Tire Management

Tire Management
Getting most out of your tires
Caterpillar Bob Riggle

Hewitt Leo Chryssolor
September 2013
Agenda
• Introduction
• Tire Basics
– Basic technicals,
nomenclature, and
construction characteristics
– Performance
characteristics
• Tire Management
– Site conditions and haul
roads
– Operation
– Maintenance
®
• Truck Design Features - Cat
Advantages
2 / Caterpillar Confidential: GREEN / WHEREVER THERE’S MINING

Acknowledgment
Bridgestone
www.bridgestone.com
www.bfor.com (specific to OTR)
Michelin
www.michelin.com
http://earthmover.webmichelin.com/na_eng/ProductInfo/ProductInfo.Html
(specific to OTR)
Goodyear
www.goodyear.com
www.goodyearotr.com (specific to OTR)
Yokohama
www.yokohamatire.com
www.yokohamatire.com/otr.asp (specific to OTR)

Critical Components in a Haulage Fleet
Tire Costs
O&O Costs
19.88%
16.08%
15.35%
11.53%
9.61%
777D 785C 789C 793C 797B

Tire Basics
Caterpillar® Truck Tire Management

Functions
Absorbs shocks
Supports the load Transfers

traction and
braking forces
to the surface
Changes and
maintains direction of
travel
Design Classification and Tread Code
Type Type of TRA Tread

Vehicle Characteristics Tread Type
Service Tire Classification Code
E-1 Rib Regular
Hauling / E-2 Traction Regular

Radial
Earthmover / Transportation Resistance to heat, cuts,
or E-3 Rock Regular E
Hauler 50 kmph wear, and shock bursts
Bias ply
(30 mph) E-4 Rock Deep
E-7 Flotation
G-1 Rib Regular

Grading / Leveling More traction and Radial G-2 Traction Regular
Grader 40 kmph maneuverability as well or G
(25 mph) as directional stability Bias ply G-3 Rock Regular
G-4 Rock Deep
L-2 Traction Regular
L-3 Rock Regular
L-3S Smooth Regular

Loading / Dozing Radial
Resistance to cuts, wear, L-4 Rock Deep
Loader / Dozer 10 kmph or L
and more stability
(5 mph) Bias ply
L-4S Smooth Deep
L-5 Rock Extra Deep
L-5S Smooth Extra-Deep

Components: Radial
1. One steel body ply (larger

cords as strength requirements
increase)
1
2. Body ply runs from bead to 2
bead in a
“radial” direction
7
3. Steel belts below the tread 3
5
1. Tread
6
2. Sidewall
4
3. Chafer
4. Inner liner
5. Bead
6. Carcass
7. Belts

Components: Bias Ply
1
• Multiple layers of nylon
cord depending on the 2
7
strength needed
• Each ply layer runs from 3
bead to bead at an angle
5
• May have nylon or steel
breaker 6 4
plies (belts)
• Crown and plies are
formed by the same ply 1. Tread
2. Sidewall
structure 3. Chafer Non Belted Belted
4. Inner liner
5. Bead
6. Casing Nylon Steel
7. Breakers
Construction Summary
Belts (steel) Breakers

Radial Bias
(nylon)
Ply Cord
(nylon –
multiple as
Ply Cord needed)
(steel – 1)
Chafer
Single Multiple Beads

Bead (steel)
(steel)

Dimensions
Overall Width
(OW)
Section Width
(SW)
Tread Width
Section Height
Free (SH)
Radius
Rim Flange
Height
Rim Width
Nominal Rim
Overall Diameter Diameter
(OD)
Dual Spacing
Static Loaded
Radius (SLR)
Static Loaded
Width (SLW)

Aspect Ratios
Conventional
Normal / Narrow base tires
Aspect ratio (H / S) = .95 - 1.00
(Expressed as whole no. of inches
followed by .00)
E.g. 18.00 R 33
80 Series tires
Wide Base
Aspect ratio (H / S) = .80
(Expressed as either a whole no.
and fraction of inches or whole no.
of inches followed by 80)
E.g. 20.5 R 25, 37.25 R 35, 59/80 R 63
“xx Series”
Extra Wide base / 65 Series tires

