3.24
1.0 88.2 88.2 50.4 b 88.2 ft-kips
13.4 3.24
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 1
• For Lb > Lr determine Mn
As an example, consider Lb = 15 ft > Lr = 13.4 ft
2
Cb 2 ES x Jc Lb
M n Fcr S x 2
1 0.078 F2-3, F2-4
Lb S x ho rts
rts
2
1.02 29, 000 24.0 0.538 1.06 15 12
2
1 0.078
15 12 24.0 11.5 1.00
1.00
529 in.-kips 44.1 ft-kips
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Example 1
• Nominal strength of a single and a double
C12x25 treated as two single members.
Nominal Moment, C12x25
200
175
150
Nominal Moment. Mn
125
2 single channels
100
75
50
25
One channel
0
0 Lp 10 Lr 20 30 40
Unbraced Length, Lb
20
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 1
• Connect these two individual channels so
they work together to make a built-up
member. What could possibly change?
– Local buckling – already compact so this
won’t change.
– Lateral-torsional buckling – this will improve
since the weak axis stiffness will increase if
they are properly connected.
21
Example 1
• Look at lateral-torsional buckling as a built-
up member.
2
I y 2 4.45 7.34 0.674 15.6 in.4
Shear Center
Gap = 0
and center of gravity
for combined 15.6
channels
ry 1.03 in.
2 7.34
Center of Gravity
for single channel
E F2-5
Lp 1.76ry
Fy
29,000
1.76 1.03 51.5 in. 4.29 ft
36
x 0.674 in.
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 1
• For determining Lr, we will assume that
the shape we now have is an I-shape.
Shear Center
and center of gravity
Gap = 0 From Section F2
for combined c 1.0
channels
2
Center of Gravity I y ho2 15.6 11.5
for single channel Cw 516 in.6
4 4
I y Cw 15.6 516
rts2 1.87 in.2 F2-7
Sx 2 24.0
x 0.674 in. rts 1.37 in.
J 2 0.538 1.08 in.4
23
Example 1
• For lateral-torsional buckling of the built-up
member determine Lr
2 2
E Jc Jc 0.7 Fy F2-6
Lr 1.95rts 6.76
0.7 Fy S x ho S x ho E
2 2
29, 000 1.08 1.0 1.08 1.0 0.7 36
1.95 1.37 2 24.0 11.5 2 24.0 11.5 6.76 29, 000
0.7 36
216 in. 18.0 ft
M p Fy Z x 36 2 29.4 2117 in.-kips 176 ft-kips
M r 0.7 Fy S x 0.7 36 2 24.0 1210 in.-kips 101 ft-kips
24
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 1
• Continue our example but now for Lb = 35
ft.
2
Cb 2 ES x Jc Lb F2-3, F2-4
M n Fcr S x 2
1 0.078
Lb S x ho rts
rts
2
1.02 29, 000 2 24.0 1.08 1.0 35 12
2
1 0.078
35 12 2 24.0 11.5 1.37
1.37
573 in.-kips 47.7 ft-kips
Example 1
• Nominal strength of a built-up 2C12x25
Nominal Moment, C12x25
200
Lp
175
Nominal Moment. Mn ft-kips
150
125 Lr
Built-up double channels
100
2 single channels
75
Lb 35 ft
50
25
Zero gap
One channel
0
0 Lp 10 Lr 20 30 40 50
Unbraced Length, Lb ft
26
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 2
• Consider a built-up beam composed of
these same 2C12x25 channels back-to-
back but now with a gap.
• Determine the nominal moment strength
and plot along with what we have already
determined.
X X
Lb
27
Example 2
• As before, lateral-torsional buckling is all
that will change. 2
1.0 4
I y 2 4.45 7.34 0.674 29.1 in.
Shear Center 2
and center of gravity Gap = 1.0 in.
for combined
channels
29.1
ry 1.41 in.
Center of Gravity 2 7.34
for single channel
E F2-5
L p 1.76ry
Fy
29,000
1.76 1.41 70.4 in. 5.87 ft
x 0.674 in. 36
28
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 2
• For determining Lr, we again treat the
shape as an I-shape.
