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Class 12 - Chemistry
Sample Paper - 08 (2023-24)

Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

Read the following instructions carefully.

a. There are 33 questions in this question paper with internal choice.

b. SECTION A consists of 16 multiple-choice questions carrying 1 mark each.
c. SECTION B consists of 5 very short answer questions carrying 2 marks each.
d. SECTION C consists of 7 short answer questions carrying 3 marks each.
e. SECTION D consists of 2 case-based questions carrying 4 marks each.
f. SECTION E consists of 3 long answer questions carrying 5 marks each.
g. All questions are compulsory.
h. Use of log tables and calculators is not allowed.

Section A
CH3

1. Name the following compound as per the IUPAC systemCH 3 - C - C = CH - C H3

| |

CH3 CH3

a) 3, 4, 4 - trimethylpent - 2 - ene
b) 2 diethyl, 3 - ethyl pentene
c) None of these
d) 2, 2, 3 - trimethylpent - 4 - ene
2. Which of the following acids is a vitamin?
a) Adipic acid
b) Aspartic acid
c) Saccharic acid
d) Ascorbic acid
3. CH3CH(OCH3)CHO is called:
a) 3 – Methoxypropanal
b) alpha Methoxypropionaldehyde and 2 – Methoxypropanal
c) Methoxypropionaldehyde
d) 2 – Methoxypropanal
4. The Lucas reagent is:
a) NO + H2O
b) H2SO4 + HCl
c) MnO2 + H2O
d) ZnCl2 + HCl
5. Consider the Arrhenius equation given below and mark the correct option.
K = Ae-Ea/RT

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a) Rate constant increases exponentially with decreasing activation energy and decreasing temperature.
b) Rate constant increases exponentially with decreasing activation energy and increasing temperature.
c) Rate constant increases exponentially with increasing activation energy and decreasing temperature.
d) Rate constant decreases exponentially with increasing activation energy and decreasing temperature.
6. Match the items of column I with appropriate entries of column II:
Column I Column II
(a) Volt (i) Current

(b) Joule (ii) Resistance

(c) ohms (iii) Gibb's free energy

(d) Ampere (iv) Cell Potential
a) (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
b) (a) - (i), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii)
c) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)
d) (a) - (i), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iii), (d) - (iv)
7. Carbon tetrachloride has a dipole moment:
a) μ = 0
b) μ = 1
c) μ = 2
d) μ = 4
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8. Choose the appropriate answer(s) for the below representation from the options given

a) Stereo isomers
b) Dextro and laevo rotatory molecules
c) Enantiomers
d) All of these
9. The half life of a substance in a first order reaction is 15 min. The rate constant is
a) 4.62 × 10– 2 min – 1
b) 6.74 × 10– 2 min– 1
c) 2.46 × 102 min– 1
d) 7.18 × 102 min– 1
10. Compound 'A' undergoes the formation of cyanohydrins which on hydrolysis gives lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH).
Therefore, compound 'A' is:
a) Acetone
b) Benzaldehyde
c) Acetaldehyde
d) Formaldehyde
11. The reaction of CH3CH = OH with HBr gives

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a) CH3CHBrCH2 Br
b) CH3CHBrCH2 OH
c) CH3CH2CHBr OH
d) CH3CH2CHBr Br
12. Which is most basic out of following amines?
(CH3)2NH, C6H5NH2, (C6H5)2 NH, CH3NH2
a) CH3NH2
b) (CH3)2NH
c) C6H5NH2
d) (C6H5)2NH
13. Assertion (A): Haemoglobin is a globular protein.
Reason (R): Globular proteins are insoluble in water.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): Formic acid reduces Tollen’s reagent.

Reason (R): Compounds containing -CHO group reduce Tollen’s reagent.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
15. Assertion (A): p-Dichlorobenzene is less soluble in organic solvents than the corresponding o-isomer.
Reason (R): o-Dichlorobenzene is polar while p-dichlorobenzene is not.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
16. Assertion (A): In Lucas test, 3o alcohols react immediately.
Reason (R): An equimolar mixture of anhyd. ZnCl2 and conc. HCl is called Lucas reagent.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Section B
17. State Henry's law correlating the pressure of a gas and its solubility in a solvent and mention two applications for the
law.
18. Account for the following:
i. In the series Sc to Zn, the enthalpy of atomisation of zinc is the lowest.
ii. Eo value for the Mn3+ / Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for Cr3+ / Cr2+.
19. Answer the following:
1. What is the effect of catalyst on rate constant?
2. Is rate of reaction always constant?

