yc LYC. Lai nt die Phin I: HHUNG VAN BE CHUNG CUA TAM LINC (Chung 1: Tim Ii ge Ii mt koa ge 11 Déitwgng, widen vy cia tn age 12 Bin chit, chic ming, phim, log ete ign tng ta 1A Cie nguyén tie vt Phuong phap nein it imi ‘Chuang 2: Cae ty mhin va eats xa Hs iH 2 Coit niin on tn me Shuddng 8 Sy hinh think va phat tein ami, §chice ‘Sq hin ehh va pit ein tam 8.2 Syn thanh va phat tid ¢ che Trang 2 ~» 40 5 8Phin Ti: NMAN THUG VA SU Woe Choe 1 Gim ge "im ge vat 1.2 Trigise Chong 2: Tw duy va twiing twang 21 way 22 "Nang mg Chutong 3:54 nha vi nhdn thie 8.1 Rha nbn chung ef ahd 82 Che tog tree 8.8 Nhung qu tink te nh 84 Sy hhc ig of nbn vd a nha Chung 4 Neda nyt vd nn thie 41 Kh ni chung v6 mgd ng hog Og ni 42 Ce lot Bindi oat ng ni 48 Cho csehd i a 44 Vai td la gong a vk nh tite ‘Chang. 8: Sy hoe va hin thie 5.1 Kh nig chung 8 au hye 52 Su hoe dong view 3 ng 5.3 Che log vA mde db hoe tp dni 54 Val tr oie oy ge dd wth nin thie v8 phe ‘edn tim i, 5 thie, wh ch com nga cy 0 8 a 0 105 105 100 ne ma ma 5 190 132 136 136 138 106 ue hin I: NHAN CACH VA SUHINH THANK NHAN cACH ui nig hang vi nn cic (Civ tric In wh oc Ca kid nin ach Coe phim etd ea [Nig thage tinh tm Ketia nha eich Shin than va pit ign nha ech Phin IV: SY SAI LECH HANH VI CA NHAN VAHANH VIXAHOH 1, Sy sal eh anh i ents 6 mat ch Khe pie ba vi ai Kfeh my 2. Sys fe hah wk Na vs gio dn its ‘lita cca veh etn mgs do dx 3 ch ia ‘ra ig tham 163 1 158 160 62 1m 180 167 1s ae 200LOI NOI BAU “Tam hoe dg enomg ld mat trong nbn mén hoe then ehdt ei chug tri dao tao dai cong dee tring dai hoe @ cao ding. DE ip tng io ob ging day we hoe tp eta sinh vibn thuce nid nk nudinh Bhi ray, ching 0 bien soan tp gio trinh nay ‘Trang Bi bien sown, tp td ted tip tha, tit 0 cho oe td lg 0 trom ngoni nue, ding ChE anh dan ra rn, bo sung nhidu vin dé hién dai mong tink ciip nha nh: ud dé dt tryin wt tm se 24h elia tama i, mn thie shoe, kia Togd nhin edch, su sai Iéch hah vi. cho nén eatin sch com fb ti lid tham Who Ba th el cin 6 ding day, oe wien ea hoe vt nghien cia sind, [Noi dune go trink Pam We dat exams bao gm 4 pn, dse hin cong bien sgn nh sau PGSTS. Neuyin Quang Usn bin sonn phn Tod phn I POSTS, Trin Hida Len bien san phn Hs 118, Trin Que Thaah bien oan phan IV. Tp thé tie gid of mi of wing trong ghien ee va bien son, song kd trinh hhié nhing kim hhusét nha din, mong nha ge nbn hi cng gop eb ban ele 20 gn (Chaing 104 xin baey 06 lang od om chan thank d6i wii Nhs uit bain Bat pe Qué gia Ha Noi da tao aida hign thugn li cho tp lio inh ra di. ‘Tap thé the gidPhan NHONG VAN fi CHUNG CUA TAM Li HOC ——— Ohwong 1 ‘Tam li hgc 1a mét khoa hoc tim I ca com ng v8 cng digu va phon pt The vee Io gui quan ten hid ea cdg 6h Hist ink ean vb phi tridn ohn logi. TH nbitog tx tsing au tin so Kha v6 ign tute tan I, ten 6 hoe a Binh chanb, phit eign hdng ting vt gy cdg gi mgt te quan tpn Er hig v6 am gu, Dy 1A mt khoa hoe oJ nights to dn tron vide phat uy nbs ton ng tong mi Tinh vue ee Ai ding x 1g mbm ete Khoa LL di tgng, mhigm vu eita tam li he 1A mt hoa foe, in I age 06 A ewe, nim vy va pum hip nghién eu xe din, Song trade ht fin phi Miu tm 1 gh Ihe. 54.45 ba vé oa Hig aLtd Tam li hoe ta i? "Trong eae sling hing ngiy, nhiga nyu win dhdng at dang 1a tam Ue a6 ni v6 Wry noi nbs “A At tam IP, "et B ‘hug trd {an tine mir. vi #ngha Jan A ci Be hid it v6 Tong gi, 6 tan ex, nguyen vong, Lik tink, cia con neu. BO lt eek hidu “tam 1 ep 9 nb tite théngthung. ising tim I con ng bao ham nbigw hign tag an I phone hs, da ang, phe tgp tiem yi, tri ge tot nh, ee dy tng ‘way tnh ee, 9 bf i ef, ng le, tn ‘rong tsing Vigt thuat mg "hey IP, “tam bn” A tt Tae Ti in sig Viee (1888) din ghia moe tg guts “Pi I 18g ght, tinh ci. frome con ng Tino thinh d&i ig mi tm, th git baw hit "aon" chudg dang vi ee eat tt om dja, "im can". thing 6 ahi he chit “fing, thidn v6 tin ce, en chi hn” tng a dim de tt tung, nh thin, 9 ‘ia con ngut. “iam hn, "inh than Trong lich sit xa xu