Shear Center
and center of gravity
From Section F2
Gap = 1.0 in.
for combined c 1.0
channels
2
Center of Gravity I y ho2 29.111.5
for single channel Cw 962 in.6
4 4
I y Cw 29.1 962
rts2 3.49 in.2 F2-7
Sx 2 24.0
x 0.674 in. rts 1.87 in.
J 2 0.538 1.08 in.4
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Example 2
• For lateral-torsional buckling of the built-up
member determine Lr
2 2
E Jc Jc 0.7 Fy F2-6
Lr 1.95rts 6.76
0.7 Fy S x ho S x ho E
2 2
29, 000 1.08 1.0 1.08 1.0 0.7 36
1.95 1.87 2 24.0 11.5 2 24.0 11.5 6.76 29, 000
0.7 36
295 in. 24.6 ft
M p Fy Z x 36 2 29.4 2117 in.-kips 176 ft-kips
M r 0.7 Fy S x 0.7 36 2 24.0 1210 in.-kips 101 ft-kips
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 2
• Again, for Lb = 35 ft
2
Cb 2 ES x Jc Lb F2-3, F2-4
M n Fcr S x 2
1 0.078
Lb S x ho rts
rts
2
1.02 29, 000 2 24.0 1.08 1.0 35 12
2
1 0.078
35 12 2 24.0 11.5 1.87
1.87
803 in.-kips 66.9 ft-kips
31
Example 2
• Nominal strength of 2C12x25 with 1 in. gap
Shear Center
and center of gravity Gap = 1.0 in. Fy Z x
for combined
channels 1 in. gap
Center of Gravity 2x
for single channel
0.7 Fy S x
Lb 35 ft
x 0.674 in.
32
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34
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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E6 Dimensional Requirements
• Remember that these are written for
compression members so we must
interpret them for our application.
– Third, connectors must have sufficient strength to
transfer whatever load is required to be transferred.
35
Example 2
• For our built-up beam, back-to-back with
no gap a a L L b
0.75 0.75 b
ri 0.779 ry 1.03
a 0.567 Lb
36
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Example 2
• At the member ends, the requirement is
prescriptive.
• If we are using welds, use a 12 in. weld to
connect the channels at the top and bottom.
• With no gap, use 1 intermediate connection,
with 1 in. gap use 2 intermediate
connections.
37
Example 3
• Consider a built-up beam composed of
2C12x25 channels toe-to-toe in direct
contact.
• Determine the nominal moment strength
and plot it for a range of unbraced lengths.
X X
Lb
38
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 3
• Upon first glance it would appear that
AISC 360-16 Section F7 would apply
• It addresses square and rectangular HSS
and box sections
• The intention of the committee was for
box-shaped members to be more like HSS
with uniform thickness, not our channels
See Glossary definition of Box Section.
39
Example 3
• We already know that all channels in the
AISC Manual are compact.
• Prior to the 2016 Specification, Section F7
did not require consideration of lateral-
torsional buckling, if we were following
that, we would be finished and
M n M p Fy Z x 36 2 29.4 176 ft-kips F7-1
40
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Example 3
• We could use Section F7.4, but since it
does not actually apply, we will not.
• We will, instead, look at this arrangement of
channels in much the same way that we
looked at the back-to-back channels,
through Section F2.
• Again, we have only lateral-torsional
buckling to concern ourselves with.
41
Example 3
• Look at lateral-torsional buckling as a built-
up member 2
I y 2 4.45 7.34 2.376 91.8 in.4
Shear Center
Gap = 0
and center of gravity 91.8
for combined ry 2.50 in.
channels 2 7.34
Center of Gravity
for single channel It is not clear that we can use Eq. F2-5 for
Lp but we will calculate it and then look at
its implications.
E F2-5
Lp 1.76ry
x 0.674 in. Fy
b f x 3.05 0.674
2.376 in. 29,000
1.76 2.50 125 in. 10.4 ft
36
42
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Example 3
• For determining Lr, there are some terms
in Eq. F2-6 that are not defined for our
built-up member.
• So we will look at the user note in F2
where it gives the basic equation for
doubly symmetric sections.
