Lecture 1 ) INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF LEATHER INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN

• Introduction
• Analysis of Leather industry under Five forces Model
• SWOT Analysis
Introduction
The leather industry in Pakistan holds significant importance as it contributes to the country's economy through exports and
employment generation. Pakistan has a rich heritage in the production of leather goods, including shoes, garments, bags, and
accessories. The industry's success can be attributed to the availability of high-quality raw materials, skilled craftsmanship, and
competitive labor costs.
The leather industry in Pakistan primarily operates in major cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Sialkot. It consists of various sub-
sectors, including tanning, manufacturing, and exporting. Tanning involves the process of transforming raw hides and skins into
leather, while manufacturing focuses on producing finished leather goods.
Analysis of Leather industry under Five Forces Model
Analysis of the Leather Industry in Pakistan using the Five Forces Model:
• Threat of New Entrants:
The threat of new entrants in the leather industry is moderate. Although the industry requires significant investment in machinery,
technology, and skilled labor, the existence of established players and the need for economies of scale act as barriers to entry.
Additionally, access to high-quality raw materials and distribution networks can pose challenges for new entrants.
• Bargaining Power of Buyers:
Buyers, such as international retailers and wholesalers, hold substantial bargaining power in the leather industry. They have the
ability to compare prices and quality across different suppliers and countries, forcing Pakistani leather manufacturers to maintain
competitive prices and meet quality standards. This can result in lower profit margins for industry players.
• Bargaining Power of Suppliers:
The bargaining power of suppliers in the leather industry is relatively low. Pakistan has a significant advantage in terms of the
availability of raw materials, such as hides and skins, which are sourced from the country's livestock industry. Moreover, leather
manufacturers have the option to switch suppliers if they face any issues, reducing the supplier's influence.
• Threat of Substitutes:
The threat of substitutes in the leather industry is moderate. Alternative materials, such as synthetic leather and fabric, pose a
substitution risk for certain leather products. However, genuine leather maintains its demand due to its unique properties, durability,
and aesthetic appeal, which synthetic materials often cannot replicate.
• Competitive Rivalry:
The leather industry in Pakistan faces intense competitive rivalry, both domestically and internationally. Domestically, numerous
manufacturers compete for market share, while internationally, countries like China, India, and Bangladesh pose significant
competition in terms of cost, scale, and product range. Price competition and the need for differentiation are key challenges for
industry players.
SWOT ANALYSIS
SWOT Analysis of the Leather Industry in Pakistan:
Strengths:
1. Abundance of high-quality raw materials, such as hides and skins.
2. Skilled craftsmanship and expertise in leather manufacturing.
3. Competitive labor costs compared to many other countries.
4. Strong presence of established tanneries and manufacturers.
5. Access to international markets through trade agreements and global networks.
Weaknesses:
1. Limited investment in technology and innovation.
2. Lack of industry-wide quality standards and certifications.
3. Inconsistent supply chain infrastructure.
4. Dependence on imported machinery and chemicals.
5. Environmental concerns associated with the tanning process.
Opportunities:
1. Increasing global demand for leather goods.
2. Growing trend towards sustainable and ethical fashion.
3. Diversification into niche markets and product segments.
4. Collaboration with international brands and designers.
5. Adoption of advanced technologies for improved efficiency and productivity.
Threats:
1. Intense competition from other leather-producing countries.
2. Fluctuating raw material prices.
3. Evolving consumer preferences towards synthetic alternatives.
4. Trade barriers and changing import/export regulations.
5. Negative environmental perceptions and regulations impacting the industry's sustainability.
 From video:
Pakistan is considered to be the hub of producing high quality Leather and Leather Products, and there are about
800 Tanneries in the country actively engaged in producing best quality finished leather of Cow, Buffalo, Sheep & Goat skins.
Pakistan is rich in agricultural products and has a large livestock population which plays an important role in the economy of
Pakistan by producing around 13.0 Million Hides and 47.4 Million Skins per annum (2015-16). The Lype of sheep skins we have
in Pakistan is better in respect of grain, substance and compactness of fibers.
Pakistan is an Islamic republic democrat country having unofficial population count approx. 220 millions. All Muslims celebrate
Eid Qurban occasion once a year, when they slauchter/sacrifice minimum one of the animals from Cow.