ea. nhtn loi, trong ing Latin: "yeh 1h "link bn, inl thin vi logos la thge thuyet 1a "kos hoe, vi thé "tam I ie (Psychologie I koa he vé tim i, [Noi mgt ech Rh gust nh: tm If bao gm ei ed nhitng hig tong tint thin iy ra trong du Ge eon mi, gin in wh dia hhanh mg hah dng, howe ding ca eon ng. Che hig tang Km 1 dng vai tr quan trong dge bit trong di sing ea com ng, rong quan hg gta con ng vi con gut trong xh i Ia neu. Tian I ge la khoa hig vE ce hig tugng tn I, nung erate kei tam IC hoe ra di v6 tat ech mat Khoa hee de Tap, tng tt ‘ang tn I ge 6 tt xa sua gin dn wi ek Loa gi, Vi {thé trude hi an w bi tong, ag xy ea tien I hp, eng ka sin digm qua vai net ich at hin thank va pt tign oa inh vue Ikea hoe ny 1.12 Visi nét vé Ijeh sie hin thinh va phat trign tun Ti ige LLB Nong te ang ge thio ed Com gi nut ig er er AKC nay mai ape Rhsing 10 van nan Le dco gt 0 rh 0 Mtr uy bus dw edn rit Ra, mag mu rong ee di bi ea gg nguyen thoy cat eaing 16 208 quan if 6 cute sing “hn hi eh cia thé xée. Trong ee i win 1 1 ‘ng ede kink d An Dg di o6 hay nan xt vein chit ea hin, ni 9 tung ta Khoa he v6 em ding TW (861 -479°TCN) ni dnc “1 1a whi, 0, dang” VE sau, hoe 0 ca King an, A, gh tn Nic hig evige Hy Lap of gi Koerat (409 - 290 "TCN) da ty bi ey chim myn Gk ting “Hy ey bil nike. Day Ha ast int dng eit to Kn eo Gin I oe: eon rage thi wa cn Dib o hig bist in, nba tha, eg Ue w6 etn ‘Neu ti "hain win IA, Avie (384 992 -TCND ng 1h mde tong nhng mnie gun digo day vat 6 ton ban ‘om mei, Ari cho ag Sim hin gin in WU xe, ty dn 6 bn lg 4 Tam hin tate ot i chug 3 nyu vi along WE Bam che i fy ‘Gu th ning in dog ng ean in digs. 4 Tim hin dng oft 6 cb & mga ving vit Ya eh rng ei ie wd ng yo oy hn en ae”), “Tin ii tr ta ch gt on 8 dn a ey gh. Gi lap wh quan Aidan eb nha wide hoe DPlaving (428 248°C), Ariat cho wins. Lin hn lo tre the toi i sam, tan bn do Pigg sh. Tey nto te chi nb an Id gh en rn trong di eo 8gge vehi ed eg Wop gaye; ma Kt one nm yn eh etd ting Ip 06. ‘a Nap vi quan digin dy tm thao dai vi tam Bn 1 quan digm ein ede wh edt hoe day v9U Talet (thé ki VIL = VE TON), Anasiinen (ths ki V PCN), Hevaclit (he ki VE - V TENS, cho rig im Utd én eng. har vas vale nh nate, Kis, King ni, dit. Cin Démderit (460 ~ 870 PCN) cho ring. tim hin do inguyén ti ea tyo thnk, trong dé "nguyen Gt Wa his to nm I Thayé ga hn coi Kim, Mée, Ty, His, Td to won on vat tong a 6 eb tan Bn, ‘Ce quan digm dy vBt va day tam Tad diy tran man Het xung quanh mi quan hg vat chit v8 tinh thin, em va vat cit 1122 hing te tag tos ge ita da th XIX ed tre ‘Dhayét nh nguyen: R. Dice (1596 - 1650) di din cho phi nguyen lun" cho rang, ve et am ho Ha ha the the song song tn ti, Dene coi cd Uhl com aga phn xa mbar ent hide may, cin bin thé tinh Uhin, tim i com ng thi kn the bit dug. Song Dene etng &8 dt ea ab tin cho vig tm ra hi phn xa trong oe dng tm Sani thd i XVII, tm H hye bi ld om got. Nha eit hoe Die Von Pho a chia nha ebiing (ohn hee) rs than hav eh how hge: mt la ko ge 6 ea th, hai Uh iW ge. Nam 1722 ‘ng cho aut bin eudin “Pam Lge ink gin Saud hai ‘nam, vio nam 1734, bn eho rad exin "Tn Ue fr, Pm Mee i tt ‘Vito thé ki XVI XVIU- XIX, euge da trangia chi nga Aduy dan va duy vat xoay quanl mi quan bg gia in vi vt + Cac nha wide hoe day thm chi quan hit Boe (1685 1153), Mak (1808 - 1916) cho rng thé yi Kh. eee, eh ai chi 1h “phite gp ee cm git chit quan ein com mg Con 1, Hum (1811 - 1916) coi th8 yi chi 8 nang "ink nghigin chi ‘qunn’. Njuén ye ein inl gin Id do ts, Hunn eho rng oon ri Khong th bt, Vi ee muita tn eos Hum Che wo pa Tic Hoe th nip aye di eta Higaon + Vio thd'ki XVII _ XVII. XIX ofe ni rit hg vt thm I age huang Ty da phi vgn eh nghia day a Kin md bbe eno dn Spinnin (1632 - 1667) ool uted vt chit dd ott dy, Lamers (1700 = 1751), moe trong eke nA sing lp ra chi ngia duy vit Php, thin nhgin ei oc thé radi o ek ge. Con Canbanie (1757 1808) cho sng, ne it rat tng, ing mu gant ra ma 4 Le Phabach (1804 » 1872), nha