Aspect ratio (H / S) = .65
(Expressed as whole no. of inches
or whole no. of mm followed by 65)
E.g. 35/65 R 33, 650/65 R 25

Aspect Ratios: Examples
40.00 R 57 46/90 R 57
Type E4 VRDP 2 E4 VRDP 2
Overall width 43.6 inches 45.1 inches
Bridgestone
Load carrying capacity 93000 – 132500 lbs 98000 – 136500 lbs
@ inflation pressure range of 65 – 102 psi 65 – 102 psi
TMPH 529, 644, 765 545, 663, 788
40.00 R 57 44/80 R 57
Type XDR C4  E4R XDR C4  E4R
Overall width 44.1 inches 46.3 inches
Michelin Load carrying capacity 96248 – 145860 lbs 101055 – 149124 lbs
@ inflation pressure range of 58 – 109 psi 58 –102 psi
TMPH 888 967
Maximum distance per hour (miles) 16.8 17.4
Wider aspect ratio tires require more mounting space but have higher load carrying capacity for the same inflation
pressure and more TMPH

Nomenclature: Radial
Load index – tells the load capacity of the tire and is indicated by star
rating or the ply rating
The star rating is indicated as ★, ★★ , ★★★, etc.
The ply rating is indicated as 24 PR, 32 PR, etc
Examples of Radial
Tires
40.00 R 57 ★★
33.25 Star rating – indicates load capacity
37 Rim diameter – in inches

Radial tire
Section width – in inches
445 / 95 R
25
Rim diameter – in inches
Radial tire
Aspect ratio 95 series
Section width – in mm
Radial vs. Bias Ply: Flotation
Radial
Bias Ply
Radial tires offer better ride comfort to operator than bias ply tires
 lesser cost / hr of operation or cost / ton of material moved on account of improved
production due to enhanced operator comfort and lesser stress on structures

Radial vs. Bias Ply: Traction
Ground 
Contact
Area
Radial
Bias ply

Load

Vehicle Steadiness
Tread constantly in touch with Tread and sidewall flexes as

surface, one
only sidewall flexes

Radial vs. Bias Ply: Punctures
Steel belts over Optional steel or

the ply regularly nylon breakers
prevent sharp prevent tread cutting
objects from to certain degree
damaging the ply
Radial tires offer more resistance to puncture

 lesser maintenance cost / hr or cost / ton of material moved due to
lesser downtime
Radial vs. Bias Ply: Tread Life
Radial Bias Ply
Triangular Pantographic
motion: Less motion: More
deformation deformation
Radial tires offer more operating life
 lesser cost / hr of operation or cost / ton of material moved on account of extended
replacement intervals

Radial vs. Bias Ply: Fuel Economy
Bias Ply Radial

Cylindrical tube Toroidal membrane
More contact area  More traction  Less slip  Less rolling resistance  Better
fuel economy

Tire Management

Tire Management is Site Specific

Factors Affecting Tire Life
Wear Other
7% 8%
Separation Cut
(heat) 11% 45%
Impact
29%
Source: Actual data, world-class metal mine

Influencers of Tire Life
Site Maintenance
Conditions Practices
Climatic influences Machine maintenance
Haul road design

& maintenance Tire maintenance
Tire Life
Tire selection
Load Load distribution
Truck operating
practices Steering geometry
Speed
Loading Tire
practices Work cycle Defects Brake heat dissipation
Machine type
Blasting Design
Operating Machine
Practices Parameters

Site Conditions
Site Conditions
Climatic Influences Haul road - Design & Maintenance
Ambient Temperature Haul Road Construction
Rainfall Slope
Curve
Crown
Pit/ Loading Face
Dump
Watering
Obstruction & Drainage
Road Width
Design & Maintenance Equipment