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20. In the button cells widely used in watches and other devices the following reaction takes place:
zn(s) + Ag2O(s) + H2O(l) → zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2OH-(aq)

Determine Δ rG
o
and Eo for the reaction.

OR

Consult electrochemical series and suggest three substances that can oxidise ferrous ions under suitable conditions.
21. Name the electrophile produced in the reaction of benzene with benzoyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3.
Name the reaction also.
Section C
22. a. Write the formulation for the galvanic cell in which the reaction C u(s) + 2Ag +
(aq) → C u
2+
(aq) + 2Ag(s)

takes place.
Identify the cathode and the anode reactions in it.
b. Write Nernst equation and calculate the emf of the following cell: Sn(s) | Sn2+(0.04M) || H+(0.02M) | H2(g)|Pt(s)
⊖
(Given E 2+
Sn /Sn
= −0.14V )

23. Write the structures and names of all the stereoisomers of the following compounds:
i. [Co(en)3]Cl3
ii. [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
iii. [Fe(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
24. i. Out of (CH3)3 C-Br and (CH3)3C-I, which one is more reactive towards SN1 and why?
ii. Write the product formed when p-nitrochlorobenzene is heated with aqueous NaOH at 443 K followed by
acidification.
iii. Why dextoro and laevo rotatory isomers of Butan-2-ol are difficult to separate by fractional distillation?

OR

How do you convert the following:

a. N-phenylethanamide to p-bromoaniline
b. Benzene diazonium chloride to nitrobenzene
c. Benzoic acid to aniline
25. Describe the following conversions in not more than two steps :
i. Ethanol to 3-hydroxybutanal
ii. Benzoic acid to m-nitrobenzyl alcohol
iii. Propanone to propene
26. What is a salt bridge? What is it used for?
27. Write chemical equations when
i. ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH.
ii. chlorobenzene is treated with CH3COCl in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3
28. The rate of a reaction quadruples when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K. Calculate the energy of activation
of the reaction assuming that it does not change with temperature.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Living system are made up of complex molecules called Biomolecules. Carbohydrate, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids,
lipids, hormones ATP, DNA and RNA play an important role in our daily life. Carbohydrates provide us energy. Protein

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help in growth and maintenance of body. Nucleic acids, RNA helps in protein synthesis, DNA helps in transfer of
genetic characteristics. Fat are source of energy and protect our vital organs.
i. Why are carbohydrates optically active?

OR

What are products of hydrolysis of fats?

ii. Name two acidic amino acids.
iii. Name a protein which has quarternary structure.
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Isomers are two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms. Due to
the different arrangements of atoms, they differ in one or more physical or chemical properties. Two principal types of
isomerism are known among coordination compounds. Stereoisomerism includes geometrical isomerism, optical
isomerism while Structural isomerism consists of linkage isomerism, coordination isomerism, Ionisation isomerism and
Solvate isomerism. Isomerism arises in heteroleptic complexes due to different possible geometric arrangements of the
ligands. In a square planar complex of formula [MX2L2] X and L are unidentate, the two ligands X may be arranged
adjacent to each other in a cis isomer, or opposite to each other in a trans isomer. Solvate form of isomerism is known as
‘hydrate isomerism’ in the case where water is involved as a solvent. This is similar to ionisation isomerism.
i. Optical isomers are called chiral. Explain
ii. Draw one of the geometrical isomers of the complex [Pt(en)2Cl2]2+ which is optically active.
iii. Why thiocyanate is an ambidentate ligand?

OR

Why molecular shape of Ni(CO)4 is not the same as that of [Ni(CN)4]2-?

