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Meta-bubbles: Spherical metasurfaces as electromagnetic energy accumulators

Article in Journal of Applied Physics · March 2022

DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

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 Meta-Bubbles: Spherical Metasurfaces as Electromagnetic Energy

This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
Accumulators
Dias Tulegenov and Constantinos Valagiannopoulosa)
Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, KZ-010000,
Kazakhstan
Collecting energy from the time-dependent electrodynamic fields into a vacuum volume can be substantially assisted by
spherical metasurfaces wrapped around the respective domains. The combinations of sizes and surface admittances that
lead to maximal concentration of power into the cells are identified and enhancement, by several orders of magnitude,
has been recorded. The spatial distribution of the signals in the vicinity of these meta-bubbles unveils the nature
of the sustained resonances and demonstrates their ability to wirelessly couple with other equipment nearby. The
reported optimal regimes of operation can be employed in integrated photonic systems involving an extensive range of
applications from energy storage and optical memory to electromagnetic filtering and power accumulation.

I. INTRODUCTORY COMMENT
The accumulation and control of energy originating from
time-varying electromagnetic fields make long-sought goals
for applications ranging from power and data storage to light
generation and optical manipulation1 . Towards this direc-
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814
the century-old rigorous Mie theory that uses spherical mul-
tipole partial wave while being constantly refined for solid
spheres17 or empty cells18 . Optimal scattering has been ex-
amined with use of core-shell nanospheres under excitation by
visible light19 and quantum matter waves20 while similar se-
tups are employed to examine bubbles generated around par-

tion, ground-breaking research on the suitable utilized me-
dia has been done leading to ultra-efficient hydrogen en-
ergy storage cells2 , electrochemical batteries with record-
high performance3 and effective thermally-driven power
converters4 . Photovoltaic technologies have been also devel-
oped for solar energy collection with use of inorganic-organic
hybrid heterojunctions5 while graphene has made the respec-
tive designs to combine optimized power densities and long
lifetime with safety and weak environmental footprint6 . Fur-
thermore, localization and guiding of electromagnetic energy
have been achieved with the help of surface-plasmon polari-
tons that keep closing the size gap between optical and elec-
tronic devices7 while semiconductor nanowires are used for
investigating the dependence of their properties on dimen-
sional confinement that formulates the base for functional
energy-converting components8 .
Photonic designs, like the aforementioned ones, have been
revolutionized with the advent of metasurfaces that can re-
formulate the local boundary conditions at will9 and manip-
ulate the behavior of electromagnetic waves in the near and
far regions10 . In particular, metasurfaces provide a route to
efficiently control light transmission11 and tailor the spatial
signals distribution12 by imparting variant phase changes on
the incident illumination13 . Importantly, all-dielectric meta-
surface absorbers are fabricated to act as universal convert-
ers of terahertz radiation14 , arbitrary thermal radiation control
is accomplished via epsilon-near-zero topologically-protected
metagratings15 while graphene-based tunable metasurface re-
flectarrays are extensively utilized for cloaking, illusion and
focusing16 .
Spherically symmetric structures constitute a privileged
class of geometries in electromagnetic modeling; it is be-
cause of their amenability to analytical solutions based on
a) konstantinos.valagiannopoulos@nu.edu.kz
ticles due to plasmonic heating21 . Because of their unique,
direction-independent shape, spherical boundaries are natu-
rally formulated when an inclusion finds itself into a ho-
mogeneous background; that is why fabrication of concen-
tric composites22 or graphene-wrapped hollow spheres23 , is a
straightforward process. Interestingly, some of the spherical
configurations are self-assembled to create cavities of two-
dimensional inorganic compounds24 or bubbles covered by
oxide colloids25 .
incoming
radiation
σ
λ a
meta
bubble air
FIG. 1. The physical configuration of our “meta-bubble”. A spher-
ical metasurface of admittance σ = Re[σ] + i Im[σ] and radius a
is illuminated by a plane wave of oscillating wavelength λ. We aim
at designing this simple structure to operate as an “energy cell” by
accumulating maximal time-averaged electromagnetic energy within
its volume.
In this work, we combine all the aforementioned topics by
considering a spherical impedance metasurface and maximiz-
ing the accumulated electromagnetic signal across its volume.
Time-averaged expressions for the energy are utilized26 where
the spatial integrations are carried out analytically27 due to
spherical symmetry. The problem of optimally concentrat-
ing transmitted waves into vacuum has been treated in the
 2