2
E
M cr Cb EI y GJ I y Cw
Lb Lb
43
Example 3
• The two terms within the square root
represent pure torsion and warping torsion
2
E
M cr Cb EI y GJ I y Cw
Lb Lb
44
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 3
• From the previous equation we see that
we must determine Iy and J.
Shear Center
and center of gravity Gap = 0 From earlier we know
for combined 2
channels I y 2 4.45 7.34 2.376 91.8 in.4
Using DG 9 Table 3.1 we find
2t f twb 2 h 2
Center of Gravity J
for single channel
bt w ht f
Which yields
x 0.674 in.
2 2
2 0.501 0.387 6.1 0.387 12.0 0.501
J 210 in.4
6.1 0.387 0.387 12.0 0.501 0.501
45
Example 3
• Using the equation for the elastic lateral-
torsional buckling moment with Cb = 1.0
and setting it equal to 0.7FySx as is done
for all other shapes, we can solve for Lr.
0.7 Fy S x Cb EI y GJ
Lb
yields
Lb Lr EI y GJ
0.7 Fy S x
46
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Example 3
• Thus
Lr EI y GJ
0.7 Fy S x
29, 000 91.811, 200 210 6499 in.
0.7 36 2 24
542 ft
47
Example 3
• Since it is very unlikely that our beam will ever
need to span 541 ft, we will just look at a plot of
nominal strength to 40 ft.
Using Manual Eq 3-4 in
terms of nominal strength
M n M p BF Lb Lp 1 in. gap
2x
BF is the slope.
For our case,
BF
M p Mr
L r Lp
176 101 0.142 ft-kips/ft
541 10.4
48
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Example 3
• Since there was some question as to the
appropriateness of our Lp equation, we
might consider just using Lp = 0 for our
calculations.
• With that, the slope becomes
BF
M p Mr So the overall questions are,
L
r Lp Does Lp really matter?
and
176 101 0.139 ft-kips/ft
Does lateral-torsional buckling
541 0 really matter?
49
Example 3
• Had we used Section F7.4, Lp and Lr
would have been a bit different.
JAg
L p 0.13Ery 20.6 ft vs. 10.4 ft
Mp
JAg
Lr 2.0 Ery 555 ft vs. 542 ft
0.7 Fy S x
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 3
• Using the provisions from E6 considered
earlier, determine the required connection
between channels
a a L L
0.75 b 0.75 b
ri 0.779 ry 2.50
a 0.234 Lb
• Use 12 in. end welds and 4 intermediate
welds
51
Example 3
• As a final topic with this “box” section,
consider the implications for deflection.
• If the span is 40 ft and the allowable
moment is M n 171 1.67 102 ft-kips
• For a uniform load of w 8ML 40 0.51 kip/ft
8 102 a
2 2
4
5wL4 5 0.51 40 1728 L
3.52 in.
384 EI x 384 29, 000 2 144 136
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Double Angles
• Double angle beams are not addressed as
built-up members but rather through
Section F9 where they share provisions
with Tees.
• The limit states of yielding, lateral-torsional
buckling, flange local buckling, and web
local buckling must be addressed
53
Double Angles
• As is the case for single angles, the results
will depend on orientation of the stem, in
tension or compression.
y y
Shear Center
Compression
x x
x x Tension
Shear Center
y y
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Double Angles
• For the local buckling limit states, the
double angle provisions in F9 refer to F10
for single angles.
• Yielding and lateral-torsional buckling use
the provisions given in F9.
• F9.1Yielding: Web legs in tension
M n M p Fy Z x 1.6M y F9-1, F9-2
Double Angles
• F9.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(a) Web legs in tension
(2) Lp Lb Lr
L Lp
Mn M p M p M y b F9-6
Lr L p
(3) Lb Lr
1.95E
M n M cr I y J B 1 B2 F9-7,10
Lb
d I
B 2.3 y F9-11
Lb J 56
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Double Angles
• F9.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(a) Web legs in tension
E
L p 1.76ry F9-8
Fy
E IyJ Fy dS F9-9
Lr 1.95 2.36 x 1
Fy S x E J
57
Double Angles
• F9.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(b) Web legs in compression
These provisions are a combination of double angle
provisions and single angle provisions using
1.95E
M cr I y J B 1 B2 F9-10
Lb
and
d Iy
B 2.3 F9-12
Lb J
58
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Double Angles
• F9.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(b) Web legs in compression
where Mn is determined using equations F10-2 and
F10-3
My
(a) when 1.0
M cr My
M n 1.92 1.17 M y 1.5M y F10-2
M cr
My
(b) when 1.0
M cr
0.17 M cr
M n 0.92 M cr F10-3
My
59
Double Angles
• F9.3 Flange Local Buckling of Double-
Angle Legs
(b) For double-angle flange legs use F10.3 with
Sc referred to the compression flange.