Ambient Temperature
The higher the More heat retention

Lesser heat
ambient in tire implies
dissipation leads to
temperature, the   increased risk of tire
more heat retention
lower the heat reaching critical
in tire
dissipation temperature
Field observation:
For every 10 ºC rise or fall in ambient temperature, the inflation pressure
changes by 1 psi

Ambient Temperature Adjustments
BRIDGESTONE
Real site TKPH = t – Actual ambient temperature
Basic tire TKPH x [ 1 +  x (38º C – t º C) ] For tire with section width below 27” ,  = 0.010
For tire with section width above 30” ,  = 0.009
Example : Bridgestone 40.00 R 57 E4 VRDP 3A ; Basic tire TMPH = 765 @ 38º C
If this tire is used at a site where ambient (t) = 42º C, the revised TMPH rating for the tire will be =
765 x (1 + .009 x (38 – 42) = 737.46
TMPH Adjustments to Basic Tire TMPH

820.00
800.00
780.00
765
TMPH
760.00
737.46
740.00
720.00
700.00
680.00
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Temperature

Ambient Temperature Adjustments
MICHELIN
Real site TKPH = Basic tire TKPH x K1 x K2 K1 – Co-efficient relating to adjustments on account of cycle distance (km or miles)
K2 – Co-efficient relating to adjustments on account of ambient temperature
K2 = 1 + .25 x (TA – TR) TA – Ambient temperature
VM TR – Reference temperature (38º C)
When using TMPH, replace .25 with .086 VM – Reference cycle average speed
Refer Michelin data book for tables on coefficients.
Example : Michelin 40.00 R 57 XDR B ** E4R ; Basic tire TMPH = 789

Site conditions – One Haul cycle = 6.2 miles; Average cycle speed = 15.4 mph; Ambient temperature (TA) = 42º C;
K1 = 1.12 ; K2 = 1 + (.086 (42 – 38)) / 15.4 = 1.02234
Real site TMPH = 789 x 1.12 x 1.02234 = 903 (or 806.62 on account of temperature alone)
TMPH Corrections (K2 only) to Site Tire TMPH Calculations

820.00
810.00 806.62
800.00
789
TMPH
790.00
780.00
770.00
760.00
750.00
740.00
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Temperature

Rainfall
Stagnant Water – No Drainage Potential for Tire

From Pit Cuts
Rut Formation –
High RR
Haul Roads: Design & Maintenance
Factors that affect road design
Equipment that will use the haul road

Weather
Safety conditions
Available road material
Available construction equipment
Expected life of road
Budget
]Applicable rules and regulations

Haul Road: Layers & Zone of Influence
Road drain
Poor haul road
More Severe
Surface (wearing course)

Base layer
Sub-base layer
Sub-grade fill
Sub-grade (in-situ)
Good haul road
Number of layers may vary according to Permanent plastic strain due to shear failure
specific design and material availability

Haul Roads: Load, Contact Area
GMW Contact patch area

276%
382%
Ground contact area

235% 166%
Load (lbs)
149%
(sq. in)
194%
153% 100% 107%
100%
777D 785C 789C 793C 797B 777D 785C 789C 793C 797B

California Bearing Ratios

Designing Haul Roads with CBR: Example
8” Fine Crushed Rock (CBR = 80) 25mm rock size 8”

20”
9” Coarse Crushed Rock (CBR = 80) 100mm rock size
37”
17” Clean Sand Sub base (CBR =15)
Sandy Clay Sub grade (CBR = 6)

Load Transfer on Slope
Reaction forces
Grade (%)
Machine weight
Overload Transfer on Grade

32.0%
30.0%
% Extra Load Transferred
28.0%
26.0%
24.0%
22.0%
20.0%
18.0%
16.0%
14.0%
12.0%
10.0%
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
% Grade

Load Transfer on Grade – Example: 793 & 797
% Front Axle Weight on Downhill Grade

Calculations to Effective Weight
50%
% of Weight on Axle
45%
40%
35%
30%
0% 5% 10% 15%
% Grade
793-Loaded-Front-Effective Weight 797-Loaded-Front-Effective Weight