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past by appropriately choosing polarization and angular am-
plitude variation28,29 but it is still under investigation with use
of standard transformations from optimization theory giving
the best beam-shaping device30 . The regarded setup bears re-
semblance to photonic mantles31 materialized with patterned
claddings that offer significant cloaking efficiency32,33 ; simi-
larly, bianisotropic susceptibility metasurfaces34 are synthe-
sized to offer arbitrary conversion of scattered electromag-
netic fields. We report enhancement of stored electromag-
netic energy into our spherical “meta-bubble” by several or-
ders of magnitude and, at these optimized resonant regimes,
the spatial distribution of the power reveals great potential to
pair with other neighboring structures. We also propose possi-
ble emulations of the surface admittance across different fre-
quency bands and, thus, our findings can be part of realistic
solutions to technological challenges35 involving energy ac-
cumulators, memory cells and optical circuits.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814
tity −σ [ûr × (ûr × E|r=a )], one can

readily determine the
complex coefficients CnT E , CnT M . The corresponding
formulas37,38 are given below:
1
CnT E = , (1)
1+ (k0 a)2 ση0 jn (k0 a)hn (k0 a)
1
CnT M = , (2)
1 + ση0 jnd (k0 a)hdn (k0 a)
0 0
where jnd (x) = [xjn (x)] and hdn (x) = [xhn (x)] are the
derivatives of the corresponding Riccati-Bessel functions and
hn is the spherical Hankel function of order n and second
kind.
It should be also noted that relative permittivity ε is related
to a surface admittance σ with (ε−1) ∼ −iσ; thus, a dielectric
behavior (Re[ε] > 1) means that Im[σ] > 0 and a plasmonic
one (Re[ε] < 1) is indicated by Im[σ] < 0. In addition, lossy
metasurfaces (Im[ε] > 0) are characterized by Re[σ] > 0 and
activity (Im[ε] < 0) corresponds to Re[σ] < 0. In this study,
we will investigate non-active bubbles (Re[σ] ≥ 0); further-
more, we assume that the admittance σ 6= σ(λ) is dispersion-

A. Structure and Fields

free, namely independent from the oscillating wavelength λ.

We regard the setup of Fig. 1, where an admittance meta- B. Electromagnetic Energy

surface of spherical shape is illuminated by a harmonic plane
electromagnetic wave of electric field amplitude E0 and fre- Under harmonic excitation, the time-averaged electromag-
quency ω with suppressed time-dependence exp(+iωt). The netic energy accumulated in a volume (V ) of free space
wave travels along the positive z axis with reference to the (ε0 , µ0 ) with local field phasors {E(r), H(r)} is given by the
local Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z); the electric field volume integral26 :
is parallel to x axis. The sphere is hollow and free-standing ZZZ h
while having a radius equal to a and its complex surface ad- ε0 2 µ0 i
W = |E| + |H|2 dV. (3)
mittance is denoted by σ. It is well known19 that the field (V ) 4 4
into the closed volume expressed in the respective centralized
It can be easily found that the electromagnetic energy of the
spherical coordinate system (r, θ, ϕ) will be the sum of two
considered incoming plane wave into our sphere, in the ab-
terms. The first term has electric field with no radial com-
sence of the metasurface, is given by:
ponent (TE) and the other has magnetic field with no radial
component (TM); the expressions are the sums given below, 2π 3
W0 = a ε0 E02 . (4)
according to rigorous Mie theory: 3
+∞   In the presence of the metasurface, the computation is more
TE
X
TE −ûθ csc θ pn (θ) cos ϕ laborious; however, the integration with respect to azimuthal
E = E0 Vn Cn jn (k0 r) ,
+ûϕ p0n (θ) sin ϕ angle ϕ is trivial and with respect to θ requires just the us-
n=1
+∞   age of orthogonality relations of Legendre functions. In par-
TM E0 X TM −ûθ csc θ pn (θ) sin ϕ ticular, we write the fields squared magnitudes like: |E|2 =
H = Vn Cn jn (k0 r) ,
η0 −ûϕ p0n (θ) cos ϕ E · E∗ using different integer indexes (n, m) for each sum
n=1 Rπ
and make use of: 0 pn (θ)pm (θ) sin θdθ = 2n(n+1) 2n+1 δnm ,
where Vn = i−n n(n+1) 2n+1
, pn (θ) = Pn1 (cos θ) is the Legendre Rπ 0 h
0 pn (θ)pm (θ)
i
2n2 (n+1)2
pn (θ)pm (θ) sin θ+ sin θ dθ = 2n+1 δnm and
function of first order, degree n and argument cos θ; in addi- R0π 0 0
tion, jn is the spherical Bessel function of order n. The sym- 0
[pn (θ)pm (θ)+pn (θ)pm (θ)] dθ = 0, where δnm is the
bols k0 = 2π/λ and η0 = 120π Ω stand for the wavenum- Kronecker’s delta.
ber and the wave impedance into vacuum, while the prime As far as the integration with respect to radial distance r is
corresponds to the derivative with respect to the argument θ concerned, we have used the integral:
and (ûr , ûθ , ûϕ ) are the corresponding unitary vectors of the 2 a
Z
spherical coordinate system. The objective of the current work gn ≡ 3 r2 jn2 (k0 r)dr = jn2(k0 a)−jn−1(k0 a)jn+1(k0 a).(5)
a 0
is to find the regime under which that the regarded bubble can
work as an efficient energy accumulator into free space. In this way, the energy W can be written as follows:
After imposing the boundary conditions at r = a for +∞
the continuity of tangential electric fields and the discon- 3 X
|CnT E |2 + |CnT M |2 Gn ,