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Section E
31. Attempt any five of the following:
1. What is the most common oxidation state of lanthanoids and actinoids?
2. Define alloy.
3. Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +2 oxidation state.
4. Name one ore of manganese and chromium.
5. Actionoid contraction is more than lanthanoid contraction. Give reason.
6. Which element in the first series of transition elements does not exhibit variable oxidation states and why?
7. In 3d series (Sc to Zn), the enthalpy of atomization of Zn is low. Why?
32. i. Calculate the freezing point of the solution when 1.9 g of MgCI2 (M = 95 g mol-1) was dissolved in 50 g of water,
assuming MgCI2 undergoes complete ionization.

(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)

ii. a. Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one has a higher boiling point and why?
b. What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure of the solution?

OR

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a. Explain giving examples the term colligative molality. Why do we sometimes get abnormal molecular masses of the
substances using colligative properties of the solutions?
b. The freezing point depression of 0.1 molal solution of benzoic acid in benzene is 0.256 K. For benzene kf is 5.12 K

kg mol-1. Calculate the value of Van't Hoff factor for benzoic acid in benzene. What conclusion can you draw about
the molecular state of benzoic acid in benzene.
33. Give the reasons for the following:
i. Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction.
ii. (CH3)2NH is more basic than (CH3)3.N in an aqueous solution.
iii. Primary amines have a higher boiling point than tertiary amines.

OR

i. Write the structures of A and B in the following reactions:

+
C uC N H2 O/H

a. C6 H5 N
2
+ −
Cl −−−−→ A−−−−−→ B
NH3 NaOBr

b. C H 3 C OOH −
− −→ A−−−−→ B
Δ

ii. Write the chemical reaction of methyl amine with benzoyl chloride and write the IUPAC name of the product
obtained.
iii. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their pKb values: C6H5NH2, NH3, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2 NH

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Class 12 - Chemistry
Sample Paper - 08 (2023-24)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) 3, 4, 4 - trimethylpent - 2 - ene
Explanation: The longest chain contains a double bond and five carbon i.e pent-2-ene and 2 methyl is attached to the
4th carbon and one is attached to 3rd carbon. Therefore IUPAC name is 3, 4, 4 - trimethylpent - 2 - ene.
2. (d) Ascorbic acid
Explanation: Ascorbic acid is vitamin C. Aspartic acid is an amino acid. Adipic acid and saccharic acid are dicarboxylic
acids.
3. (b) alpha Methoxypropionaldehyde and 2 – Methoxypropanal
Explanation: This is alpha Methoxypropionaldehyde (common name) and 2 – Methoxypropanal (IUPAC name).
4. (d) ZnCl2 + HCl
Explanation: Lucas test is done to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Lucas reagent is ZnCl2
+ HCl.
5. (b) Rate constant increases exponentially with decreasing activation energy and increasing temperature.
Explanation: K = Ae-Ea/RT from the equation it is clear that the value of rate constant k increases exponentially with a
decrease in activation energy Ea and increase in temperature.
−Ea
As Ea decreases increases and k (rate constant) increases.
RT

−Ea −Ea
As T increases, RT
decreases and RT
increases and k (rate constant) increases.
6. (c) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)
Explanation: (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)
7. (a) μ = 0
Explanation: CCl4 is a symmetrical molecule. Hence, the dipole moment is zero.
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8. (d) All of these
Explanation: Glyceraldehyde has one chiral centre (the asymmetric C) and has two enantiomers as we can see they are
mirror images of each other. Stereoisomers of a compound are those isomers of the compound which have same
molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of their atoms in space. So these compounds are stereoisomers.
These compounds are dextrorotatory (+) isomer and laevorotatory (-) isomers as one rotates the path of light in right
direction whereas the other rotates in left direction.
9. (a) 4.62 × 10– 2 min – 1
Explanation: for first order reaction
0.693
t1 =
/
2 k

10. (c) Acetaldehyde

Explanation: Cyanohydrin formed from aldehydes or ketones followed by complete hydrolysis that is used to produce
alpha hydroxycarboxylic acids and on complete hydrolysis, CN converts to COOH. The complete reaction as follows:
CH3CHO + HCN →CH3CH(OH)CN