Influence of Increase in Grade on Tire life
35
30
% Reduction in Tire Life
25
20
15
10
0
G=0 G >6% ..<15% G>15%
% Grade (G)

Haul Road: Grade, Consistency
• Grades less than 10% are

recommended for maximum tire
life
1
• Consistent grades should be
maintained 10
Incorrect Correct

Load Transfer on Curve
Centrifugal force
Reaction forces
Velocity (speed)
Machine weight
Overload Transfer on Curve - R = 50 m
55.000%
50.000%
45.000%
% load increase
40.000%
35.000%
30.000%
25.000%
20.000%
15.000%
10.000%
5.000%
0.000%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Speed (kmph)

Haul Road: Curves/Switchbacks
Wide smooth curves – less stress on tire

Super Elevation @ Radius and Speed
Super
elevation
Radius of Turn Speed in mph

e+f= V2
15 R Feet 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50 13.0% 30.0%
e – Super elevation 100 7.0% 15.0% 27.0%

f – Side friction 150 4.0% 10.0% 18.0% 28.0%
factor 200 3.0% 8.0% 13.0% 21.0% 30.0%
(in decimals) 300 2.0% 5.0% 9.0% 14.0% 20.0% 27.0%
V – Velocity
500 1.0% 3.0% 5.0% 8.0% 12.0% 16.0% 21.0% 27.0%
R – Radius
700 1.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 9.0% 12.0% 15.0% 19.0%
* - when using metric 1000 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 11.0% 14.0%
units, replace 15 by 127

Load Transfer on a Crown
Reaction forces
Crown angle
Machine weight
Overload Transfer on Crown

38.00%
36.00%
34.00%
32.00%
30.00%
% Load Increase
28.00%
26.00%
24.00%
22.00%
20.00%
18.00%
16.00%
14.00%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
In Degree

Haul Road: Crown
Wrong Excess
crowning crossfall
Two-way crossfall
2% constant crossfall

Haul Road: Loading Face/Pits
Road surface conditions

Clean, smooth surface conditions extend tire life and
reduce chance of road hazard damage
Ideal pit floor Bad floor:

Potential for tire cuts, needs constant attention

Haul Road: Dumps
Good dump area – keeps tire cuts at minimum
Constant clearing is necessary
Ideal dump

Dust Control: Watering
video clip
Excess water sprinkling
Rut formation – high RR

Road Surface: Obstructions, Drainage
• Obstructions such as fallen rocks should be removed to prevent cuts

• Proper drainage arrangements are an important constituent to good
haul roads
Road
Edge berm Drain
Fallen rocks being cleared Constant crossfall and drain for water

Haul Road: Road Width
• Road width - proper width to allow

safe passing
– One way (straights / corners) :
2 – 2.5 truck widths
– Two-way straights : 3 - 3.5
truck widths
– Two way corners : 3.5 - 4 truck
One-way (straights/corners)
Two-way (in straights)
widths Two-way (in corners)
Model Accessories Overall Width One Way Two Way Two Way
Ft, In (m) (Straights / (Straights) (In Corners)
Corners)
777D Basic dual slope body 20‟ 0” (6.10) 40‟ 0” (12.20) min. 60‟ 0” (18.30) min. 70‟ 0” (21.35) min.
785C Basic dual slope body 21‟ 4” (6.64) 42‟ 8” (13.28) min. 64‟ 2” (19.92) min. 74‟ 8” (23.24) min.
789C Basic dual slope body 25‟ 2” (7.67) 50‟ 4” (15.34) min. 75‟ 6” (23.01) min. 88‟ 1” (26.85) min.
793C Basic dual slope body 24” 4” (7.44) 48‟ 8” (14.88) min. 73‟ 2” (22.32) min. 85‟ 2” (26.04) min.
797B Flat floor body 30‟ 0” (9.15) 60‟ 0” (18.30) min. 90‟ 0” (27.45) min. 105‟ 0” (32.03) min.