duy vat It lg be nha bre Iki eh ghin Mera di, khsing ink: tin thin, tam I Khang thé ‘ich rai hi no ng, 6 18 sin vat ea thit wt cht phat iGo 185 mite den IB mo. in na i he Ii XIX 06 wit big did kign A tien I hoe ‘euing thin, 14 teh rab midi quan he phy thuge chit ch etn tim Ii ge who tre hoe vai tur eh thm I hoe 1a mt ph, mot hun mg i et hoe day tm phat ted eo te eno thd in 3°y L128 Tim hoe tr thank mt Bho hoe de lip “Wiel the Wd XIX en, nd rman, the diy ey ign bp khong ngimg eta niu hoe Ki tha, to di kin cho tim It hoe te ein mt hoa hoe Ae Lp, tong pha 3 that ea ee ng Khoa hoe e6 Tian quae nt ‘Thuyét td ha ei §, Dacuyn (7809 - 1892), nha dy vil Amb; thuyt tm v9 1 hge de quan cia Hemhdm (1821 1894), nyu Bt; thuyét tm vat hoe ea Phocsne (1801 - 1887) ‘vi Vebe (1706 - 1878), ng An, vi ede ing nb nghien et ve dm thdn hoe eta bate 6 Saco (1875 - 1892), ngudi Phi. "Thanh tu ea Khon hos tim Ii Tie bly gi cong 0h thant tu eda ie Hn vie kha he néi ten, la diGu kign fn tise gdp cho tam If ge dt dén We 8d ehanh Khoa hoe doe lap. Dae bgt trom Het i IC hoo, mde a Ki ROW U6 Kong nh 0 et thd ih kph eign re kh‘ho nam 1879, nh oy pe ite V. Vat (1892 - 1920) ng Jap va phing tht nghigm tar I hoe du tn ten th yi ta tsa Phé Lassie, vi mtn sat 6 ted tan wig tam I toed tie tren thd git, suit hin ee tgp elt Lim B hoe. Tvl que cia ‘ht nghine dy tm co tech quam Tad wang i Ua hoe ‘i con duding ghién ei thie a eke phwsng php mb qn, ‘quan ait, Vanta di be dt choyein sam nghi sis thm $e mgt eich leh qua bins quan st, tye ng, do de i gp phe thin cng who ch nha dayton, di Ch kd XX, ‘ie ding phi tim Whe khseh quan va di, an I ae Winks vi, tiny Ii hge Gostal, phim t&an hoe. Vio th Ii XX con eb mba «ng. phi tim I hoe Khe of wat tr nt inh trong lish ail pit tid Khon hoe tan hoe ign gi ns dng pi i I hoe nh ni Cie mane, thang im 1817 thin cB. & Nga, dng pha tm hoe heat dng do ee nbd ten It ge Kavita wom Ign ego ie ding ké trong tao Khe 1.1.8 Cie quan dim eu bin trong tm Ii ho ibe doi LARA Ti lhe Banh ob Chit aghia hank vi do shh tim K hoe Md. Oats (1878 1968) sang 8p. A. Osten eho ring tim It ge Kn es hin fn od tng ii ce tram thi § thie md eh ne hg 6 eon mew enge nt d dng v8, hh vi Auge bid i ting fe et dng bin ngoii iy sinh 6 ea thé. mh ap Iai mgt ich ‘hich no dé, Toda bg hiv, phn dng oa con rv ng va phn inh bing eng thie: S:R ‘Stimulant - Réaction (Ke thi - Pi ng) 10 Voi cong thite tr, J, Oatsdn dk néu Yen mt quan dig tin by trong ti Ii ge ot ah 1 do ngogi ch ay anh, hah vib thé quan sit due, nghidn ctu dge mt each Ks quan, tit {se thd di kin hin vi theo phuong phap "thi - sa". Nee chit nghia han vi di quan niin mot eich et hye, may mée ve hhinh vi, dem dia dng ban vi cn con naw vi hint vi eda con vat, eot hh vi hi la nhing phn tng may me nbn dp ung ich thich, gp cho od thé thich nghi voi mai tradng xung quan, Chi nghia hanh vi ding nh phin dng voi ngi dung tam Wi bon trong Kim mec th, tinh x hg oo tm M con ng chia hah viphan tng trong eh gidt mot eich ew hee, may mee. Day li quae, Aidan nin eb gh, phi ich va chye dung. V6 sau nay ete dai bidu ein chi nghia hin vi mot nue ‘Tonmen, Huld, Skin. 6 dum vio ny the S - R wbung "big 56 ‘rung qian” bao hi me a6 yu UF nhu nbu eft, trang thi chit ttn, kinh nghib sing la con nud, hofe his vi igo the operant" shin dip lgi nhing kich thich ef gk cho ea thé. VE ca bin chit ghia han vi mdi win mang tinh may mée, thye dung cia chi: nga hl v 8 ign Oats 1.25.2 ‘Tam I hpe Gestalt (2 go la tm UL ge ei te) Ding phi ph nay xa di 3 Di, gin lién voi ton tush ee nh tim IF oe: Veethaims (1880 - 1943), Cals (1887 - 1967), Cope (1886 - 1947). Ho di stu nghidn eta ef quy Tut v6 tinh Gn inh va tinh tron wen ei tide, quy ugt "big sing” ca ut dy. Teen eo ‘tye nghiém, cfc ahi tim Hoe Gestalt khng dinh ce quy luge tia tr it, «4 uy vi tim com nut do ee esa tae dn dink tha mio qay6t dinh. Cie nh tins I he Gestalt by dn val ted ih wn kit nghigmn wing, inh mghibm x8 a