CH3CH(OH)CN + H3O+ → CH3CH(OH)COOH

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11. (c) CH3CH2CHBr OH
Explanation: CH3CH2CHBr OH
12. (b) (CH3)2NH
Explanation: (CH3)2NH, because of +I effect of two alkyl group which increases electron density on nitrogen hence
basicity increases compare to CH3NH2 which has only one alkyl group with +I effect.
In C6H5NH2, lone pair on nitrogen is in resonance with the phenyl system hence lone pair availability on N of -NH2
group decreases and basicity also decreases.
In case, (C6H5)2NH, there are two phenyl rings attached to -NH group, the lone pair on N is engaged in resonance with
two phenyl systems, and hence it is least basic.
13. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Globular proteins have weak intermolecular forces of attraction and hence they are soluble in water.
14. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Formic acid (HCOOH) is not true acid, it contains both aldehyde (-CHO) as well as a carboxyl group (-
COOH), and it behaves as a reducing agent because it can be easily oxidized to CO2 and H2O and hence reduces Tollens
reagent.
15. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: p-Dichlorobenzene being more symmetrical than o-isomer fits closely in the crystal lattice and hence
greater amount of energy is needed to break the crystal lattice. Thus, p-isomer is less soluble than o-isomer.
16. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Section B
17. Henry’s Law: The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the
solution. Also it can also be stated as " the pressure of the gas over a solution in which the gas is dissolved (p) is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas dissolved in the solution(x)
p = KH x where KH is Henry's law constant.
Applications:
i. Soft drinks and soda water bottle are sealed under high pressure to increase the solubility of CO2.
ii. To minimise the painful effects (bends) accompanying the decompression of deep sea divers, diluted oxygen with
less soluble helium gas is used as breathing gas.
18. i. In all transition metals (except Zn, electronic configuration: 3d104s2), there are some unpaired electrons that account
for their stronger metallic bonding. Due to the absence of these unpaired electrons, the inter-atomic electronic
bonding is the weakest in Zn and as a result, it has the least enthalpy of atomization.
ii. The comparatively high Eo value for Mn3+ / Mn2+ is due to the fact that Mn2+(d5) is quite stable whereas
comparatively low value for Cr3+ / Cr2+ is because of the extra stability of Cr3+. Therefore, Cr3+ cannot be reduced
to Cr2+.
19. Answer the following:
1. Catalyst provides an alternate pathway or reaction mechanism by reducing the activation energy between reactants
and products and hence lowering the potential energy barrier.
2. No, the rate of a reaction is not always constant. It depends on factors such as concentration, temperature etc.

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20.

Therefore, E = 1.104 VΘ

We know that,
Θ Θ
Δr G = −nF E

= -2 × 96487 × 1.04
= -213043.296 J
= -213.04 kJ

OR

Substances that are stronger oxidising agents than ferrous ions can oxidise ferrous ions.
Fe
2+
→ Fe ; E0 = -0.77V
3+
+ e
−

This implies that the substances having higher reduction potentials than +0.77 V can oxidise ferrous ions to ferric ions.
Three substances that can do so are F2(2.87), Cl2(1.36), and O2(0.68)
21. Benzene, on reaction with benzoyl chloride, undergoes the formation of benzophenone in the presence of anhydrous
aluminium chloride through intermediate benzoylinium cation.

This is an example of a Friedel-Craft acylation reaction.

Section C
22. a. We have
E
Θ

(C u
2+
/C u)
= 0.34V and E (Ag
Θ
+
/Ag)
= 0.80V

Standard emf of Cu is less than Ag, therefore it is strong reducing agent and is oxidised. Therefore Cu acts as Anode
and Ag acts as Cathode.
Half cell reactions are:
At Cathode (Reduction):
+ −
2Ag (aq) + 2e → 2Ag(s)

At Anode (Oxidation):
2+ −
C u(s) → C u (aq) + 2e

b. The reactions are :

At Anode:
2+ −
Sn(s) → S n (aq) + 2e

At Cathode:
+ −
2H (aq) + 2e → H2 (g)

Full cell reaction:

+ 2+
Sn(s) + 2H (aq) → S n (aq) + H2 (g)

Standard emf of the cell is:

0 0 0
E = E +
− E
cell H /H2 Sn
2+
/Sn

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= 0 - (-0.14)V
= + 0.14V
For this reaction n=2 moles of electrons. Using Nernst equation,
2
[Sn +]
0.0591
Ecell = 0.14 − log
2 + 2
[H ]