Haul Road Width: Examples
Width too little – potential for tire cuts Width less for two-way traffic with cornering
Ideal road
Support Equipment: Wheel Dozers
Keep those rocks

and debris out of
the way !
video clip

Support Equipment: Track-Type Tractors
Keep those rocks

and debris out of
the way !

Site Conditions: Summary
• When using TKPH / TMPH calculations, account for the ambient

temperature in actual site
• Have effective dewatering systems from mine pits
• Have proper super elevations on curves and switchbacks
• Keep grades to a minimum (1:10 max)
• Ensure haul road widths are adequate to allow safe distance from
berms and edges and also on uni-directional / bi-directional traffic
• Maintain road crowns so that water is led to drains. Keep these between
1º - 4º
• Keep drainage obstruction free to lead water away from haul roads
• Effective dust control is a must – do not over wet the roads
• Have a good road base to avoid road sinking and thereby increasing
rolling resistance
• Use Motor Graders, Wheel Dozers and Track-Type Tractors effectively
– the economics are felt in the truck cost / ton of operation

Operating Practices
Operating Practices
Truck Loading Practices Truck Operating Practices
Load Speed
Work / Duty Cycle Blasting
Tire Selection
Brands & Tread Radial / Bias
TMPH / TKPH Ratings Size

Truck Loading Practices
video clip
• Slow and gradual loading

• Big rocks at center
• Do not overload the truck
• Avoid spillage - do not perch
big rocks on top of the pile

Truck Operating Practices
• Do not steer a stationary wheel

• Avoid windrows, berms,
ditches,
face toe and dump berms
• Check speeds on downhill
hauls,
pits and dumps
• Avoid constant braking – use
the retarder

Flexing
Flexing causes heat build up. Flexing is caused due to any

(or a combination of) the following factors:
Degree of deflection
– Load
Frequency of deflection
– Speed
Catalyst to deflection
– Inflation pressure

Influence of Load Increase
100
80
% Change in Tire Life
60
40
20
0
L=N L=+10% L=+20% L=+30%
% Change in Load From Normal

Influence of Speed on Grade for a Loaded Truck
120

110
0% Grade (FLAT)
100
5% Grade
% of Average
90 10% Grade
Life
80
70
60
50

40
0 10 20 30 40
Loaded
Speed
Ton-Mile-Per-Hour / Ton-Kilometer-Per-Hour Ratings
Basic TKPH = Average load per tire x Average cycle speed
TKPH – Ton-Kilometer-Per-Hour
(While calculating TKPH, ton reference is to metric tonnes)
TMPH – Ton-Mile-Per-Hour
(While calculating TMPH, ton reference is to short tons)
TMPH = TKPH x .685
Further adjustments to the TMPH / TKPH ratings need to be

done on account of
Ambient temperature
Load
Speed
Cycle distance
Tire ballasting
Nitrogen charging
Always consult a tire manufacturer before selecting a tire for your job

Manufacturer: Tire Load Capacity
Bridgestone Michelin Goodyear

Tire Load capacity
240000
220000
Load capacity (lbs)
200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
777 785 789 793 797

Average Speed
Average speed / average work day speed / average work shift speed
Haul
Load Dump
Return
• “One cycle” implies total distance covered by the

Total distance No. of cycles truck in one round trip
run by the truck X made • “Total hours of operation” is based on the period
in one cycle that is taken while considering the „number of
Average speed = cycles made
• Finally, it is the cycle time observation for the
Total hours of operation round trip of the truck

Average Speed (Work Shift Speed): Example
Waiting time = 1.5 min Total distance

No. of cycles
Loading time = 3.0 min run by the truck X
in one cycle
made
Hauling time = 10.0 min Average speed =
Dumping time = 1.5 min Total hours of operation
Return time = 6.0 min
• Total cycle time = 22.0 min