Buffalo, Goat and Sheep that day following the tradition of Prophet Ibrahim. Every muslim has a yearning desire to sacrifice most
beautiful and healthy animal on that day. Due to this collective sacrificial slaughtering of animals on such a large scale, massive
amounts of animal hide are easily and readilv available that tanneries can buy. About 80% - 80% of total raw material requirement
is fulfilled every year this way.
A Quick Look on History
At the time of independence there were only a few tanneries producing sole leather and that too at a very small scale
• In the early days of independence some tanneries were established in Karachi
• In 1950's some were established in Lahore and adjoining areas.
• The 1960 s saw the installation of more units in other parts of the country like Multan, Sahiwal. Kasur, Gujranwala and
Sialkol. These units were well-equipped ith the latest and modern facilities. More advanced units were established in the
1970's and Pakistan started production of finisnec leather.
• The era of 1980's saw a peried of improved quality production.
• In 1990 the leather sector jumped to becomeithe second largest loreign exchange earner for the couniry by contributing
10.41 percent toward the total export revenue.
• During July-November 2015-16, the leather exports of Pakistan faced a decline of 27 peroent while India, which exported
43 percent more leather garments. withessed 27 percent increase in its leather exports during the same period.
Lecture 2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis:
1. Threat of new entrants: The pharmaceutical industry has high barriers to entry due to strict regulations, significant
research and development costs, and the need for extensive clinical trials. Established companies have patent protection
for their products, making it difficult for new entrants to compete.
2. Bargaining power of suppliers: Suppliers in the pharmaceutical industry include raw material providers, research
organizations, and contract manufacturers. The bargaining power of suppliers can be moderate, as there are multiple
suppliers available, but specialized ingredients or components may give certain suppliers more power.
3. Bargaining power of buyers: Pharmaceutical products are often sold to various entities, including hospitals, pharmacies,
and government agencies. Buyers typically have some power due to their ability to negotiate prices, especially when
there are multiple alternative products available.
4. Threat of substitute products: The pharmaceutical industry faces the threat of substitute products, such as generic
medications and alternative therapies. Generic drugs, once patents expire, can significantly reduce the market share and
profitability of branded pharmaceuticals.
5. Intensity of competitive rivalry: The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive, with numerous companies
competing for market share. Companies invest heavily in research and development to bring new drugs to market and
maintain a competitive edge. Pricing pressures and the potential for product recalls or litigation also contribute to intense
competition.
SWOT Analysis:
Strengths:
• Extensive research and development capabilities.
• Strong intellectual property rights and patent protection.
• Established distribution networks.
• High-quality manufacturing facilities.
• Strong brand recognition and reputation.
• Global presence and market reach.
Weaknesses:
• High costs associated with research, development, and regulatory compliance.
• Long and costly drug development timelines.
• Dependency on a limited number of blockbuster drugs for revenue.
• Vulnerability to regulatory changes and patent expirations.
• Risk of reputational damage due to product recalls or litigation.
Opportunities:
• Increasing demand for innovative treatments and personalized medicine.
• Emerging markets with growing healthcare infrastructure.
• Expansion into specialty therapeutic areas.
 • Strategic partnerships and collaborations.
• Advances in technology, such as biotechnology and digital health.
Threats:
• Stringent regulatory requirements and increasing pricing pressures.
• Generic competition and patent expirations.
• Intellectual property infringement and counterfeiting.
• Price controls and government regulations impacting profitability.
• Public perception and criticism regarding high drug prices.
Please note that this is a general analysis and specific factors may vary depending on the region, market segment, and company
being analyzed. It is recommended to conduct a more detailed analysis using up-to-date industry information and company-specific
data for a comprehensive understanding of the pharmaceutical industry.
LEC2) Pharma scetor of pakistan slides
Introduction
Pakistan has a very vibrant and forward looking Pharma Industry. At the time of independence in 1947, there was hardly any
pharma industry in the country. Today Pakistan has about 759 pharmaceutical manufacturing units including those operated by 25
multinationals present in the country.
What Is Pharmaceutical?
* A pharmaceutical is any kind of drug used for medicinal purposes, like cough syrup or sleeping pills.
* Pakistan Pharmaceutical industry is growing at a very fast rate and contributing to the national economy.
* Pakistan has a very vibrant and forward looking Pharma Industry.
* The Pakistan Pharmaceutical Industry meets around 70% of the country's demand of Finished Medicine.
* The Pakistan pharma industry is relatively young in the international markets with an export turnover of over US$ 100 Million
as of 2007.