leh si L138 Phin tans hoe “Thuy phim tim do 8. Phrot (1869 - 1989) Dest ngudt Ao xy dung len, Lax di eu bin et Phot th eon ng nin nis ea (vO the), tal va oie t, Ci dy bao wn ee Din nang v6 the: wing, Hn age 4 v6, tong hn nn nd ue git vai tro trung td guys di eon i, i dg Aen I vt hn vi ea com ngui, od tn ei theo nguyén te thé man v2 {at hii, Ci 14 Ih com ngudi thug nay, con ny $ he, Ha thoo nguyen tie hin the. Ca ti of § thie thea Phrot Ie 16 1 hibu, e161 b6 ngoai eae nn Ta bn trong Ia ei Ay et sw 10 We sib phim, "ot ti ewig” Rng ogi wun luge vi tin tai theo nguyén the kiém due, chen ép. Nhu vy, ‘hin tim he a dé exo qua ding efi bin ng v6 ¥ Une, din den ‘hi nisin § thie, phi nn ban chit xi hii eh it ea tm con nut, ding nha tim If eda con gua val tam W Todi v8, Hoe thuyét Phrot leo 68 ban du cia chit nghia hig sinh, thé hig ‘quan diéin sind vat héa témn If eon ng. Tm Tay ba dng ph ‘hm fendi ten ra did end thé i XIX, Abu ta XX gp phn lin cong vio ding phat chi quam trong ten I ge, eta tnt 1 pe 4 theo huting khach quan. Nhung do ning gid haa Tic sh 3 ho lung ha eh nit nh nth hign xu thé os ge, sn ‘it hatin Ii eon mg, bb qua Dn cht x8 leh wit va tin eh hd tn i ing tm Keon ng 14.34 Tam I ige nha win ing pha tm I hee nin win elo C. Rogia (1002 - 1987) va 1. Maxliu sing lap. Cie nha tam I hoe nhin vin quan i rng thin eat eon newt wn t¢ dep, com gue omg tha, efi ning lt gu, ‘Maxlau d néu len 5 me nh ot ea in eta con ht tt hp ain ea: Nhu ef sinh i ea bins [hv oft an tan hw ed vi quae a x Nh et dice in 8, ging mh xp [Nh ef phe hy ban nga tanh dat Rog cho rng eon nga ta ein ph bt voi mhaw eat cich té nh, ei nd, bit lding nghe va chi, elim Uaong v9 nha, "Timm I hge en ph gp eho eon mgt euge bn ng ach thue ciha mink dé 6 thé sng mee cAch thoi mi, oi md, din whibn va ing to. Tuy ahi tam I ge nbn van a eno nhtng diy chm faghigm, thé nghiém chi: quan cia bin than mbi ng, tach con gai Khéi ee anh quan he xk Wb, chi $45 mt nha va vie {ugg trong con rg v1 thé thin wing com nguoi trong hogt Ang the ibn 113.6 Tio hoe nha the Hai doi biéw Wn ting ea tam Ki hge nhiin thie la G.Pingié (ogy $5) va Brun (erie 4 Mg, saw dé & Anh). Tam I hge wh} thie oof hot dim nian thie 18 Abi tug nghién edu cin minh, ij digi thn ip noi ge oa Ang psi thm I hoe nay HA nghidn ‘ei Lam Ii com ag, hin the win eon ng trong mi quan be ‘i mit traing, wot Eww bo no. Vth ho pt ign ra hii st kin iow he o6 gi tr tron ee vin 6 ti ge, tt tar dy, ngon nga. lim cho efe link we nghign et noi trén dat toi mot tinh dp mdi. Ding thik ho cong dA xy dying duge mig hung php nghién edt ey thé déng gop cho Khoa hoe tan Kk 3 nhGing nim 60 » 60 cia ehé ki XX aay. Tuy ign ding phi nay ‘ng 0 nhtng hg eho ook nhs tite ea con mg nt ss Ie ete eh dé da ins ehay Ai in inh mgm, win ti tte cla chi th, nbn thich ng, en ng vai tht gdh mt chu ety In ng ih eu, #nghia eye én ein hogt dgng nan Ue “Tt ci nhting dn phi ti hoe ni tren Bu 6 nhtng dg 6p ne dn cho a hinh thanb va phat eign cia Khon hee tam Song do nhtg hg chi lich a, do thiéu mgt es st phuung psp Ign kon hoe big ching, ho vie eva e@ quan didn diy dh vi ding dn v8 con ng, Suen Ai ce tm Ege mult hay ei gol 181a tam I hoe hoat dB di gp pln ding Ké vao vie kde phue than ei noi exon va pte ds tI ge Lent dnd cao eas phat tin, 113.6 Tam Ie host ding Dong phi tim If ge nay do ee ni tam I hoe XOvite sing lap het LX Vupotnki (1896 - 1984), XL, Rubinstein (2902 - 1960), AN, Lionchiev (1909 - 1070), A. Lara (1902 - 1977)... Ding ‘hii tin IF hoe ny Hy tet hoe Me» Lin Ham ea 1 In va phutang php ludn, xay dying nd tien 1 hie Heh i ng: co tam 1s ta eu phi Anh thé gidi khéch quan vio ndo thing awa hoot png. Tat Ii mgd mang tials chit thé, 06 bin ebt x hi, tim It ng due hinh thank, phe eign wh thé hig trong hogt dng vt trong ee mi quan hp giao lum ein con ng trong x hoi, Chin i the tim 1 ge macs dug go IA “Lam Ii ge hogt ing” 114 Dai tung, nhigm vy cia Lim Ii hoe 141 Di ewong ea tim Ii hoe ‘Tromg