– Number of cycles in a 60-minute hour = 60 ÷ 22 = 2.727 cycles
• Working hours per shift = 7
• Working shifts per day = 3
– Total working hours per day = 7 x 3 = 21 hours
– Number of cycles in 1 day = 21 x 2.727 = 57.272 cycles
• Cycle distance = 5 km
– Total distance run = 57.272 x 5 = 286.363 km
Average work shift speed = 286.363 ÷ 21 = 13.636 km / hr

TMPH Rating Comparison: E4
Tire TMPH Capacity (E4) Bridgestone Michelin Goodyear
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
TMPH
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
37 R 57
40 R 57
45 R 57
27 R 49
33 R 51
44/80 R 57
59/80 R 63
46/90 R 57
TKPH/TMPH Adjustments
BRIDGESTONE
If the round trip distance < 5 km (3 miles) TKPH ratings can be increased by 12%
If speeds > 50 kmph (30 mph) and/ or if one way trips > Consult BS representative
16 km (10 miles)
MICHELIN
Site TKPH = Basic TKPH x K1 x K2 Tables for K1 are available in Michelin data book
If round trip is < 5 km (3 miles) Consider tire TKPH / TMPH based on the distance
covered in 1 hour
If speed is < 30 kmph (18.6 mph) or round trip is < 3 Cold inflation pressure can be reduced up to 10% for
miles the given load
Where travel speeds > 60 kmph (37.2 mph) or round Reduce load by 12% keeping inflation pressure same
trip > 20 km (12.4 miles)
If there is a high occurrence of dynamic loading Front tire cold inflation pressures should be increased
(downhill loaded, tight curves, heavy braking, etc) by 10%
GOODYEAR
If the one way travel > 20 miles Consult Goodyear representative
YOKOHAMA (for its bias ply tires)
If the one way trip > 2.5 miles Consult Yokohama representative
Where travel speeds are 40 mph Reduce loads by 15% for normal tires and 17% for wide
base tires with no change in inflation pressure

Tread Compound: Examples
Example - different tread compounds that Michelin would use …

Type A4 highly resistant to cutting, hacking (tread tearing) and abrasion on very rough
surfaces
Type A highly resistant to cutting, hacking (tread tearing) and abrasion for use at average
speeds higher than type A4
Type B4 a compromise between resistance to abrasion and average speed on rough
surfaces (from ≥ 49 inches)
Type B specially designed for low heat generation on long runs and in intensive service
conditions on surfaces that are not particularly rough
Type C4 designed for long cycles on well maintained roads at high speeds
Type C engineered to cope with high average speed travel on long hauls
Example - different tread compounds that Bridgestone would use …

1A Standard
2A Cut resistant
2V Standard (for logging)
2V* Special cut resistant (Type V for bias ply)
2Z* Special cut resistant (Type Z for bias ply)
3A Heat resistant

Blasting Practices

Operating Conditions: Summary
• Loads should be centrally placed in the truck

• Do not drop big rocks from high levels into the body – gently release
• Avoid ditches, windrows and berms – these are potential cut areas.
Do not back up on toes or berms at pits and dumps
• Select the tire based on real site TKPH / TMPH considerations
• Do not combine radial and bias ply. If left with no choice, do not mix
on the front axle as the operator may lose control
• Do not combine different tire sizes. If left with no choice, overall tire
diameter should be within 3% on the same axle and within 6%
between front and rear axle
• Use a particular manufacturer for one truck – do not combine
different manufacturers for the same truck
• Evaluate the work cycle and account for the stoppage and idle times
• Always involve the tire manufacturer for the final selection
Maintenance Practices
Maintenance Practices
Tire Maintenance
Machine Maintenance
(follow tire manufacturer's suggestions)
Wheel Alignment Tire Handling
Rock Ejector
Brakes / Oil Cooler
Strut Pressure

Wheel Alignment
• Check wheel alignment – toe-

in / toe-out at scheduled
intervals to prevent one-sided
wear of tire

Rock Ejector
• Check to see that the rock

ejector is in place and is not
jammed. Check rock ejector
pin and holding cotter pin to
observe any potential pin
failure

