UNIT 1A - NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
- Concept: a line is divided into two sections
Mathematics is a Science of Patterns
☆ Number patterns/ Number Sequence
(arithmetic or geometric)
- Some series are interrupted by a particular
number.
E.G. 14, 16, 32, 18, 20, 32, 22, 24, 32, no.
32 appears as every 3rd number
- Sometimes l, the pattern contains 2
alternating series.
E.G. 1, 5, 3, 7, 5, 9, 7, pattern is add 4,
subtract 2, repeatedly
☆ Letter Patterns
- Usually these questions use the letters'
alphabetical order as a base. More
complicated when there are subscript
numbers.
E.G. DEF, DEF2, DE2F2, D2E2F2,
D2E2,F3
☆ Logic Patterns
- This pattern looks into the nonverbal or
non number symbols
E.G. abstract reasoning
UNIT 1B - MATH IN OUR WORLD
Highlighted Mathematical Concepts
☆ Fibonacci Sequence
- How is the Fibonacci sequence derived?
1. First two terms of the sequence is
1 and 1
2. Add two consecutive terms to get
the next term
- Fibonacci numbers are said as one of the
Nature's numbering systems
- The Fibonacci sequence is a series of
numbers in which each number is the sum
of the two preceding ones: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
13, 21, and so on.
☆ Golden Ratio
containing a unique property such that the
ratio between the bigger segment and the
shorter segment should be equal to the
ratio between the line and its bigger
segment
- 1/1, 2/1, 3/2, 5/3, 8/5 13/8, 21/13, 34/21,
55/34, 89/55, 144/89, 233/144
- 1, 2, 1.5, 1.67, 1.6, 1.625, 1.615, 1.619,
1.6176, 1.618, 1.6179, 1.618
- The further you go in the Fibonacci
sequence, the closer the ratios of
consecutive Fibonacci numbers get to the
golden ratio, which is approximately 1.618.
UNIT 2A - MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
AND SYMBOLS
☆ Mathematics in our World
☆ Mathematical Language and Symbols
Phrase vs Sentence or Expressions vs Equations
Expression- group of number or variable with or
without mathematical operation
Ex. x+y
Equation - group of number or variable with or
without mathematical operation separated by an
equal sign
Ex. x+y=8
Classify:Expression or Sentence?
 1. The product of two numbers - Expression
2. The sum of three integers is greater than
11 - Sentence
3. Half of the sum of 23 and 88 - Expression
4. The sum of two numbers is half their
product - Sentence
5. 2x-3 - Expression
6. x=1 - Sentence
7. X +3y/2 - Expression
8. X + 2x + 3x - Expression
Characteristics of Math Language
- Precise: able to make very fine distinction
(hindi nakakalito)
- Concise: able to say things briefly (maikli)
- Powerful: able to express complex
thoughts with relative ease (madali
maintindihan)
Part ii - Sets
Set: collection of objects called as elements
Set notation: S={1,2,3,4,5} ←Roster Method
- The symbol ∈ indicates set membership and
means “is an element of” so that the statement
x∈A means that x is an element of the set A.
Sentence: 5 is a prime number
5∈P
-The symbol ∉ stands for 'does not belongs to' also
for 'is not an element of'. Therefore, x ∉ A will read
as 'x does not belongs to set A'
Ellipsis: “...” meaning infinite or so on
“What if I want to know the et containing ALL real
numbers between 0 and 1 (including 0 and 1)”
It can be described as: S={x | x ≥ 0 AND ≤ 1}
“ | ” meaning ‘such that’ ^set-builder notation^
Read as: “S contains all x’s such that x is greater
than or equal to zero and is less than or equal to
one”
Or S={x | x ≥ 0 ∩ ≤ 1} “∩” meaning ‘and’
Set-builder notation: a representation or a notation
that can be used to describe a set that is defined by a
logical formula that simplifies to be true for every
element of the set.
Types of Subset (used to compare sets)
1. Proper Subset: If A = {a, b, c}, then its
proper subsets are {}, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b},
{a, c}, and {b, c}, but the set itself {a, b, c}
is not a proper subset of A. The symbol
“⊂” should be used.
2. Improper Subset: A set A is called an
Improper Subset of set B only when all the
members of set A and B are equal to each
other and there is no extra element in any
of the sets. {a, b, c,d} is the only improper
subset of {a, b, c,d}. The symbol "⊆"
should be used.
Proper and Improper subsets are used to compare
two sets (has open and close brackets)
If there is no bracket, then its a member or an
element of a the is denoted by an epsilon "ϵ"
symbol meaning is an "element of" while the
symbol "∉" it "does not belong" or it is "not an
element of"
E.g. 1 ϵ {1,2,3} ; 4 ∉ {1,2,3}
☆Union, Intersection, Complement
Complement- elements that does not belong to a
set and is denoted by e.g. (A') of set A
Intersection- belongs to both sets, it is denoted by "
"∩"e.g. A ∩ B
Union- all elements belonging to a set, it is denoted Proposition Symbols
by "∪" e.g. A ∪ B ☆ Pia is beautiful: P
☆ Pia is not beautiful: ~P or ¬P (negation symbol)
UNIT 2B - MATHEMATICS AS A LANGUAGE
FUNCTIONS Truth Table
Function: is a relation such that each element of the - A tabular representation of all the
domain is paired with exactly one element of the combinations of values for inputs and
range their corresponding outputs
Relations: represents a set of ordered pairs
Injective (One-to-One): lahat ng may kapartner is Connectives
isa lang ang kapartner ☆ I am a Thomasian AND I experience flooded
Surjective (Onto): lahat ng element ay at least area:
meron isang element na kapartner P ^ Q (Conjunction)
- A function can be both injective and ☆ I am a Thomasian OR I experience flooded area:
surjective, in which case it's called a P v Q (Disjunction)
"bijective" function, meaning it's ☆ IF I am a Thomasian THEN I experience
one-to-one and onto. flooded area:
P→Q
Compound Propositions, a proposition formed by
combining two or more simple propositions
☆ Conjunctions
- P ^ Q is only true if and only if both P and
Q are true. Otherwise, false
☆ Disjunction
- P v Q is false if and only if both P and Q is
false. Otherwise, true
☆ Conditional
- P → Q , antecedent → consequent is false
only when antecedent is true and
consequent is false
UNIT 3.1A - REASONING [BINARY ☆ Biconditional
OPERATIONS] - P <-–-> Q is only true when both results
Analogy are the same
☆ Statement: can include questions, commands, De Morgan's Law:
exclamations, and other sentence types that may - ~P ^ ~Q is exactly the same as ~(P v Q)
not necessarily be classified as propositions. - ~P v ~Q is exactly the same as ~(P ^ Q)
☆ Proposition: a statement that is either true or
false but not both.