te pin "Pep bign hung ea te whién", Ph Anguhen 4 chi r, th ii Iwo tudn vn dng, mbi mot Khoa hge mghién in mgt dang van dong ela thé kid, Cée Khoa fge phin tieh ede dang vin dOng cha thé gidi ty nién thuge nm Khoa hye te hin. Cc Khoa hge phan tich eée dang vin dug eka xi hoi thue shim Khoa hoe x hh. Cc khoa hoe nghién ets ede dang vin dig chuyén tip trung gian tit dang van ding niy sang dang vin ding kia due oi T ee Khoa he tng gi, eg gn I sinh hoe, ht sh lige, tam If ge... Trong a6 tim IC he gig eit dang vin dong chuyén tip ec van ding sinh vat sang vn dg a Hg th ‘dt Khch quan vao mao con nguth sinks rahi tang tim If vi ‘ae eich me hig dng ink thi, [hut way abi tung ciate I ige 1 ee ibn tg tm wb {4 ech 1A mgt hign tung tink hin do Uh ii hich quan tae {tng nto com rg sin ra, go ehung I ee hot ng tm "Tan Ie hge nghign ets binh than, wn hanh va phat ign ee oat pg tam Wi 114.2 Nh om eit I ge [Nhifon vc i cia tm ge it ai Aang ein ti ee guy Inge nay si vp {in bin va Ud hig tam I, quy Habe mt quar 8 gta ce ib ‘setts eu thé la nahin et “+ Nha i teh quinn, chit an mo go vat 4+ Casché hin Undo, bi hig ca hot dng tm 4+ ein com gui oat dng st thi no? + Chit ming, vai eden eI hae dig eba con ng (66 thi eu Tem ce win vy cy #8 ca Lam HF ge mh sau eat in hogt ding ten Fev oma stu bin et hoot tig tim, oS + Nghien et i agg vc chit Bg + Phat nip ie quy Tustin th 4 Tim ra eat eh ci ef hig twang tm ‘Teta eo od ee thinh tyu nghién et, tm I hoe dts ra nbn st php hia hign cho vige hink thin, phi tin em I, ir dung tm I trong nhan Us con ng 06 higu qu nba Dé thye ign ee rnhigm yu noi tren, eon Hi ge ph Ket, pho hyp chat eh va hi hoa ge Ke ida Ln is 12 Bin chit, chite ning, phan logi cde hign tugng tami LAL Blin cht ita tem UW nga ‘Chi nga dy wat ign tng Whdng dn i I gs hin dn hijn thu klseh quan 6 abo neue Eon un chee tim bi medio bn hth He12.1.1 Tim ln phan dinh ida thee Rich quan vo nao gi thang gach th mH nau kong phi do thug dl ti sinh reat, kehong phi do nao tit rn nh gan tit ra mth tn i nga sy phn nh ign thue Khvich quan vio nie can nau thon. aun eg inh ik qa ‘Th id khich quan tén ta bling ce ehuge sinh khong gin, Und pian va mon von dng. Phin nh Ta thug tinh ching eta moi 6 VOL hign tugag dang van eng, Nk dt ee change nt: phan finh Th qué tinh the dng qua Tat xia bg thing ny vib ting chic, Kot qui la la da vt (hin dink) te Als Ahn, tic dng vi he ting chin ay te ding, ching: + Vitn phin duge ding dé vit len bing don d¥ lat vt phy tn bing vi gue Ii, bing dem tame snon (8 gs wt) tein vin phan (phi nh eo ho). 416 Unig KG ytd te ding gu a WOE HE Eig Ke A ti phn dink (phn ting Ida hoc) dé Tat me wet hang eka fal Ung TA nue (H+, > HO) hain nh didn ru ti don gidn dé phe tap wi 0 a ehuyén ‘ns In nhs ir phn dn e, vat i, h6a dn phan sinh vat va hin nha bi, trong des phin én tim = Phin nh tm 18 mt phi dn Ae big + Do li su te dng i hign the Ke quan vio oom ng ‘vo hp thin kink, nko ng - 5 ete eno nt eta vat chit, Chi 6 ho thin kinh vi bj mio mgudi mdi Kh nang nhan tée dong ‘ia ign thye khdeh quan, to ra teen no hinh inh tn thé (em i ta ng trong vét vit chat, 61a ce qué trinh int I, sinh ha @ trong bg thin inh va no bp. C. Mie noi tinh hn, tt tung, tam I. ching qua IA wit chit dug ehuyn vio trong abu big dl tong asm, + Phin duh tim If tao ra “hinh dh hm We ban hp 6 Und gi, Hin 6 20 che, ‘a 1C18 Aét qui ea qu tn ‘hin dh thé gid khel quan va nfo. Song min inh ¢hmm IF Ke "v6 eh so vc hin in d,s vt Deh * Hinh anh tam mang tinh sinh dng, sng tgo. ThE de: Fink dnb tan IC v8 eudin sich trong diw mgt com ngudi Digt eh ihe xa v6 cht wi hinb inh ve 17 e6 tinsel “eh eng”, ink inh wit chit eda ebinls eatin adeh do 05 trong gun. ‘ Hink da tan M mang tinh ehi thé, mang dim maa se shin (hay kde nau) mang inh nh tim Ido, hay nb Khe di ‘inh dnd ny 1 Kk Bind in ei quan v6 hig the Khch quan, "inh el th ea ah in im thé idm 3 cd: mdi chi th trong hi tao ra hind din tin IC vé thé gi A dw wn hidu bit win {inh