0.0591 0.04
= 0.14 − log
2 2
(0.02)

0.0591 4 100 100

= 0.14 − log × ×
2 100 2 2

= 0.14 V - 0.0591 V
= 0.0809 V
23. i. IUPAC name of the given complex, [Co(en) ] Cl : Tris - (ethane - 1,2- diamine) cobalt (Ill) chloride.
3 3

Isomers: It shows optical isomers i.e. dextro and laevo forms as shown below:
Structure

ii. IUPAC name of given complex, [Pt(NH ) Cl ] is diammine dichloridoplatinum(II)

3 2 2

Isomers : It shows geometrical isomers i.e. cis and trans as shown below:
Structure

iii. IUPAC name of the given complex [Fe(NH 3 )4 Cl2 ] Cl is tetraaminedichloridoiron(III) chloride
Isomers: It shows geometrical isomers i.e. cis and trans as shown in figure:
Structure

24. i. Out of (CH3)3 C-Br and (CH3)3C-I, (CH3)3C-I is more reactive towards SN1 due to the large size of iodine. Also,
iodine is a better-leaving group due to lower electronegativity.
ii. The reaction is as follows:

iii. Dextoro and laevo rotatory isomers of Butan-2-ol are enantiomers. Enantiomers have the same boiling points and the
same physical properties. So, it is difficult to separate them by fractional distillation.

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OR

a. Conversion of N-phenylethanamide to p-bromoaniline:

b. Conversion of Benzene diazonium chloride to nitrobenzene:

c. Conversion of Benzoic acid to aniline:

[O] C H3 C H O + dil.NaOH
CH3 − CH(OH) − C H2 − C HO
25. i. CH3CH2OH −−−−−−→ CH3CHO −−−−−−−−−−−−−→
C r O3 /P C C (Aldol condensation)
3-hydroxy butanal

ii.

LiAlH4 conc H2 SO4

CH3 COCH3
iii. −−−−→ CH3CH(OH)CH3 −−−−−−−→ CH3-CH=CH2
propanone 443K

26. A salt bridge is a U-shaped tube containing concentrated solution of an inert electrolyte like KCl, KNO3 etc. or solidified
solution of such an electrolyte in agar-agar and gelatine.
It is used for:
i. To complete the electrical circuit by allowing ions to flow from one solution to the other without mixing the two
solutions.
ii. To maintain the electrical neutrality of the solution in the two half cells.
27. i. When Ethyl chloride (Primary alkyl halide) is treated with aqueous KOH (Strong nucleophile OH-). It undergoes
hydrolysis to form ethyl alcohol through SN2 mechanism.
C2 H5 C l+ K OH(aq) → C2 H5 OH + K C l
Ethylchloride Ethanol

ii. Since, Chlorobenzene is ortho- para- directing for electrophilic substitution reaction, Therefore, During Friedel
Craft's acylation ortho- and para- product will be formed.

k2 Ea T2 −T1
28. From Arrhenius equation, we obtain log k1
=
2.303R
(
T1 T2
)

It is given that, k 2 = 4k1

T1 = 293K ; T2 = 313K

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4k1 Ea
Therefore, log
313−293
= ( )
k2 2.303×8.314 293×313

20×Ea
0.6021 =
2.303×8.314×293×313
0.6021×2.303×8.314×293×313
Ea =
20

−1 −1
= 52863.33 J mol = 52.86 kJ mol

Hence, the required energy of activation is 52.86 kJ mol . −1

Section D
29. i. It is because they contain ‘Chiral’ carbon atoms.

OR

Glycerol and fatty acids.

ii. Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid.
iii. Haemoglobin.
30. i. Optical isomers are mirror images that cannot be superimposed on one another. While the molecules or ions that
cannot be superimposed are called chiral.

ii.

iii. Thiocyanate ligand, NCS- is present which can bind through the nitrogen to give M–NCS or through sulphur to
give M–SCN.

OR

The molecular shape of [Ni(CO)4] is tetrahedral because this complex nickel involves sp3 hybridisation. In

[Ni(CN)4]2-, nickel involves dsp2 and its shape is square planer.