• F9.4 Local Buckling of Double-Angle Web
Legs in Flexural Compression
(b) For double-angle web legs use F10.3 with
Sc taken as the elastic section modulus.
60
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Single Angles
• F10.3 Leg Local Buckling
(b) For sections with noncompact legs
b Fy F10-6
M n Fy Sc 2.43 1.72
t E
Example 4
• Determine the bending strength for a pair
of equal leg A36 angles. Use a pair of
6x6x5/16 angles with no lateral restraint
5
except at the supports. 2 6 6
16
A 2 3.67 7.34 in.2
X X y S x 2 2.95 5.9 in.3
8 ft I x 2 13.0 26.0 in.4
b 6.0 in.
x t 0.3125 in.
x
x 1.60 in.
Shear Center
J 2 0.129 0.258 in.4
y 62
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Example 4
• Determine the bending strength for a pair
of equal leg A36 angles. Use a pair of
6x6x5/16 angles with no lateral restraint
except at the supports.
If the gap between angles
y is zero
x 1.60
Gap = 0 2
I y 2 13.0 3.67 1.60 44.8 in.4
x 44.8
x ry 2.47 in.
7.34
Shear Center
y
63
Example 4
• F9.1 Yielding
M n 1.5M y 1.5Fy S x F9-5
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Example 4
• F10.3(b) For sections with noncompact
legs
b Fy
M n Fy Sc 2.43 1.72 F10-6
t E
6 36
36 5.90 2.43 1.72 269 in.-kips
5 16 29, 000
65
Example 4
• F9.2(b) for lateral-torsional buckling, web
legs in compression if Lb = 8.0 ft.
d I 6.0 44.8
B 2.3 y 2.3 1.89 F9-12
Lb J 8 12 0.258
and
1.95 E F9-10
M cr I y J B 1 B2
Lb
1.95 29, 000
44.8 0.258 1.89 1 1.89
2
12 8.0
497 in.-kips
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Example 4
• F10.2 for lateral-torsional buckling, web
legs in compression
My 212
0.427 1.0
M cr 497
67
Example 4
• Determine controlling limit state
Yielding y
M n 319 in.-kips
Local Buckling
x x
M n 269 in.-kips Shear Center
M n 245 in.-kips
68
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Example 4
• The strength for a single angle with span of 8.0 ft and no
intermediate lateral support, Section F10.2(2), can be
shown to be limited by lateral-torsional buckling giving
M n 98.2 in.-kips
• So the two angles alone could carry
69
Example 4
• Again using the provisions from E6
considered earlier for the channels,
determine the connection between angles
a a a L L
0.75 b 0.75 b
ri rz 1.19 ry 2.47
a 0.361Lb
70
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Example 4
• Now determine the strength if the stem is
in tension Note that the section properties remain unchanged
but in addition, we need the section modulus to the
compression flange 5
2 6 6
X X 16
y S x 2 2.95 5.90 in.3
8 ft
y 1.60
Shear Center
I y 44.8 in.4
x x Z x 2 5.26 =10.52 in.3
Gap = 0
ry 2.47 in.
I 26.0
Sc x 16.3 in.3 b 6.0 in.
y 1.60
t 0.3125 in.
y
y 1.60 in.