nhiém, ef ring ofa minh (v8 nhu edu) hiding, tin Kh, ning Ie. vito trong hinh anh dé Tarn cho né mang dim maw she thi qin, Hay ns Khe di, con rag phn anh thé yl ing i fink tan I than qua "ng chi quan” eta mind. © ine thé trom psn dant tO in 3 ot ‘ing nbjin sf the dag es Uns gi v6 cine mae en thie Kivich quan ning ahny hi thé Khde nhau cho ta nhitng bik iin tin Ii 0 nng me 9, eta Ke nha. Ging cé Whi etg mt ign thye khch quan tie dng din moe hi thé dy nit alasig vio thik diém Khe nha, & nhitng hon tcih khde nha, vai trang #4 c9 thé, rang thi tinh thin Khe tha, 06 thé cho ta Uriy mie i bia hig via ee ae Ei tim Is ge nha deh thd 4 Chink hi th€ wang bind in tm 1 1A nd don nbn, ‘elm nghim vt hig 6 #6 abt. Cust cdng, thdng qua ee mle ftp va se thai tan IF he whaw mend ch thé 16 thi A, han wi vente ‘Vay de dsm tm gui nity Khe ton I ng ie? Diu do do nhigu yu tei ph. Trude Net, do mi con noi cb mute di ving woo th, ge quan, he thin inh v8.0 1G. M&i nyu ed hon edo aig Feng, ee ig gio de khong "nh nihau va je digm Ii’ mBi e& mhin thé him mute dp eh e¥e hot dng, eh exe gin lit hie has trong eude sing, vs im W ng my ke tar ng ia ‘Tir lugn didm n6i eb, ching ta 05 hE rt ow mgt ak a the ibn ‘Tam lies nun gL th pi heh quan, v4 UME kh nghien ci ct nb Kh inh thn, ef tao tm I nga hid gion ci Iho cin trong dom mgt wing v8 hoot dg, ‘Tam Knut chi thé, vi the trong day he - gio Aye ety ub erg qua he digit ph eh ¥ nguyen te st di tang (ld § net veng trong tim I mdi ng Mam ICA sin phim ea Boat ding vA giao tip, ithe pha hie boat dng v8 ging tp A8 nghidn ed oy ink thin va phat Arig edn eon hg 1.2.1.2 Bain cht a x gi tet nts = Tam If ng las phiin dnb hin the khéch quan, 1a. ete ring ofa io, Ia kin nghigm xi hi Heh st big than efi eng, coin mBi gut. Thm If con gui kh xa wi tm If ea ede lot dong vat eno ep 8 ed: tam IC nguc of bin chst xi vi mang {inh eh i ‘Rin bt fi vt eh ita an Kg th i ha ++ Tim I nguo5 ngu yi 18. gi ech quan (thé git shim vic x i) trong 26 ngs ge x hpi ei quyt din (uy inh tug 3). Ngay opin ty nhign trom th yi eng de x i hoa. Phin x hoi eta thé giak guy dnb tn Hg che hign 3 fe quan Wh kinh tx i, eée mot quan hp deo te, php «quySn, ede mdi quan hp con ng ~ eon gw tr quan bE gia din, lang x6m, qué hung kd phi eho in efe quan hi nh, efe quam Ib efing ling... Cie mdi quan Ip trén quyét din in ehateaan is rg (iin ehat eon ngudi 1a ting ho ie hh "Trin te tf aco ng thot Kid oe quan hp x8 Bi, qua ete th su 6 hg mei = gui thi tam W sf matin tinh ngudi (ning ering higpt26 con do ding wit nut tbs, tm IC et ce 8 ny khong hon hin tam fo va). + "im. Mngt a sin phim ea og dng ¥ ao tip ea con ng wong ete mi quan hx hg, Com ng te a moe ee thé {et in Ji vita fa ob Une eg. Phin ty hid 4-eon mg (ae didm eth ie qua, than kink, bf no) ve x8 BBG vad ite eno hit, Lh ange thye ehé x& Bi con ng 1a ch thé eda thin thc, eb thé ei host dn, gio td witch TA mgt eh {thé tich oye, chi dOng wing-tgo. Tam If edit con ng fa si phim teria con nga vi tx ech Ta chit thd x hii, vt thd tm Ii gu smog diy isdn WB Heb tia con ng 4+ Tim Ii ea mb of hd Th Re quit ein qua ob Tinh Wo tip thu vn kink nghigmn xi Ii, nx van fda x8 nO thong qu hhoat dni wh giao tip chowt dng vi cho, ge tp. Ino dng, cn tie nh trong 6 yido dye gt va td chil da, Hoyt dng es com ‘nguin vi dt quan I ian Gp cba com ng trons x i eb ih squyet in “+n I eia mi oom agi inh Uda, ph eid vi bin i ‘eng vi ot phi tri eis Heh nt o8 hn, js din the va. ng ‘Bing. "Pry Ie mali con gu cj a eS ude i ih a etn shin va ein edng ding "Tom Ini Hn ny 06 gun ie x Wi thd pi nahion ctw mi tring 8, nd "vin hoa x8 gi, ee quan NB x HOt trong di con nguti fing vs boat don, Cin phi t ee 06 hibu qa hase dng day hoe v8 io doc, ei nt ee oat gag eis dao 3 ‘he nhaw i el pai evi i I mg gia dam tat 1.22 Chie ning ei tm It ign thu Mhach swan quyét dias tim UF con aged, nbvene a sn Io Lae dng eT nin the ng msg«long, ing tgo ea 1 thong gun hot iy, hn dng, han vi hh ng, heat ing eta com my di da ei dn "id Ih. Sy digw hah ay bia hi qua ning mat ear ‘Tam Is eb chite ning chong Ms dink hing eho host Adding. 