W = W0 (6)
tinuity of the tangential magnetic fields36 by the quan- 8 n=1
 3

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where Gn = (n + 1)gn−1 + (2n + 1)gn + ngn+1 . The main
objective of the present study is to maximize the ratio W/W0 ,
namely, estimate the beneficial effect of the metasurface on 104
the electromagnetic energy accumulation into our bubble.

102
C. Approximate Resonances

Given the fact that |Gn | < 2 for all integers n ∈ N∗ , 100
the energy (6) takes substantial values if the denominators
of (1),(2) vanish. If one utilizes small-argument approxima-
tion for Bessel functions39 , since the considered cell is smaller 10-2
than the operating wavelength (k0 a  1), we obtain the fol- 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
lowing relations:
(a)
1 1
CnT E ∼
= iση0
, CnT M ∼
= . (7)
1 + k0 a 2n+1 1 iση0 n(n+1)
1− k0 a 2n+1

More successful estimation of the coefficients is possible if 104

additional higher order terms of (k0 a) are kept, giving, in-

PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

evitably, more complicated expressions.

Based on (7), it is easy to determine approximately

the radii 102
a that maximize the coefficients CnT E , CnT M :

2n + 1
aTn E /λ = , (8)
2πIm[σ]η0
n(n + 1)
aTn M /λ = − Im[σ]η0 , (9)
2π(2n + 1)
for integer n ∈ N∗ . It is clear that TE terms blow up for
dielectric metasurfaces (Im[σ] > 0) while the TM require
plasmonic nature (Im[σ] < 0) to reach a peak. By inspec-
tion of (7), one directly observes that the TM waves may lead
to stronger resonances if k0 a → 0. Thus, it is expected that
plasmonic metasurfaces will create more substantial energy
W concentrations for the same level of |σ| or, alternatively
that the dielectric setups will require higher magnitudes of ad-
mittance to sustain optimal operation.
III. NUMERICAL RESULTS
A. Energy Accumulation Enhancement
The size of the meta-bubbles 2a compared to the opera-
tional wavelength λ is a significant parameter determining the
energy accumulation performance of the proposed spherical
setup. In Fig. 2, we show the metric W/W0 from (6) as a
function of a/λ for various dielectric (Im[σ] > 0) or plas-
monic (Im[σ] < 0) admittances between the two extreme
cases: Im[σ] = 0 (absent bubble, makes no difference with
vacuum W = W0 ) and |Im[σ]| → ∞ (PEC condition, repels
all the energy, W = 0). When it comes to the size of the cav-
ity, it is selected neither too small in order for the dynamically
stored electromagnetic energy W to possess a non-negligible
value nor too big so that is able to work collectively in a clus-
ter of multiple spheres.
100
10-2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
(b)
FIG. 2. Energy enhancement ratio W/W0 as function of electrical
thickness a/λ for various reactive parts of surface conductances in
the case of: (a) dielectric metasurfaces (Re[ση0 ] = 0.005), (b) plas-
monic metasurfaces (Re[ση0 ] = 0.00025). The markers indicate the
semi-analytical estimations of resonances from (8),(9).
The maximization of W may coincide with the enhance-
ment of spontaneous emission rate, namely the so-called Pur-
cell effect40 . Similar studies are provided by detecting op-
timal emission for dipoles into spherical cavities41 and lo-
calized surface plasmon resonances of tunable plasmonic
nanostructures42 . Moreover, huge field concentrations lead-
ing to substantial Purcell factors have been recorded in light-
emitting metasurfaces with tailored flat sources43 and hyper-
bolic prisms next to poor radiators44 .
In Fig. 2(a), we assume metasurfaces with Im[σ] > 0 and
record enhancement for the time-averaged energy of several
orders of magnitude; the circular markers indicate the pre-
dictions originating from the semi-analytical formulas (8),(9).
In particular, the represented quantity oscillates with respect
to a/λ and each maximization corresponds to a size reso-
nance. These resonances get sharper and stronger with in-
creasing Im[σ] due to the larger textural contrast that renders
the meta-bubble more sensitive to structural changes. How-
ever, between two successive peaks, the average magnitude is
 4