Section E
31. Attempt any five of the following:
1. The common oxidation states of
1. 4f series (Lanthanoids ) have stable oxidation state as +3. Although +2 and +4 compounds also exist. For
example: the formation of Ce( IV )is favoured by its noble gas configuration, but it is a strong oxidant reverting
to the common +3 state.
2. 5f series (Actinoids ) show in general +3 oxidation state. The elements, in the first half of the series frequently
exhibit higher oxidation states. For example, the maximum oxidation state increases from +4 in Th to +5, +6 and
+7.
2. Alloys are homogeneous solid solutions of two or more metals.
3. Europium have half-filled f-orbital in +2 oxidation state. Thus, in lanthanoid series, it exhibit +2 oxidation state.
4. One of the common mangnese ore is Pyrolusite(MnO2).
The common ore of chromium is Chromite ore(FeCr2O4).
5. Decrease or contraction in atomic size due to increase in the effective nuclear charge on the outermost shell and poor
shielding by 5f electrons. This is referred to as actinoid contractions.
The actinoid contraction is more than Lanthanoid contraction as the shielding power of 5f orbitals is poorer than 4f
orbitals.

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6. Zinc does not show variable oxidation state because it has completely filled d-orbital.
7. In 3d series (Sc to Zn), the enthalpy of atomization of Zn is low due to the absence of unpaired electrons.
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32. i. MgCI2 ⟶ Mg2+ + 2 Cl-
1 mol of MgCI2 gives 3 moles of particles.
∴i=3
ΔTf = iKfm

Given, Wa = Weight of H2O (solvent) = 50 g

Wb = Weight of MgCI2 (solute) = 1.9 g
T = 273.15 K
o
f

Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1

Mb = Molar mass of solute = 95 mol-1

i Kf ×1000×Wb
Δ Tf =
Mb ×Wa
−1
3×1.86 K kg mol ×1000×1.9 g
= −1
95g mol ×50g

Δ Tf = 2.232 K
Also, ΔTf = T - Tf; Tf = T - ΔTf
o
f
o
f

= 273.15 - 2.232 = 270.918 K

ii. a. 2 M glucose has a higher boiling point because more the concentration, more is the elevation in boiling point.
b. When the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure of the solution, reverse osmosis
takes place.

OR

The colligative properties like elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point depend upon molality of
solution, this is called colligative molality. We get abnormal molecular mass if the solute either undergoes association or
dissociation.
ΔTf = iKf × m

0.256 = i × 5.12 × 0.1

0.256 1
i = =
0.512 2

As the value of van't hoff factor is less than 1, the benzoic acid undergoes association in solution.
Benzoic acid exists as dimer in benzene.
33. i. Aniline is a Lewis base and forms a salt with Lewis acid.
Aniline being a Lewis base reacts with Lewis acid (AlCl3)to form a salt.
+
−
C6 H5 NH2 + AlCl3 ⟶ C6 H5 N H2 AlC l
3

As a result, N acquires a positive charge so, it acts as a strong deactivating group for electrophilic substitution
reaction. Thus, aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction.
ii. In aqueous solution, basic nature depends on + I-effect, H-bonding, and steric-effect.
The combined effect shows that (CH3)2·NH is more basic than (CH3)3·N as H-bonding is more in case of
(CH3)2·NH than in (CH3)3N, which predominates over the stability due to +I- effect of three -CH3 groups.
iii. Large pKb value means a weak base
In aniline, the lone pair of electrons on N-atom is delocalized over the benzene ring. As a result, electron density on

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the nitrogen decreases and electrons are not available for donation. In contrast, in CH3-NH2, +I effect of -CH3 group
increases the electron density on the N-atom. Therefore, aniline is a weaker base than methylamine and hence, its
pKb value is higher than that of methylamine.

OR

i. The structure of A and B on following reaction is:

a.

b.

ii. The chemical reaction of methyl amine with benzoyl chloride and IUPAC name of the product form is as follows:

iii. Increasing order of pKb values

⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅

( C2 H5 )2 N H < C2 H5 N H2 < N H3 < C6 H5 N H2

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