3 Ay mun nit va tea dng 0, mage deh hogt ding. Dg es <0 thé Ia mit nhu ef duge ninth, hong thd, I tating igen tn, ws tn, dam vong. ‘Thm I ta ing Ive thd hd, Henin eon kine phe moi kh khan van ei mu dich da ea ‘Tam li diéw Khidn, kidm tr qu esah Boge dong bing huang trin, M6 honch, phumg pap, phutng hte i han host ‘ng lam cho hoot dong ea eon ng Onn of § thie dom I hig qua nit dh . Cus cang tm 1F gidp com nyt iu etn ogt dng cho ha hap wi mye tide dnb, eng tht pha hop wi die hi i hai cin thet eho php i owt dng, Nha of ede eh nang inh hung, iw kh, dae chin oi ‘mi him I gp com nj King chi eich cng woot enh kevich quan, mit ebm nbn thie, ei 90 vi wing tga ra thé gi, vd hinh trong qui trinh dé con git niga thie, edt tgo chink bi de minh [Nh chute ning dé hn nd trio ma wh tm Eg vat {08 on, of tinh quyét dink trang oat dng ea con ng. 1.2.3 Phin loai hign tong tam Ik C6 nhidw eich phan log ce 12.3.1 Cich phan lg ph bitin ‘Theo ede tai Tim tim Ws, dy 1k vige phn loi eke hign ‘ung tim Hi theo thd gin tn to ei ching va tng ob ching trong niin etch. Theo ech chia nay, ee hign tugny cam ugg te Ea ‘sib loa eins ete qu tri tm I, ee trang thal tim I, ee the tah en I (Cie qua trink tm UF 14 nog hie ten thm Ciba x trong thi ian tong doi ngin, 06 mi Ain, didn bign, ket thie ton rang, Nt tn thug ph bigt be qua vin te i: + Che qua tinh whan thie gdm em gide, tri wife, tf nbd, tng tg, dy 4 Cie qui tsi em se beth st vu mig ay’ tie gidn, AB hy, Kh eh, nhigt nk hay tha “+ Qui erinh han ding ¥ eb = Caie trang thé 4m 1 Yn hog ign egy tm i ib va toon hd gia tudng Abdi, vige md dw va katte king 9 ‘ng, nh chy, thm trang . (Cie thude tink ta 1 wb big tug tam Te A fi dinh, ko inh than wa Kb at a, tao than nhatng nét rien tia nbn eich, Ny ta chung 10 bain nom thuge tint im I ‘ek nha nbut: xu bing, tin ch, kh eit va nang ue Cth big din md qua Ig gta ee hig tung tm Hi bang sod [season eget ee 12.3.2 Clang 4 thé phan chia hig tang tami thank: (ie hig tug tm M6 ee; Cie hig tong ten Wi chun due tte nse ta hung nhs bist v8 ce hig twang Lam Wi 0 § hte dua nh hit, ay te, ede mtg ig ugg Un i ehaee aAhage ¢ thie vin Tudn didn ra, ohung ta khing § thle v6 n6. hose Ah § ead, cua ip ¥ the, Ma 8 te it mite god ci chin F the thant hai mie: 6 chde* fa whan Tinh ve nim nga the, kh Int va" Tinh vue § the (mgt iin ning ¥8 this, met a ‘hin dng 10 Wi, 8 eh ay, ng ms, mg.) ¥A eA thie™ 14 nbutng hig ty. mb thug nam stu trong ¥ thie, {Uhinh thoing shang hod cin nb dn wb thé dug ¥ the "ei rei ei 1.2.3.3 Ng ta com phan bide hien tung tam tran he og trong i oat ings ong trong sin phi ia Hig egg ti ing i hi Hig egg tn id tng el boat dng 12.34 Cling eb thé phan bigthidn tummy tam IE ela od nbn wa ign gg rm I phone t,t qui, inh hinh x itn tin, dt tun x, tm trang aM, “m3 Nhu vay, thé git tion ea con nga v8 eben ds dong v8 hie Up. Che hign tong tim Mi eb nbigu mie do, ep dj hie ‘pho, 6 quan bf dan xen vio nha, chuyén héa cho nha. 1.3 Che nguyén te va phuiong phip nghién eu tm Ii 13.1 Cie nguyén tie phuung phap ludn eita tém Ii hoe Khoa hge 1.3.1.1 Nias te quyet dink tudin dy ode bon chung te Why Riding din Lim iy bp mo com gui, hn a en dint hudng, Ae Knit, dig 6 gun eI ah gi chin hoat dng, hin vi ein eon nga le dng tr Ie thé xii, trong dé yu ta hoi TA quan trgng at. Do dé Kkhi nghit eit iam I gut fn hen nn nguyen te quyét Ajab Iain duy vat bign ein. 194.2 Nguyen de thong nh tn I ¥ she, nhdn edo wb heat dng Hogt dng bs phony tite hin thin, ph edn va thé hign tia Hi, § the, whi ee, ng thd tent, § thle, hn eh Be diga hah bogt ding. Vi thé ebsing ning mht vai nhau. Nguyen tie may edng Kiddies tn Ie tudn lub von ang va phi tr, Cin phi ghién ci t6m Wi trong sf van dng cia 6, ngbitn eit tim li qua at in bi, ety nb ie in phim ein boat dng 1.3.1.3 Phat mghiom eite ec iim tong tem Ué trong dl itn he