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more substantial when Im[σ] becomes smaller. Importantly,
the semi-analytical approximations get more successful when
the resonances become more powerful while the responses 104
turn more selective for higher orders n (more sizable radii
a/λ).
102
In Fig. 2(b), we consider plasmonic structures (Im[σ] < 0)
and again the resolution of peaks is highly dependent on the
order of resonances and on the reactivity. However, these
metallic metasurfaces provide higher performance for smaller 100
|Im[ση0 ]|, unlike to what happening in dielectric designs.
Note also that the maximal scores are lower for Im[σ] < 0,
compared to the respective results of Fig. 2(a). As also no- 10-2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
ticed in Fig. 2(a), more maxima appear within the same range
of a/λ when Im[σ] gets higher due to the non-dispersive char-
(a)
acter of the system that forces the distance between consecu-
tive resonances to be the same. Interestingly, the energy en-
hancement ratio rarely drops below unity in Fig. 2(b), which
is not the case for dielectric meta-bubbles (Fig. 2(a)). In-
104
deed, the dense dielectric metasurfaces create effective “Fara-
day cages” that do not admit the rays to penetrate at all, while
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

plasmonic layouts with smaller in magnitude |Im[σ] < 0|,

sustain resonances across their spherical boundaries that ac- 102
count for certain energy accumulation.

After deciding on indicative values for the imaginary part of 100

admittance σ, the influence of losses Re[σ] is the next feature
to be explored. In Fig. 3, we depict the response of dielec-
tric/plasmonic meta-bubbles for different values of Re[ση0 ].
10-2
By inspection of Fig. 3(a), we once again notice that the peak 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
values W/W0 are high despite the fact that the metric falls
below unity in-between two successive maxima which means (b)
that the design can push back the incoming waves. The Ohmic
effect is not extremely harmful since, even with the highest FIG. 3. Energy enhancement ratio W/W0 as function of electrical
level of losses Re[ση0 ] = 0.05, the curves possess significant thickness a/λ for various levels of losses in the case of: (a) di-
magnitudes. It should be stressed that the positions of max- electric metasurfaces (Im[ση0 ] = 12), (b) plasmonic metasurfaces
ima are practically independent from Re[σ] while the semi- (Im[ση0 ] = −0.4). The markers indicate the semi-analytical esti-
analytical formulas (8),(9) overestimate the resonance radii mations of resonances from (8),(9).
a/λ as also happening in Fig. 2. In addition, W ∼ = W0 /2
in the quasi static limit (a/λ  1) no matter what is our
choice for Re[ση0 ]; a similar behavior is recorded for various B. Fields Spatial Distribution
Im[ση0 ] in Fig. 2.

In Fig. 3(b), we regard plasmonic layouts that are less
durable to Re[ση0 ] compared to their dielectric counterparts
since we regard lower reactive magnitudes |Im[ση0 ]| and thus
the corresponding loss tangents get much greater (for fixed
Re[ση0 ]). It should be also noted that for substantial losses
(Re[σ] = 0.05/η0 ) there is no emergence of peaks similarly to
what happens in large-n resonances of Fig. 2(b) when |Im[σ]|
is selected small in magnitude. It can be finally noticed that in
plasmonic designs (Figs 2(b),3(b)) the strength of resonance
is a decreasing function of n and, accordingly, of a/λ; on
the contrary, dielectric meta-bubbles (Figs 2(a),3(a)) can reach
higher scores by enlarging the (carefully picked) radius. Note
also that in the geometrical optics limit (a/λ  1), all the
curves yield a W = W0 with local maxima corresponding to
constructive interferences, regardless of the selected Re[ση0 ].
Exactly the same happens in Fig. 2(b) for various Im[ση0 ].
Apart from the strength of the reported resonances, it would
be meaningful to observe the spatial distribution of the signal
in the near field for characteristic

cases. In Fig. 4, we show
the variation of log |E|2 /E02 across zx plane for dielectric
metasurfaces with radii a/λ supporting resonances of various
orders n. In Fig. 4(a), an omni-directional pattern appears
(n = 1); indeed, the number of maxima around r = a equals
2(n − 1) in this class of designs since the resonances of or-
der n emerging in the considered dielectric designs are of TE
type according to (7),(8),(9). In Fig. 4(b), we assume a ra-
dius a/λ sustaining the n = 2 resonance and very low signal
is recorded along the x axis internally to the meta-bubble. It

should be stressed that the depicted quantity log |E|2 /E02
can be discontinuous at r = a since it contains the electric
component Er normal to the boundary. Remarkably, the bipo-
lar pattern is formed along the z axis despite the fact that the
 5

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4 4 4 4
0.1
0.2
0.1 3 3 3 3
0.1
0.1
2 2 2 2

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 0 0
-0.1
-0.1
-1 -1 -1 -1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.1
-2 -2 -2 -2
-0.1 0 0.1 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 -0.1 0 0.1

(a) (b) (a) (b)

4 4 4 4
0.3 0.4
0.3
3 0.3 3 0.2 3 3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1 2 2 0.1 2 2
0.1 0.1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