J 0.258 in.4 71
Example 4
• F9.1(a) Yielding
M n M p Fy Z 36 10.52 379
1.6M y 1.6 36 5.90 340 in.-kips F9-1, F9-2
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
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Example 4
• F9.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(a) For web legs in tension
(1) When Lb Lp
LTB does not apply
(2) When Lp Lb Lr
L Lp
Mn M p M p M y b (F9-6)
Lr L p
73
Example 4
• F9.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(a) For web legs in tension
(3) When Lb Lr
M n M cr (F9-7)
where
1.95E
M cr I y J B 1 B2 (F9-10)
Lb
and
d Iy (F9-11)
B 2.3
Lb J
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AISC Live Webinar Designing Built-up Flexural Members
November 5, 2020
Example 4
• F9.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(a) For web legs in tension
E E
L p 1.76ry 1.76 2.47 123 in. 10.3 ft. (F9-8)
Fy 36
E IyJ Fy dS (F9-9)
Lr 1.95 2.36 x 1
Fy S x E J
75
Example 4
• Determine controlling limit state
Yielding y
M n 340 in.-kips Shear Center
Local Buckling x x
M n 743 in.-kips
Lateral-torsional Buckling,
y
Lb 8.0 ft Lp 10.3 ft
Does not apply
76
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Example 4
• The strength for a single angle with span of 8.0 ft and no
intermediate lateral support can be shown, Section
F10.2(2)(b), to be limited by lateral-torsional buckling
giving
M n 128 in.-kips
• So the two angles alone could carry
M n 2 128 256 in.-kips
• Since this is less than the double angle limiting strength,
Mn = 340 in.-kips, the two angles must be connected to
work together.
77
Example 4
• Again using the provisions from E6
considered earlier, determine the
connection between angles
a a a L L
0.75 b 0.75 b
ri rz 1.19 ry 2.47
a 0.361Lb
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Example 4
• Summary
Mn Mn
in.-kips in.-kips
Yielding 319 340
Local buckling 269 743
Lateral-torsional 245 -
buckling, Lb = 8 ft
79
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82
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Example 5
• Design a girder that can safely support the
applied loads. The girder spans 30 ft with
lateral supports at the ends only.
P
Vertical Wheel Load
H
P 12 ft P Pbridge = 14.3 kips
X X Ptrolly+lift = 23.8 kips
30 ft
Horizontal Wheel Load
H = 2.53 kips
86
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Example 5
• Worst case load placement
– Manual Table 3-23 Case 44
When a 0.586 L
2
P a 1 a
M max L at x L
2L 2 2 2
P P
x a For our case,
X X 1 12.0
a 12.0 0.586 30.0 17.6 ft, x 30.0 12.0 ft
L 2 2
and the moment is
2 2
P a P 12.0
M max L 30.0 9.6 P
2L 2 2 30.0 2
87
Example 5
• Worst case deflection can be approximated
when the loads are symmetrically placed.
x P a Px
X X
L
53.1P
I
88
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Example 5
• Determining a trial section using Manual
Table 1-19 for select combinations of W-
shapes with cap channels
• Limit deflection to
L 30 12
max 0.60 in.
600 600
Example 5
• Try a W27x94 with a C15x33.9 cap
(There are limited choices in this table)
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Example 5
• First check for slenderness
– We know that all channels are compact.
– We also know that all W-shapes except a
select 10 have compact flanges.
– Check web slenderness for our singly
symmetric shape with Table B4.1b Case 16.
hc E
hp Fy
p 2
r
Mp
0.54 0.09
My
91
Example 5
• Additional properties
hc 2 d y1 t f hp 2 d y p t f
2 26.9 16.92 0.745 18.5 in. 2 26.9 23.6 0.745 5.11 in.
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Example 5
• Check web slenderness
hc E 18.5 29, 000
hp Fy 5.11 50 E
p 2
2
220 r 5.70 137
Zx 357 Fy
0.54 0.09 0.54 0.09
Sx 268
hc 18.5
37.8 p r 137
tw 0.490
93
Example 5
• Additional properties
Compression flange is Centroid of compression flange from top
composed of channel and 10.0 0.788 7.45 0.40 0.745 2
top flange of W-shape y 0.781 in.
10.0 7.45
tw = 0.40 in.
Distance between centroids of flanges
ena of channel ho 26.9 0.400 0.781 0.745 2 26.1 in.
x 0.788 tf = 0.745 in.
Moment of Inertia of compression flange
10 in.