Global Scenario of Pharmaceutical Sector
* The global pharmaceutical market is valued at not less than 440 billion US dollar with 60% annual growth by World Trade
Organization (WTO).
* Global pharmaceutical market is assessed to be more than double in value up to I trillion US dollar by 2020.
* 47% market of pharmaceutical business revolves around North America which is more than 206.8 billion dollar.
Pakistan Scenario of Pharmaceutical Sector
* Pakistan Pharmaceutical market is very competitive and challenging.
* About 600 Pharmaceutical companies are operating in Pakistan & out of these companies 386 are operating units.
* The population of Pakistan is not more than 2.7%o of the total population of the world with 1.5 billion US dollar market size.
* The gross national income per person (GNP) of Pakistan is much less than 5000 US dollar per year as per report of World Bank
(2002).
* World Health Organization in its study. "World Medicine Situation" reports, that Pakistanis are spending 71% of their healthcare
budgets on buying medicines.
History
* The Pakistan pharmaceutical sector has been non-existent before early seventies.
* The pharmaceutical industry is divided into two sections i.e. private and public sector.
* In 1947 there were only three manufacturing units located at Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar.
* In the early years of independence the country's requirements were met exclusively through imports of finished products.
* Currently Pakistan has more than 800 large volume pharmaceutical formulation units and operated by 25 multinationals present
in the country.
Pharmaceutical industry contribution towards GDP:
* According to Pakistan's pharmaceutical and healthcare survey pharmaceutical industry contributes $1.6 billion towards GDP.
* Due to its significant contribution towards GDP, government has put significant effort towards pharmaceutical industry
development.
* As a result of which Pakistan is the 8th largest pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in world.
* With 40 biotechnology companies, involved in development and manufacturing of various drugs. Pharmaceutical sector is one
of the most developed hi-tech sectors in Pakistan.
Pharmaceutical companies operating in Pakistan
* According to Pakistan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PPMA):
* Today Pakistan has about 759 pharmaceutical manufacturing units.
* Including those operated by 25 multinationals present in the country.
* The Pakistan Pharmaceutical Industry meets around 70% of the country's demand of Finished Medicine.
Top 30 Companies Operating In Pakistan:
1. Glaxo Smith Kline
2. Abbot+Knoll
3. Pfizer
4. Aventis
5. Novartis
6. Merck Marker
7. Searle
8. Wyeth
9. Roche
10. Bristol Myers Squibb
11. Hilton
12. Sami
13. Ali Gohar(AG&C)
14. Merck Sharp Dohme
15. Nestle
16. Warrick
17. Wilson
18. Getz
19. High noon
20. Barret Hodgson
21. ICI
22. Reckitt Benkiser
23. Platinum
24. Macter
25. Janssen
26. Eli Lilly
27. Schering AG
28. CCL
29. Bosch
30. Himont
Benefits Of Pharma Sector:
Direct
• Self-Reliance.
* Foreign exchange saving.
* Employment generation
* Employment for Females.
* Skill Up gradation.
Indirect
* Brain Drain Reversal.
* Indirect employment.
* Investment.
* Skill Acquisition.
* Technology Spillovers.
Growth of pharmaceutical industry
* The growth of the country's pharmaceutical industry has dropped from approximately 16 % to 8% per annum which is a cause of
concern.
* Industry sought a predictable and transparent regulatory environment with a proper system for registration of drugs.
* The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan is subject to the most stringent regulatory control, in particular price controls.
* This is the reason companies are leaving Pakistani market as 10 years ago there were 36 MCs operating in Pakistan and today
there are just 24!
Problems to the Pharmaceutical sector
* Power shortage.
* Lack of trained manpower.
* Difficulty in export.
* Lack of new technology.
* Changing political and economic policies.
* Bad law and order situation resulting in lower investment.
* Higher interest rate.
* Terrorism which reflects foreign investors.
Year wise contribution of pharma sector towards the GDP of Pakistan
Manufacturing sector is the second largest sector of the economy accounting for 13.6 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Challenges For Growth And Development:

* Pakistan Pharmaceutical industry is growing at a steady rate.
* The first major challenge which the Pharma Industry faces is the total government control on the prices.
* Import of raw material which costs a lot of precious foreign exchange.
* Rapid devaluation of the rupee against the major currencies, due to which the profit margins are shrinking.
* Increasing cost of manpower and energy.
* Political instability is another major factor which is emerging as the major challenge to the pharma Industry.