-0.1 -0.1
-0.1 0 0 -0.1 0 0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2 -1 -1 -1 -1
-0.3 -0.2
-0.3
-0.3 -0.4
-2 -2 -2 -2
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

(c) (d) (c) (d)

across zx plane of the relative electric

FIG. 4. Spatial distribution
across zx plane of the relative electric
FIG. 5. Spatial distribution
field signal log |E|2 /E02 at various orders of dielectric resonance: field signal log |E|2 /E02 at various orders of plasmonic resonance:
(a) n = 1 (a/λ ∼ = 0.086), (b) n = 2 (a/λ ∼ = 0.145), (c) n = 3 (a) n = 1 (a/λ ∼ = 0.066), (b) n = 2 (a/λ ∼ = 0.123), (c) n =
(a/λ ∼ = 0.205), (d) n = 4 (a/λ ∼ = 0.264). Plot parameters: 3 (a/λ ∼ = 0.178), (d) n = 4 (a/λ ∼ = 0.232). Plot parameters:
Im[ση0 ] = 5, Re[ση0 ] = 0. The incoming wave comes from the Im[ση0 ] = −0.7, Re[ση0 ] = 0. The incoming wave comes from
leftmost side and travels along positive z axis. White boundary indi- the leftmost side and travels along positive z axis. White boundary
cates the metasurface. indicates the metasurface.

incident electric field oscillates along x axis. A similar behav-
ior is captured by Fig. 4(c) where a more sizable meta-bubble
is utilized; the only difference is that the region of vanishing
electric field into the sphere gets extended but, at the same
time, the signal around the points z = ±a is amplified. This
trend continues in Fig. 4(d), where the scenario of n = 4 is
investigated; it is clear that the ratio W/W0 decreases with
a/λ from Figs 2,3 since W0 ∼ a3 , according to (4), but the
accumulated energy W itself gets larger. It is also notewor-
thy that the energy accumulation is extremely significant not
only into the sphere but also around its external surface; such
a feature makes a weakness regarding the efficiency as power
collector but it can be beneficial for the coupling of this setup
with other similar ones existing in its spatial vicinity.
In Fig. 5, we repeat the calculations of Fig. 4 but, in
this case, representative plasmonic metasurfaces supporting
the first four resonances are considered. By inspection, it is
clear that the magnitudes |E| are much more significant than
the respective ones of Fig. 4 even though the metrics W/W0
are higher in the dielectric designs; such a discrepancy is in-
terpreted by the fact that we show the variation of the electric
field E only, not the electromagnetic energy density, including
the magnetic field H, as defined in (3). Metallic designs can
develop surface plasmon resonances and, accordingly, more
substantial electric field concentrations.
In Fig. 5(a), we examine the less sizable design and one
directly notices a dipolar pattern with charge concentration
along the x axis, typical for the sustained surface plasmon po-
lariton. In Fig. 5(b), we record vanishing field in the center
of the sphere that increases along all radial directions, simi-
larly to Fig. 4(b), but four mild maxima appear around the
surface of the meta-bubble. It is remarkable that if the order
of the investigated resonance equals n, the number of max-
ima across the boundary r = a reads 2n, as also verified by
Fig. 5(c) where n = 3, unlike to what is happening for dielec-
tric designs (Fig. 4), where the respective maxima are less
by two. One should take into account the logarithmic scale
of the shown metric to understand the huge signal concentra-
tion around r = a leading to enhancement of W for several
orders of magnitude compared to W0 . Finally, in Fig. 5(d)
we consider the largest meta-bubble hosting the resonance of
highest order; clearly, the concentration of the field is more
significant while a non-symmetric pattern is formed close to
the origin r = 0, indicating the unilateral excitation. As noted
above, the high signal values outside the cell can help in feed-
ing neighboring meta-bubbles in a chain configuration of mul-
tiple identical energy accumulators.
In Fig. 6, we show the

spatial distribution of the logarithmic
quantity log |E|2 /E02 but across xy plane (z = 0) with the
incident electric wave oscillating along positive x axis. In Figs
6(a),6(b), we consider two resonant cases hosted by dielectric
structures and two different patterns are recorded; in Fig. 6(a),
signal vanishes at the vertical y axis but in Fig. 6(b) we record
low values along the horizontal direction. Such a behavior is
 6

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4 4
the metric takes into account the size of the cavity (via the
0.4
0.3
denominator W0 ).
3 0.3 3
0.2
0.2
0.1 2 2
0.1
4 4
0.4 0.4
0 1 0 1
0.3 3 0.3 3
-0.1
-0.1 0 0
0.2 0.2
-0.2
2 2
-0.2 -1 -1 0.1 0.1
-0.3
-0.3 0 1 0 1
-2
-0.4 -2
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 -0.1 -0.1
0 0
-0.2 -0.2
(a) (b) -0.3 -1 -0.3 -1