I y comp flange I x channel I rect. flange
3
0.745 10.0
I yc 315 377 in.4
12
94
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Example 5
• Additional properties
Compression flange plus 1/3
I yT 377
hc 6 tw3
the web in compression 12
3
377
18.5 6 0.490
tf = 0.745 in. tw = 0.40 in. 12
377 in.4
ena of channel
x 0.788 A 10.0 10 0.745 18.5 6 0.490
hc/6 hc/2
10.0 7.45 1.51
10 in. 19.0 in.2
I 377
rt 4.45 in.
A 19.0
95
Example 5
• Determine if lateral-torsional buckling must
be addressed.
• The unbraced length for the limit state of
yielding
E 29, 000
Lp 1.1rt 1.1 4.45 118 in. F4-7
Fy 50
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Example 5
• Determine Lr
2 2
E J J FL F4-8
Lr 1.95rt 6.76
FL S xc ho S xc ho E
• Determine FL
S xt S1 268
0.616 0.7
S xc S 2 435
therefore
S xt
FL Fy 50 0.616 30.8 ksi 0.5 Fy 25 ksi F4-6b
S xc
97
Example 5
• Determine Lr
2 2
E J J FL F4-8
Lr 1.95rt 6.76
FL S xc ho S h
xc o E
2 2
29, 000 5.04 5.04 30.8
1.95 4.45 6.76
30.8 435 26.1 435 26.1 29,000
465 in.
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Example 5
• Consider F4.1 for the limit state of yielding
M n Rpc M yc R pc Fy S xc F4-1
Then Mp F4-9a
Rpc
M yc
99
Example 5
• Substituting into Eq 4-1 for Rpc yields
Mp
Mn M yc M p
M yc
• So for compression flange yielding
M p Fy Z x 50 357 17,850 in.-kips
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Example 5
• Continue with lateral-torsional buckling
since
L p 118 Lb 30 12 360 Lr 465
then L Lp
M n Cb R pc M yc R pc M yc FL S xc b R pc M yc F4-2
L L
r p
101
Example 5
• So for our unbraced length of 30 ft
L Lp
M n Cb M p M p FL S xc b M p
Lr Lp
360 118
M n 1.0 17,850 17,850 30.8 435
465 118
14, 700 in.-kips
102
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Example 5
• Now consider F4.4 for tension flange
yielding. Since
S xt 268 S xc 435
then
M n R pt M yt R pt Fy S xt F4-15
Example 5
• If we substitute for Rpt as we did for Rpc we
get
Mp
M n R pt M yt M yt M p F4-15
M yt
• So tension flange yielding is not a
controlling limit state and
M n 14, 700 in.-kips
104
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Example 5
• Now determine the flexural strength of the
top flange for resisting the horizontal load.
The elements are compact and the
web provides continuous lateral
tf = 0.745 in. y tw = 0.40 in. support for the flange buckling down.
Example 5
• Determine the required moment strength
Vertical Wheel Load LRFD Load combination
Pbridge = 14.3 kips
Pu 1.2 14.3 1.6 23.8 55.2 kips
Ptrolly+lift = 23.8 kips
Horizontal Wheel Load H u 1.6 2.53 4.05 kips
H = 2.53 kips wself 1.2 0.150 0.180 kips/ft
P P P
12 ft 12 ft H
X X
30 ft
106
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Example 5
• Determine the required moment strength
LRFD Load combination
Consider impact with an increase of 1.25 on moving load
2
wu L2 0.18 30
M ux 9.6 Pu 9.6 1.25 55.2 683 ft-kips
8 8
M uy 9.6 H u 9.6 1.25 4.05 48.6 ft-kips
P P P
12 ft 12 ft H
X X
30 ft
107
Example 5
• Since we are treating the load that induces
torsion as a load producing horizontal
bending in the top flange, we only need to
use the biaxial bending interaction
equations from Section H1.