UNIT 3B - PROBLEM SOLVING
☆ It's Sept 3, 12MN, and starting at the bottom of
a gaps between categories per unit of time
15-foot hole, a bug crawls up 3 feet each day but
slips
down 2 feet each night. On What date will it
emerge from the hole? Sept. 16
*tingin sa gallery nalang*
UNIT 4A - INTRODUCTORY TOPICS IN
STATISTICS: DATA MANAGEMENT
Statistics: process that involves collecting,
organizing, summarizing, and presenting data. It is
a discipline concerned with the analysis of data and
decision making based upon data.
- Fields that uses statistics: Medical Sciences,
Business and Economics, Psychology,
Sports
Descriptive Statistics: involves methods of
organizing, summarizing, and presenting data.
Inferential Statistics: involves metbods using
information from a sample to draw conclusions
about the population
Population: refers to all the members of the subject
of interest. Result: Parameter
Sample: refers to selected members of the subject of
interest. Result: Statistics
- Statistics is an estimate of the Parameter
Variables: are to be measured
Constants: are fixed
Data Presentation:
☆ Textual: declarative form
☆ Tabular: composed of rows and columns
☆ Graphical: presented in diagrams
Types of Graphs
☆ Line Graphs: to observe trends and to observe
☆ Pie Graphs: to describe parts of a whole
☆ Scatterplots: describe the relationship of two
quantitative variables
☆ Statistical Maps: presents statistical information
with respect to geographical location
☆ Pictogram
☆ Population Pyramid
Quantitative: numerical in form. (Ratio, Interval)
Qualitative: textual form. (Ordinal, Nominal)
Levels of Measurement:
☆ Ratio
- has all the characteristics of interval data
but includes a true zero point.
- Examples:Age in years (e.g., 0 years old, 30
years old)Height in centimeters or inches
(e.g., 160 cm, 180 cm)Income in dollars
(e.g., $0, $50,000)
☆ Interval
- has ordered categories with a consistent
interval or difference between them.
However, it lacks a true "zero" point,
meaning that a value of zero does not
imply the complete absence of the
attribute being measured.
 - Examples:Temperature in degrees Celsius
or Fahrenheit (e.g., 20°C, 30°C)IQ scores
(e.g., IQ 100, IQ 120)Years (e.g., 1990,
2000, 2010)
☆ Ordinal
- represents categories with a specific order
or ranking
- Examples:Educational levels (e.g., high
school, bachelor's, master's, Ph.D.)Survey
ratings (e.g., strongly disagree, disagree,
neutral, agree, strongly
agree)Socioeconomic status (e.g.,
low-income, middle-income, high-income)
☆ Nominal
- data consists of categories or labels with no
specific order or ranking. It's the simplest
form of data measurement.
- Examples: Colors (e.g., red, blue, green)
Types of fruits (e.g., apple, banana, orange)
Gender (e.g., male, female, non-binary)
☆ Coefficient of Variation
UNIT 4C - THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
(AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE)
Z- score
1. Solve for z-score
2. Look at table for the area/percentage,
Using a positive Z-score table:
- Be conservative when looking for the area
- If positive, and left then as is
=NORMDIST(Z,0,1,TRUE)
- If negative, and right then as is
- =1 - NORMDIST(Z,0,1,TRUE)
- If positive, and right then subtract from 1
=1 - NORMDIST(Z,0,1,TRUE)
- If negative, and left then subtract from 1
=NORMDIST(Z,0,1,TRUE)
- Pag nakuha mo ang zscore by subtracting,
magiging negative
George Polya - Father of Problem solving

UNIT 4B: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: DATA 3 decimal places gagamitin

MANAGEMENT
Measures of Central Tendency:
☆ Mean
☆ Median
☆ Mode

Measures of Position:
☆ Quartiles: 3 score points, 4 equal parts
☆ Deciles: 9 score points, 10 equal parts
☆ Percentiles: 99 score points, 100 equal parts

Measures of Variation
☆ Range
☆ Interquartile Range (IQR)
☆ Mean Absolute Deviation
☆ Variance
☆ Standard Deviation