-0.4 -2
-0.4 -2
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
4 4
0.3
0.2 3 3 (a) (b)
0.2
0.1 2 2
0.1
4 4
0.4 0.4
0 1 0 1
0.3 3 0.3 3
-0.1
-0.1 0 0
0.2 0.2
-0.2 2 2
-1 -1 0.1 0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0 1 0 1
-2 -2
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.1 -0.1
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0 0
-0.2 -0.2
(c) (d) -0.3 -1 -0.3 -1

-0.4 -2
-0.4 -2
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

across xy plane of the relative electric
FIG. 6. Spatial distribution
field signal log |E|2 /E02 for metasurfaces of different types at var- (c) (d)
ious orders of resonance: (a) dielectric structure n = 3 (a/λ ∼ =
0.205, Im[ση0 ] = 5), (b) dielectric structure n = 4 (a/λ ∼ = 0.264,
Im[ση0 ] = 5), (c) plasmonic structure n = 3 (a/λ ∼ FIG. 7. Spatial distribution across zx plane of the relative elec-
= 0.178,
tric field signal log |E|2 /E02 at several constant-y planes: (a)


Im[ση0 ] = −0.7), (d) plasmonic structure n = 4 (a/λ ∼ = 0.232,
Im[ση0 ] = −0.7). The lossless versions of metasurfaces in Figs 2 y/a = 0.15, (b) y/a = 0.55, (c) y/a = 0.75, (d) y/a = 0.95.
and 3 are used. Blue boundary indicates the metasurface. Plot parameters: Im[ση0 ] = 5, Re[ση0 ] = 0, a/λ ∼= 0.264. White
boundary indicates the metasurface.

expected since across the plane z = 0 ⇒ θ = π/2, we have In Fig. 7, we consider one metasurface and
examine
pn (θ) = 0 for even n and p0n (θ) = 0 for odd n. Therefore, the variation of the quantity log |E(z, x)|2 /E02 for vari-
the electric field has a stronger azimuthal component (being ous constant-y planes in order to understand how the signal
proportional to sin ϕ) for even n and a greater θ component changed within the volume of the sphere and not just across
(which is proportional to cos ϕ) for odd n. It is also natural the maximal cross section planes y = 0 (Figs 4,5) or z = 0
that in all the considered examples, the pattern is dipolar at xy (Fig. 6). In Fig. 7(a), where y = 0.15a, we obtain the well-
plane regardless of the order of resonance n, unlike to what is known multipolar pattern at r = a and the distribution into
happening across zx planes of Figs 4,5. Indeed, the incoming the meta-bubble resembles more the one in Fig. 4(a), where
wave, which sets the pace for the scattering fields, possesses an identical setup is considered (for y = 0). In Fig. 7(b), we
only first-ordered azimuthal variation {cos ϕ, sin ϕ} (shown regard the same resonance but across the plane y = 0.55a and
in Fig. 6); on the contrary, there are infinite terms of Legendre the low-field region internally to the metasurface splits in two
functions {pn (θ), p0n (θ)} describing the change with respect while the quadruple concentration across the boundary gets
to θ (shown in Figs 4,5). more extensive. In Fig. 7(c), we assume y = 0.75a and a
In Figs 6(c),6(d), we regard two resonant plasmonic designs dominant dipolar waveform is developed around the surface
of different orders n. We notice that the signal is enhanced in and the discontinuous variation becomes more obvious mean-
the vicinity of the boundary and, for the same reasons men- ing that the radial electric component Er is enhanced. Finally,
tioned above, mainly at two antipodal points of the circumfer- in Fig. 7(d), we consider y = 0.95a and the signal into the
ence. In addition, the 90 degree shift does not occur in cases meta-bubble is almost homogeneous while the two minimum-
with Im[σ] < 0 since the radial component Er of electric field power regions appear outside of the boundary; in this sense,
E is dominant in plasmonic metasurfaces and thus the overall we understand that the “effective order” of resonance n char-
magnitude |E| is not significantly affected by variations of θ acterizing the signal distribution diminishes once the selected
and ϕ components. It is also remarked that the intensity in- cross section coordinate |y| increases.
creases with the order of resonance n or, equivalently, with The reported effects can be carried over quantum fields as
increasing electrical size a/λ, as indicated by Figs 6(a),6(b) has been done in alternative setups like metallic nanorods
too. However, this does not mean that the relative concen- where the signal enhancements are obtained solely from
trated energy W/W0 inside the bubble will be improved since the quantum mechanical calculations45 . In addition, trans-
 7

