STATISTICS

SPSS WORK

Submitted to

Dr. Humaira Naz

Submitted By

Hadiqa Asif (14)

Session

Evening (2020-2024)

Centre for Clinical Psychology

University of the Punjab

 Interpretation

Variables

 Sociodemographic variables: gender, age, marital status, education, SES, occupation,

ethnicity, and religion.

 Impact of malocclusion on quality of life questionnaire (single scale)

Scales of Measurement

Nominal Scale

Nominal scale consists of a set of categories that have distinct names. This normally deals with

non-numeric variables or where numbers have no value.

Example: religious, affiliation, gender.

Ordinal Scale

It is a measurement scale used to simply depict the order of variables and not the difference

between each of the variables. These scales are generally used to depict non-mathematical ideas.

Example: frequency, satisfaction, happiness, degree of pain etc.

Ratio Scale

It is a quantitative scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighboring

points. Unlike on an interval scale, a zero on a ratio scale means there is a total absence of the

variable you are measuring.

Example: Length, area, and population are examples of ratio scales.

Interval Scale

It is a quantitative measurement scale with arbitrary zero in which the difference between the

two variables is meaningful; variables are measured in an exact manner, not in a relative way.

Examples temperature pH, SAT score credit score

Types of Variables

Continuous variable is a variable that takes on any value within a range, and the number of

possible values within that range is infinite. Example: temperature, height, and weight.

Discrete/ Categorical Variable are variables that take on distinct, countable values. It has

values that are counted. Example: no. of children, no of rooms.

Interpretation of Variables

The following interpretation explain the variables used in the study and the meaning of statistical

analysis of the results of the study.

All the variables were discrete variables except for age and total scores of questionnaire which

were continuous variables. Gender, marital status, occupation, ethnicity and religion were

measured using nominal scale of measurement; while age, education and socioeconomic status

were measured using ordinal scale of measurement. The questions are scored using Likert type

scale which is also an ordinal scale of measurement.

Appropriate statistics were used with specific scale of measurement which was suitable to it. For

nominal scale mean is not consider a good statistical procedure to use but is the best method.

With ordinal scale median is the best method to use and with continuous data mean is the best

statistical procedure to be applied.

Sociodemographic

Mean age was found to be 36.1 with standard deviation of 7.93. Age of 34 years is the most

frequent considered as mode. The median and mode of education was found to be 2 which

represent people with secondary education were frequent in the study. The median and mode for

socioeconomic status is 2 which mean that middle class individuals were more frequent.
The mode for religion was 1 showing that Muslims were more frequent than other groups. The

brown individuals were mode more frequency as having mode of 2. Mode for occupation shows

employed individuals was more frequent. More people were single as more frequent.

Questionnaire

1= always, 2= often, 3= sometimes, 4= rarely, 5= never.

The median for question 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were found to be 3, 3, 2, 2.5, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3.5

and 3 which represent specific answer on the questions respectively.

The mode for questions was found to be 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 4 and 3 which represent the

frequency of answers of participants of the study.

Total

The mean of total scores was 29.25 with standard deviation of 6.01 which could be used to

determine the deviation of individual scores from the mean. The median for total scores was 30

with mode of 30. The highest score of the questionnaire is 50 and lowest is 10. So the mode of

30 is a high score and most individual’s life is not affected by malocclusion.

Graphs

Histogram is mostly used with continuous variables, line graph with nominal variables and pie

chart with ordinal variables. So, appropriate charts were drawn for different variables like

histogram for continuous data i.e. age, line graph for nominal data i.e. gender and pie chart for

ordinal i.e. q7. Histogram was also drawn for total score of questionnaire.