Brakes / Oil Cooler
• Oil coolers and radiator must

be working properly to provide
effective brake cooling

Strut Pressures
• Ensure that the

cylinders are properly
charged as per
manufacturer‟s
recommendations

Inflation Pressure
% Probability of Increase in Cuts
250
200
150
100
50 TRA advises the

following chart for
0 overload vs. increased
P= -20% P=N P= +20%
inflation pressure
% Change in Inflation Pressure From Normal
Maximum Excess Loads
Tire Types
Load Pressure
Diagonal (Bias) 15% 30%
Influence of inflation pressure on tread cuts Ply
Radial ply 7% 14%
Maximum cold inflation pressure ≤
1000 kPa (145 psi)

Inflation Pressure vs. Tire Life
100
Tire Life % (with correct load)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
120 110 100 90 80 70 60
Inflation Pressure % (correct inflation pressure = 100)

Benefits of Correct Inflation Pressure
Correct inflation pressure provides

an optimum shape
to the tire with the following features
The maximum ground contact area
– Maximum traction and braking
and benefits
– Optimum cornering ability
– Maximum flotation
The optimum flexibility
– Optimum enveloping of road hazards
– Optimum sidewall flexibility to minimize
the effects of road irregularities
Reduced heat levels within tire
– Minimum heat levels in the tire reduce
fatigue within the tire
– To use the longest wearing and most
cut resistant tread compound for the
operating conditions
Reduction in downtime
– To increase the availability of the
equipment
– To increase productivity and reduce
operating cost

Tire Maintenance
• Thorough visual inspection

• Scheduled pressure checks
• Calibration of pressure gauges
• Safety first - deflate tires before working
on tire assembly
• Ensure cap on valve is fitted at all times
• Dislodge embedded rocks in tires
• Never steam clean tires
• Immediate repair works on faulty
tire assembly
• Leave tread in tire in need to be retreaded
• Follow manufacturer‟s mounting / dismounting
procedures
• Use correct rims and o-rings
• Rotate tires at the desired schedule
• Store tires properly
• Use vehicles with proper and safe tire assembly

Tire Handling
• Use proper tire

handling tools to
prevent tire damage

Machine Maintenance for Tires
• Check wheel alignment – caster,

camber and toe-in / toe-out at
scheduled intervals to prevent
one-sided wear of tire
• Check to see that the rock ejector
is in place and is not jammed.
Check rock ejector pin and holding
cotter pin to observe any potential
pin failure
• Oil coolers and radiator must be
working properly to provide
effective brake cooling
• Check if all wheel studs and nuts
are tightened and not cracked
• Use proper tire handling tools to
prevent tire damage

Maintenance Practices: Summary
• Follow tire manufacturer‟s recommendations closely

• Check inflation pressures regularly
• Do not operate trucks with defective steering, rims and tires
• Keep the wheels aligned
• Remove all rocks embedded in the tires and have the rock ejector
functioning properly
• Brake oil cooler and radiator must be working effectively to remove
the heat generated during braking
• Getting that extra mile out of the tire requires “Teamwork” –
everybody has something to contribute

Truck Design Features

Basic Truck Features
• Axle load split – how

the total load of the
truck is shared
between the front and
rear axles
• Steering geometry –
prevention
of tire scuffing
• Braking – lesser
application, more life
Caterpillar Weight Distribution Advantage
Load Distribution - Em pty
797B 43.5 56.5
793C 46.9 53.1
Trucks
789C 46.9 53.1
785C 47 53
777D 47 53
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Front Axle (empty) Rear Axle (empty) % distribution
Load Distribution - Loaded
797B 33.3 66.7
793C 33.3 66.7
Trucks
789C 33.6 66.4
785C 33 67
Gross weight distribution is 777D 33 67
ideally 33:67 for loaded 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
condition Front Axle (loaded) Rear Axle (loaded) % distribution