* Market access is challenging and operational risks are high.
Needs To Be Done
* Synergies the strength of Pakistan Pharmaceutical Industry and Publicly funded R&D institution.
* Create an enabling infrastructure and linkage to facilitate Pharmaceutical Industry to improve process technique.
* Stimulate skill development of Human Resource in Pharmaceutical R&D.
* Enhance nation's self-reliance in drugs and pharmaceuticals, especially in areas of national health requirements.
* Provide technical support to pharmaceutical companies for export.
Conclusion
Pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors in Pakistan The growth of the country's pharmaceutical industry
has dropped from approximately 16% to 8% per annum which is a cause of concern not only for the industry but government as
well. There is a need of publicly funded R&D institution. Pakistan has to create an enabling infrastructure and linkage to facilitate
Pharmaceutical Industry to improve process technique. It is needed to stimulate skill development of Human Resource in
Pharmaceutical R&D and to enhance nation's self-reliance in drugs and pharmaceuticals, especially in areas of national health
requirements. Providing technical support to pharmaceutical companies for export is also necessary.

Lecture3: Petroleum and Gas Industry in Pakistan

The petroleum and gas industry in Pakistan plays a vital role in the country's economy and energy sector. Pakistan is known to
have significant reserves of oil and natural gas, and the industry is involved in exploration, production, refining, and distribution
of these resources.
According to the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA), Pakistan may have over 9 billion barrels (1.4×109
cubic metres) of petroleum oil and 105 trillion cubic feet (3.0 trillion cubic metres) in natural gas (including shale gas) reserves.
The petroleum sector in Pakistan is primarily regulated and controlled by the Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division) and
its associated organizations. The main entities responsible for overseeing the industry include the Oil and Gas Development
Company Limited (OGDCL), Pakistan State Oil (PSO), Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL), and the Oil and Gas Regulatory
Authority (OGRA).
Exploration and production activities are conducted both by state-owned enterprises and foreign exploration companies. Pakistan
has several sedimentary basins, including the Indus Basin and the Balochistan Basin, which are rich in hydrocarbon resources. The
exploration efforts aim to discover new oil and gas fields to enhance the country's energy self-sufficiency and reduce dependency
on imports.
The refining sector in Pakistan consists of several oil refineries that process crude oil into various petroleum products like gasoline,
diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and jet fuel. The Attock Refinery, Pakistan Refinery Limited, and National Refinery Limited
are among the major refineries in the country.
Distribution and marketing of petroleum products are primarily handled by the state-owned Pakistan State Oil (PSO) and various
private oil marketing companies. PSO, being the largest oil marketing company, operates an extensive network of retail outlets
across the country. These outlets provide fuels and lubricants to consumers and industries.
The natural gas sector in Pakistan is of significant importance, as natural gas is a major source of energy for domestic,
commercial, and industrial use. The exploration and production activities also focus on discovering new gas fields. Pakistan has
an extensive pipeline network for the distribution of natural gas to different parts of the country.
However, despite having substantial reserves and a well-established industry, Pakistan faces challenges in meeting its energy
demands. The country relies on imports to bridge the gap between supply and demand, and there is a continuous need to explore
and develop new reserves. The government is actively promoting investment in the sector and implementing policies to attract both
local and foreign investment for exploration and production activities.
In recent years, Pakistan has also been exploring alternative energy sources like renewable energy to diversify its energy mix and
reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. This includes the development of wind power projects, solar energy installations, and investments
in hydroelectric power.
In conclusion, the petroleum and gas industry in Pakistan is a critical sector for the country's energy security and economic growth.
The industry encompasses exploration, production, refining, and distribution of oil and natural gas resources. Pakistan has
significant hydrocarbon reserves and continues to work towards enhancing domestic production and reducing import dependence
in order to meet its growing energy demands.
Analysis of Petroleum & Gas Industry under Diamond Model
The Diamond Model, also known as the Porter Diamond Model, is a framework developed by Michael Porter to analyze the
competitiveness of industries in a particular region. It consists of four key factors: factor conditions, demand conditions, related
and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. Let's analyze the petroleum and gas industry in Pakistan using
the Diamond Model:
Factor Conditions:
Factor conditions refer to the availability and quality of resources necessary for industry development. In the case of the petroleum
and gas industry in Pakistan, the country possesses significant reserves of oil and natural gas in its sedimentary basins. This
availability of natural resources provides a fundamental advantage to the industry. However, there are challenges related to the
exploration and production of these resources, including technical expertise, infrastructure, and investment requirements.