This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
verse plasmon resonances whose energies depend on the sub-
nanometer gaps of quantum dimers have been detected and
enable electron tunneling and nonlocal screening46 . Quan-
tum metasurfaces of arbitrary shape are also feasible by con-
sidering atom arrays, where the quantum operator-valued re-
flectivity can be used to control both the spatiotemporal and
quantum properties of reflected light47 . Importantly, metasur-
faces, similar to those examined in the present study, allow
for nonclassical multiphoton interferences leading to robust
reconstruction of entanglement of multiphoton polarization-
encoded states48 and anomalous resonances giving effective
steering of matter waves along specific directions due to the
development of diffraction orders, each of which acts as an
independent port49 .
C. Surface Admittance Emulation
One important question is related to the feasibility of the
proposed structures or, in other words, how one can find
a setup that emulates a surface complex admittance σ. A
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814
isotropic metasurface where Rθ = Rϕ , Cθ = Cϕ and Lθ =
Lϕ , we combine the equations along both the tangential axes
and arrive at the well-known boundary conditions at r = a in-
corporating the surface admittance σθ = σϕ = σ, as follows:
ûr ×(E2 − E1 ) = 0 and ûr ×(H2 − H1 ) = −σ ûr ×(ûr × E).
In this way, with a handful of capacitors and inductors peri-
odically reproduced around a spherical grid of radius a, the
effective σ can be shaped in the spectral vicinity of operat-
ing wavelength λ. Note that alternative connections (parallel,
mixed etc) or more complicated networks can be used; here,
we just demonstrate one of the most straightforward scenarios
based on circuit elements by Fig. 8(a).
r=a
+ I1 I2 +
Cθsinθ
Lθ/sinθ
I1-I2= σθsinθ hθ V2=Eθ2hθ
V1=Eθ1hθ

straightforward answer would be to use lumped components (Ηφ2-Ηφ1)hφ

depth
as shown in Fig. 8(a) between two ports, namely regions la- θ hφ=hθsinθ
beled as 1 for r < a and 2 for r > a. Indeed, a simple Rθ/sinθ
materialization of the desired boundary condition along the - φ r -
θ direction would comprise series connection of inhomoge- internal hr external
neous capacitors Cθ sin θ, inductors Lθ / sin θ and Ohmic re-
sistors Rθ / sin θ at the boundary r = a. If one reproduces (a)
the sketched spherical sector with dimensions hr × hθ × hϕ
around the spherical surface r = a (meaning that mandatorily 40
hϕ = hθ sin θ), one obtains a device with similar properties
as the proposed meta-bubble. Obviously, the potential dif-
ferences at the leftmost and rightmost sides of the circuit are 20
written as: V1 = Eθ1 hθ and V2 = Eθ2 hθ from the Faraday
law. Importantly, application of Ampere’s law for an almost 0
rectangular loop with depth hϕ = hθ sin θ and infinitesimal
size along r axis that crosses normally the impedance branch,
reads: I1 − I2 = (Hϕ2 − Hϕ1 )hϕ , as noted in Fig. 8(a). -20
If all the dimensions of the represented unit cell are much
smaller than the operational wavelength so that the homoge- -40
nization is permitted (k0 hr , k0 hθ , k0 hϕ  1), one may say 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
that the surface admittance of the sheet when the electric field
is oriented parallel to θ direction is approximately given by: (b)
 
csc θ csc θ 1
= = Rθ + + iωLθ csc θ, (10) FIG. 8. (a) Unit cell emulating surface admittance along θ direction.
σθ σθ (λ) iωCθ Similar one exists along ϕ direction to give the overall conductance
σ. This small sectorial volume of dimensions hr × hθ × hϕ repeats
where ω = λ√2π ε0 µ0 and µ0 is the magnetic permeability of itself across the spherical surface of radius a, depicted in Fig. 1.
vacuum. Indeed, the electric field along the tangential θ di- (b) Loci of feasible complex surface admittances σ emulated by thin
rection is continuous (V1 = V2 ⇒ Eθ2 − Eθ1 = 0) from the films (d = 0.1λ0 ) of dielectrics or metals while the operating wave-
second Kirchhoff law since the impedance branch is shunt. In length sweeps the visible spectrum 300 nm < λ < 800 nm with
addition, from the first Kirchhoff law and Ohm’s law across central value λ0 = 550 nm.
the transverse θ direction, we can derive that:
Eθ1 hθ sin θ (10)
(Hϕ2 − Hϕ1 )hϕ = ======⇒ An alternative way to mimic a surface admittance σ, more
Rθ + 1/(iωCθ ) + iωLθ hϕ=hθ sinθ
suitable at shorter optical wavelengths λ, is to utilize just a
Hϕ2 − Hϕ1 = Eθ1 σθ = Eθ2 σθ . (11)
thin homogeneous spherical layer of small electrical thickness
Similar relations are deduced for the electric field along ϕ axis d filled with a medium of relative permittivity ε. It has been
and magnetic fields along θ axis. In the simplest case of an shown50 , that such a structure can be equivalent to a metasur-