M rx M ry 683 12 48.6 12
0.806 1.0 H1-1b
M cx M cy 0.9 14, 700 0.9 3470
108
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Example 5
• Determine the required moment strength
Vertical Wheel Load ASD Load combination
Pbridge = 14.3 kips
Ptrolly+lift = 23.8 kips Pu 14.3 23.8 38.1 kips
Horizontal Wheel Load H u 2.53 kips
H = 2.53 kips w self 0.150 kips/ft
P P P
12 ft 12 ft H
X X
30 ft
109
Example 5
• Determine the required moment strength
ASD Load combination
Consider impact with an increase of 1.25 on moving load
2
wu L2 0.15 30
M ux 9.6 Pu 9.6 1.25 38.1 474 ft-kips
8 8
M uy 9.6 H u 9.6 1.25 2.53 30.4 ft-kips
P P P
12 ft 12 ft H
X X
30 ft
110
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Example 5
• Since we are treating the load that induces
torsion as a load producing bending in the
top flange, we only need to use the biaxial
bending interaction equations from Section
H1.
M rx M ry 474 12 30.4 12
0.822 1.0 H1-1b
M cx M cy 14, 700 1.67 3470 1.67
111
Example 5
• Check shear by LRFD
– From Manual Table 3-6 for the W27x94
Vn 395 kips
– From Manual Table 3-8 for the C15x33.9
Vn 117 kips
– If the shear was equal to the total load
x P a P
2 55.2 0.18 30 116 kips Vn 395 kips
X X
2 4.05 8.10 kips Vn 117 kips
L
Thus, shear is obviously OK
112
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Example 5
• Check shear by ASD
– From Manual Table 3-6 for the W27x94
Vn 264 kips
– From Manual Table 3-8 for the C15x33.9
Vn 77.6 kips
– If the shear was equal to the total load
x P a P
2 38.1 0.15 30 80.7 kips Vn 264 kips
X X
2 2.53 5.06 kips Vn 77.6 kips
L
Thus, shear is obviously OK
113
Example 5
• Another important consideration is found
in Section J10.4 Web Sidesway Buckling.
• Since relative lateral movement between
the loaded compression flange and the
tension flange is not restrained, this limit
state must be considered.
114
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Example 5
• J10.4(b) If the compression flange is not
restrained against rotation,
– when
h tw 49.5
1.38 1.7
Lb b f 30 12 10.0
3
Cr tw3 t f h tw
Rn 0.4 J10-7
h 2 Lb b f
115
Example 5
• By definition
If M u 683 12 8, 200 M y 50 268 13, 400 in.-kips
Cr 960, 000 ksi
t w3
• Then h2
3
Cr tw3 t f h tw
Rn 0.4 960, 000 0.49 2 0.745 0.4 1.38 3 J10-7
h 2 Lb b f 49.5
150 kips
h
49.5
tw
116
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Example 5
• The maximum factored wheel load with
impact
• For LRFD
Ru 1.25 55.2 69.0 Rn 0.85 150 128 kips
• For ASD
Ru 1.25 38.1 47.6 Rn 150 1.76 85.2 kips
• Therefore web sidesway buckling strength
is sufficient.
117
Example 5
• Connection between W-shape and
channel
– AISC Design Guide 7 Industrial Building
Design recommends using continuous fillet
welds.
– Specification Table J2.4 gives a minimum
weld size, based on the minimum tw = 0.400
in., of 3/16 in.
118
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Example 5
• Connection between W-shape and
channel
– There are several ways to assess this
connection.
– One simple way is to assume that the
compressive force in the channel at the point
of maximum moment is the yield stress times
the area, thus
Cc 50 10.0 500 kips
119
Example 5
• Connection between W-shape and
channel
– The shortest distance from the maximum
moment to point of zero moment (support) is
12 ft.
– Weld strength over that distance,
Rn 1.392 Dl 1.392 3 12 12 2 1200 kips
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Example 5
• Connection between W-shape and
channel
– Thus, connect the W27x94 and C15x33.9 with
a continuous 3/16 fillet weld on each side over
the full span.
121
Example 5
• The W27x94 with C15x33.9
channel cap will be acceptable
for the given loading by ASD or C15x33.9
LRFD
• A W27x131 can be shown to also W27x94
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Summary
• We have looked at several types of members
built-up from multiple rolled shapes.
• The provisions of Section F13.4 plus several
other sections in Chapter F were sufficient to
determine member strength.
• Connection of individual members is critical in
forcing the built-up member to behave as one
member.
123
References
• Fisher, J. (2019), Industrial Building Design,
AISC Design Guide 7, 3rd Edition, American
Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago.
124
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