Demand Conditions:
Demand conditions pertain to the domestic market's characteristics and dynamics. Pakistan's growing population, urbanization, and
industrialization drive the demand for petroleum and gas products. The industry caters to diverse segments, including
transportation, power generation, residential, and commercial sectors. The demand for energy, particularly natural gas, is high,
presenting opportunities for growth and investment in the sector.
Related and Supporting Industries:
Related and supporting industries refer to the presence of complementary sectors that facilitate and support the petroleum and gas
industry. In Pakistan, there is a presence of related industries such as oil refineries, petrochemicals, and pipeline infrastructure. The
existence of these industries helps in the efficient production, processing, and distribution of petroleum and gas products.
Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry:
Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry pertain to the competitive landscape and dynamics within the industry. In Pakistan, the
petroleum and gas industry is characterized by both state-owned enterprises and private companies. The major players include the
state-owned Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL), Pakistan State Oil (PSO), and private exploration and
production companies. The industry faces intense competition, and the rivalry among companies drives innovation and operational
efficiency.
Additionally, the government plays a crucial role in shaping the industry's strategy through policies, regulations, and incentives.
The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) regulates the industry, ensuring fair competition and consumer protection.
Overall, the petroleum and gas industry in Pakistan exhibits a mix of favorable and challenging factors when analyzed through the
Diamond Model. The availability of natural resources, growing domestic demand, presence of related industries, and competitive
landscape contribute to the industry's competitiveness. However, there are also factors that require attention, such as infrastructure
development, technological advancements, and attracting investments to further enhance the industry's competitiveness on a global
scale.
Slides) The Oil industry of Pakistan (NOT SO IMP)
A Brief History Current Stats
• First exploratory well drilled near Kundal, Punjab in 1887.
• First oil discovery at Khaur, Punjab was in 1915.
• Total exploratory wells drilled in Pakistan are 653.
• Total oil and gas discoveries in Pakistan are 185.
OIL:
> Production 68,670 bbl/d
>Consumption 345,000 bbl/d
>Exports (Naphtha) 28,000 bbl/d >lmports 290,600 bbl/d
GAS:
> Production 3.8 Bcf/d
>Consumption 3.8-4.2 Bcf/d
Oil Gas Sector
• UPSTREAM
E & P Companies
Service Companies
• DOWNSTREAM
Refineries
Marketing Companies
The process

E& P Companies
EXPATRIATE COMPANIES BRITISH PETROLEUM (BP)
BRITISH PERTROLEUM
ENTE NAZIONALE IDROCARBURI (ENI)
ÖSTERREICHISCHE MINERALÖL VERWALTUNG (OMV)
MOL HUNGARIAN OIL AND GAS PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY BHP-BILLITON
BHP- BILLITON
NATIONAL COMPANIES
OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LTD. (OGDCL)
PAKISTAN PETROLEUM LTD. (PPL)
MARI GAS COMPANY LTD. (MGCL)
PAKISTAN OILFIELDS LTD. (POI.)
ORIENT PETROLEUM INTERNATIONAL INC. (OPII)
British Petroleum (BP)
• Incorporated in 1909 as Anglo-Persian Oil Company which later became the British Petroleum Company in 1954.
• The 3rd largest global energy company.
• Among the largest private sector energy corporations in the world
• In Pakistan, it has been operating in 2 blocks in Sindh namely BADIN block and MIRPURKHAS & KHIPRO block.
• oil production is 9541 bbl/d
• Gas production is 225 MMcf/d
Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI)
• Founded on Feb 10, 1953.
• First European offshore gas.
• Discovery of the "El Borma" field in Tunisia, one of the largest reservoirs in Africa.
• In Pakistan, it has Kadanwari, Badra and Bhit fields.
• oil production is 340 bbl/d
• Gas production is 388 MMcf/d
Österreichische Mineralöl Verwaltung (OMV)
* Established in 1956
* One of the largest integrated oil and gas groups in Central Europe.
* Started its international E&P business with 15 international venture LIBYA.
* In Pakistan, it is producing from Sawan & Miano fields.
* Oil production is 94 bbl/d
* Gas production is 519 MMef/d
MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas Public Limited Company
* Established on Oct 1, 1991
* Central Europe's leading integrated oil and gas group with interests in exploration, production, refining & marketing.