This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
face of admittance:
2πd ε(λ) − 1
σ(λ) = i . (12)
η0 λ The spatial resolution of the electric field signal for each op-
In Fig. 8(b), we represent the possible ση0 on the plane of
complex relative admittance when bulk media are employed,
as described above. In particular, we sketch the loci of the
feasible complex values when the wavelength is being swept
across the visible part of the spectrum: 300 nm < λ < 800
nm. The thickness of the mantle is taken small (d = 0.1λ0 )
compared to the central oscillating wavelength λ0 = 550 nm
while various semi-conducting materials and metals are con-
sidered.
By inspection of Fig. 8(b), one directly observes that
the loci for various visible wavelengths cover a huge part of
the shown map and most combinations are feasible by more
than one materials. In particular, the target of small losses
(|Im[σ]|  Re[σ]), which is regarded as a prerequisite for our
meta-bubbles, can be served by using multiple media either
plasmonics (silver, gold) or dielectrics (gallium phosphide,
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814
amorphous silicon, aluminum antimonide). On the other
hand, the use of germanium cladding may lead to substan-
tial losses combined with large dielectric surface admittances
(Re[σ] > 0). Note that the two antimonides change their char-
acter from dielectric (Im[σ] > 0) to plasmonic (Im[σ] < 0)
and thus their feasibility domains lie at both sides of vertical
axis. Obviously, all the used materials make passive structures
and thus the sign of the Re[σ] is always positive; indeed, it is
not preferable to employ active media when designing energy
accumulators. However, if one incorporates gain in a photonic
setup, a careful stability analysis is required so that the re-
ported optima regimes are feasible; similar considerations are
provided in cylindrical51 and planar52 coupled metasurfaces.
Another material that can be used for emulating the sur-
face admittance σ = σ(λ) is graphene, whose behavior
exhibits substantial tunability at micron wavelengths λ. It
can behave either as dielectric or plasmonic medium of tiny
Ohmic effects while possessing a number of other advantages
such as durability, transparency, high tensile strength and ex-
tremely small thickness6 . Graphene conductivity σ is a sum
of two terms: one corresponding to the transition of elec-
trons within the same energy level (intraband transitions, low-
energy plasmons) and another describing the hop of charges to
neighboring energy levels (interband transitions, high-energy
plasmons). The related formulas are extracted with use of
the Kubo model53 giving low-loss metallic response that is
fully controllable via electron doping and chemical potential,
across the entire terahertz band16 .
IV. CONCLUDING REMARK
Accumulating electromagnetic energy into free space via
using spherical metasurfaces, has been optimized for an as-
sortment of surface admittances. Analytical evaluations are
carried out based on the rigorous Mie theory and the radii of
these meta-bubbles that support plasmonic and dielectric res-
onances are obtained for each order of angular momentum.
8
The harmful influence of Ohmic losses on the stored energy
enhancement is identified while the sensitivity of the device
with respect to the size the spatial distribution is determined.
timal configuration reveal the nature of the sustained reso-
nance while solutions for emulating the considered boundary
impedance are proposed for various frequency bands.
It has been recorded that the most highly-scoring designs
create field concentration not only into the spherical meta-
surface but also externally to it. For this reason, an inter-
esting expansion of the present work would be to regard a
cluster of meta-bubbles in order to exploit the coupling be-
tween neighboring particles. Due to analytical summation
techniques54 , the collective dynamics of the system can be rig-
orously investigated and the optimal placement of the spheres
will give super-accumulating structures with significant over-
all efficiency.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The corresponding author would like to acknowledge use-
ful discussions with Prof. Sergei A. Tretyakov (Aalto Uni-
versity, Finland) on the feasibility of surface impedances with
use of lumped circuit elements.
This work was partially supported by Nazarbayev Univer-
sity Faculty Development Competitive Research Grant No.
021220FD4051 (“Optimal design of photonic and quantum
metamaterials”).
The data that support the findings of this study are available
from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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λ
radiation
incoming

meta
bubble
a
σ

air
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10-2
100
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104

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0.05
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PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

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PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

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This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

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PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

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PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

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-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
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0
0.1

-0.1
-0.1
0
0.1
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0
0.1

-0.1

-0.1
0
0.1
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0
0.1
0.2

-0.2
-0.1

-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0
0.1
0.2
0.3

-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0
0.1
0.2
0.3

-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0
0.1
0.2

-0.2
-0.1

-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3

-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0
1
2
3
4

-2
-1
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
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+

- φ
V1=Eθ1hθ

θ
r
I1

internal
I1-I2=
Cθsinθ
Lθ/sinθ

Rθ/sinθ
(Ηφ2-Ηφ1)hφ

hr
r=a
I2

depth
hφ=hθsinθ

external
-
+

σθsinθ hθ V2=Eθ2hθ
View publication stats
This is the author’s peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10.1063/5.0080814
20
40

-40
-20
0

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35