Cat Design Feature:
Steering Geometry, Turning Radius
Steering arms
bolted onto spindle
assembly
Two tie rod design (sets toe-in / toe-

out adjustments in field if required)
complete the Ackerman geometry
Front cylinders rigidly
mounted to chassis act
as steering king pins Results  Near ZERO tire
scuffing
Lesser tire failures due to proper steering geometry
on Cat trucks, thereby lowering cost of operation

Caterpillar Integrated Braking Control
Less frequent braking and slippage

prevention means more tire life and
therefore lower cost of operation
• Traction Control System

(TCS) reduces rear tire
slippage and ultimately
wear
• Automatic Retarder
Caterpillar Speed Management
Feature in VIMS™ System
VIMS MAX Speed Manager Integrated VIMS Speed Manager reduces

VIMS TKPH (TMPH) Speed Manager heat separation failures by monitoring tonne
VIMS MAX Payload Speed Manager kilometers per hour (ton miles per hour)
Fewer heat separation failures means more service life

of tires on Cat trucks and therefore lower cost of operation

11
Caterpillar Road Analysis Control Feature
video clip
Rack, Pitch & Bias is measured at the rate of 10

times per second and records FELA Severity
Index into VIMS trends and displays two levels
of warning
Reduce speed
Avoid area
Fewer tire failures due to proper analysis of haul road

conditions on Cat trucks, thereby lowering cost of operation

Machine Parameters: Summary
• Loaded trucks should ideally have a 33:67 axle

load split ratio between front and rear for
maximum tire life. Load placement in truck also
plays an important role
• Steering geometry should be designed to
minimize tire scuffing and wear. Wheel
alignment practices under tire maintenance
should also be adhered to
• Brake cooling capacity should be adequate to
prevent bead burning / charring
• Features like Automatic Retarder Control and
Extending Tire Life is “Teamwork”
Management must lead

the effort!
Project
Manager
• Drive for proper
maintenance practices OEM
Supplier
Tire
Manufacturer
starts at the top levels
of management
• Encourage reporting of
Maintenance Operations
Department Department
haul road hazards and

Engineering
maintenance by all Department
team members
In Summary: Tire Management
… nothing more than managing tire performance for a particular job site
Initial Tire Selection Site Conditions

& &
Recommendation Maintenance Practices
(these factors are a „do‟

(tires are to be optimized for the site)
or „die‟ for the tire)
The final deliverable is a “low $/hr or $/ton or $/ton-mile” tire for the operation

®
© 2013 Caterpillar. All Rights Reserved. CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos,
“Caterpillar Yellow,” the “Power Edge” trade dress as well as corporate and product
identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.

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Tire Management

Getting most out of your tires

Caterpillar Bob Riggle

2 / Caterpillar Confidential: GREEN / WHEREVER THERE’S MINING

3 / Caterpillar Confidential: GREEN / WHEREVER THERE’S MINING

777D 785C 789C 793C 797B

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Supports the load Transfers

Type Type of TRA Tread

Hauling / E-2 Traction Regular

G-1 Rib Regular

G-4 Rock Deep

L-2 Traction Regular

L-3 Rock Regular

L-3S Smooth Regular

L-5 Rock Extra Deep

L-5S Smooth Extra-Deep

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1. One steel body ply (larger

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Belts (steel) Breakers

Single Multiple Beads

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Extra Wide base / 65 Series tires

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37 Rim diameter – in inches

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Tread constantly in touch with Tread and sidewall flexes as

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Steel belts over Optional steel or

Radial tires offer more resistance to puncture

Radial Bias Ply

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Bias Ply Radial

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Source: Actual data, world-class metal mine

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Climatic influences Machine maintenance

Haul road design

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Climatic Influences Haul road - Design & Maintenance

Ambient Temperature Haul Road Construction

Pit/ Loading Face

Obstruction & Drainage

Design & Maintenance Equipment

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The higher the More heat retention

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TMPH Adjustments to Basic Tire TMPH

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Refer Michelin data book for tables on coefficients.

Example : Michelin 40.00 R 57 XDR B ** E4R ; Basic tire TMPH = 789