* In Pakistan, it has been working in Manzalai, Makori and Mamikhel and TAL Block.
* Oil production is 2483 bbl/d
* Gas production is 63 MMcf/d
BHP - Billiton
•Formed in 2001 from a merger of two companies namely Broken Hill Propriety Limited - BHP (Incorporated in 1885)
> Anglo-Dutch Billiton (Incorporated in 1860)
* The largest mining company in the world.
* Headquarters in Melbourne and London respectively.
* In Pakistan, it has been working on the Zamzama gas field, Dadu, Sindh.
* Has around 40,990 employees working in 25 countries.
Oil & Gas Development Company Ltd. (OGDCL)
* Incorporated on Mar 4, 1961.
* The national oil & gas company of Pakistan.
* Operating in many fields allover the country. Some of them are:
Qadirpur, Pirkoh, Sadkal, Dhodak, Kunnar, Tando Alam & Panjpir
* Oil production is 41,397 bbl/d
* Gas production is 904 MMef/d
Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. (PPL)
* Founded on Jun 5, 1950.
* Discovery of Pakistan's Largest Gas Reserves at Sui in 1952.
* The main fields of PPL includes Sui, Adhi, Kandhkot, and Mazarani.
* Oil production is 5060 bbl/d
* Gas production is 830 MMcf/d
Pakistan Oilfields Ltd. (POL)
* Founded on Nov 25, 1950.
* In 1978, it took over Attock Oil Company's E&P business both within Pakistan and outside it.
* Discovered oil at Karsal in 1960 and at Meyal in 1968.
* Presently operating in 9 development and production fields including Pariwali, Joyamari, Minwal, Dhulian, Khaur, Pindori,
Turkwal and Balkassar.
* Oil production is 6,333 bbl/d
* Gas production is 35 MMcf/d
Mari Gas Company Limited
MG CL
• In 1957 the Company started operating as Esso Eastern Inc. and the Mari Gas Field was discovered in Daharki, Sindh, Pakistan.
• Ther ia ne onhane 6.5 TC thus mair Hai the
country's 2nd largest gas field.
* In 1983-84, Fauji Foundation acquired the entire business operations of Esso Eastern Inc. in Pakistan and was reorganized and
incorporated as Mari Gas Company Limited (MGCL).
* Gas production is 3.5 TCF/d
Service Companies
* Schlumberger
* Weatherford
* Halliburton
* Baker Hughes
* Sprint
* Eastern Testing
Schlumberger
* Established in 1926 as "Electric Prospecting Company" by Marcel Schlumberger and Conrad Schlumberger.
* The world's largest oilfield products & services provider.
* In 1956, the company known as Schlumberger Limited was officially set up.
* Headquarters in Houston, Texas.
* About 87,000 employees of about in approximately 80 countries.
* Weatherford International Oil Field Services Ltd.
* Weatherford Oil Tool Company (WOTCO) was founded in 1948 in Weatherford, Texas by Jesse Hall Sr.
* Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
* Employs more than 50,000 employees worldwide, operating in more than 100 countries
* One of the largest global providers of products & services related to
* Drilling
* Evaluation Completion
* Production
* Intervention
Halliburton
* Incorporated as Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company (HOWCO) in 1924.
* Its major business segment is the Energy Services Group (ESG).
* ESG provides technical products and services for oil and gas exploration and production.
* Approximately 57,000 employees in more than 70 countries
Baker Hughes Inc.
* The world's third-largest oilfield services company behind Schlumberger and Halliburton
* In 1987, Baker Hughes Incorporated was formed when Baker International and Hughes Tool Company merged.
* Both companies were founded by Reuben C. Baker in July 1907 and Howard R. Hughes in 1908 respectively.
* Baker Hughes operates in over 90 countries worldwide having major offices in countries like United Kingdom, Singapore, Dubai,
Germany, Italy, Indonesia and Malaysia
Downstream
• REFINERIES
* PAKISTAN REFINERY LTD. (PRL)
* NATIONAL REFINERY LTD. (NRL)
* PAK-ARAB REFINERY LTD. (PARCO)
* ATTOCK OIL REFINERY LTD. (AORL)
• MARKETING COMPANIES
* PAKISTAN STATE OIL (PSO) SHELL CALTEX TOTAL SSGC
* SNGPL

Q) Explain the threats to Pakistan pharmaceutical industries in the Asian region and potential markets in the light of
product report on pharmaceutical industry published by (TDAP) (COMING IN PPR)