lta ching mhaw va trong mbt lide he ita ein wi ce lows ign tng bic Cie gn egg tim 16 Rng tn ta mgt eich big Uap en it chi vi nha, bf sang ee nbau, chuyén héa ching ein chi pw hi ahi pl ei ee ening 68 qua bi oho ada, dng th ign tang 19.4.4 Phi nghiow tu tm Ie eka mae con neu ew thé, ea mat hahion gu ew thé, chit Whine nahin eta tm UE mgt ech chung chung, naidn ex tim li omit com ngut trie tung, é ting trie ton 132 Cae phutang phip nghién eu tim It C5 ohiéw pang php nghiin omy tame ME quan sit, thue him, trée nghigm, th chuyén, diGu tra, nghien cue sin phim ht ding, phn tch tu i 21.3.2.1 Phutong php quan sat Phuong php nay duge ding trong nbiéu khow be, rong 6 ti i hoe ‘Quan sit lt log ti gide 6 chi dnb, nh xde dinh ee dae igo cia 06} tug qua nbitng bidu hign mbit hanh dng. ei ei, eh mdi nang ‘ua sit o6 niu Binh the: quan st in dfn bay quan sit bi phn, quan st 6 tong diém, qu st tr ip ay gin i, Phuong php quan sét cho php ching ta thu thap due ee {ai hau ew thé, keh quan tong eée diéu kin 1 nbidn eta con gut, do 466 e6 nhigu wu diém. Hen eanks ee wu dim n6 eOng 6 nung eh su: mt thd gian, Wn nhigu eg ae “Trong tam I hoe, eng vi vge quan sit Khich auan, ef tign bh ty quan sit (eg thé nghigm, tno adm bin km I ‘i bin than}, neng phi tun. theo ubiag you ew Which qua, trnh su didn chi qin theo ki nuy bug Ux re bung ng "Mun quan st dat kt qui cao fn ch ¥ ee yen ef sa + Xée djah mye dich, ni dung, KE howe un sits + Chuan bj eh dow mot mats + Tigi han quan at mde efeh en than vio he Eig + Ghi chép tai igu quon st mot 6c keh quan, trong the 19.2. Phuong php Che meh ‘iy poe sip ob mhigu ig qu rong én itn “Teng 1h gutta Ue ng vo i eng it cc eh ng rong ny Aa ign A bing ch gra A ag, hing big hig ¥6 quan hf nin qua, tinh quy Hu, ee, es che tsi hing ef Un i Hp hi noe int ony ih Link mpt ech khdch quan che hign twee aghit es New ta thug 164 thai Tog the aghigm ea bin Ta hye hin trong png Unt ghia tie nh 2M + Phung php thye nghigm trong phng thf ghibin duge i anh debi i6u kign Whig eh mot edch nghiéim kisie cde inh hing ben ngoai, ngudi lnm thye ng ty to ra nbn dig kgm 4 Tam nay sink hay phi trién mgt ni dung tim If efin nghién fet, do 6a thé tin inh nghide eta twang dd chi dng ow 90 i quan it vi thy nghigm ty ahign + Phung phap thye nghigm tc nbién duge tin nk trong ida kign Binh thuing eta cube sng hogt ding. Trong sui érinh ‘naan sat, ha w chi thay a6 nhiing yu 1 vidng 18 ela hon cinh, 6n trong thye nghigm ty abidn, nhA nghidin ext oth chit dng gy xa bigu ign va dim bin tn i bling ech King cha rt 36 nhin &6 khng cin tht eho vide nghign ef, Jam ni bat nang ya 0 edn tht c6 Rha nang gid cho vige hai the, tim higu efe nfi dung edn thuc nghigen. Tay thoo mye dich vi nhigm ‘71 nghién ety mi ngudi ta pin bige ce thye nghifm tw nbiéne tye nahigm nha dinh vic the mghign hin thank: * The nghim nhgn dink: chs ya nu Ton tye trang eda vin G6 ng ci 8 tht dig eu th. Thue nghigm hinh thanb, edn goi Ia thye nghigm gio dye, trong dé tin hin eae tae dng gio dye, rén Iuyén nbs inh {hanh mpt phim chit tam If mao dé & nghiém thé (ngs bj thye nie) ‘Tuy mbin, da thy nghigm tin hinb trong phing tht hin hole cong hoiin inh ta nbign dng khé 06 thé Kiting he hos ‘oan dnh hung eta ede yout ehit quan ca ngu bj the nghigma ‘thd phai ttn hin Toye nghigm mot a6 Min va pho hyp dng Wd véi niga phuong php kbs, 13.2.5 Tes rb nahi¢m) ‘Tost 18 mt phép thi "do lung” eh KAR diye ehuiln os tron mot 0 agg ng du chun, ‘Post trom bo thuding bao gm 4 phn++ Van bin oat, + Huang din guy tein tin han, + Hing din dh gis +B chun ba, “Tron ttn Ihe di od mathe ting tst v6 nh thie, mang Ie, test nhin ech, ching hans + Toct te tus cia Bind - Xion 4 Poet te tp ci Osta “Poet te tag ete Rowan + Teet nluin eich eta Ayzen, Rosi, Muy ‘a i eben tot 1 + ost e6 kh nang fam cho hi tung ‘We qua hank eng gil ai ip test + G6 Kh nang tn han twang dh Ang tah v8 406) Tuy nbidn tos eng 66 nhamg Wh Khan, an eb 4+ Kh gogn thio mot bo Lest dm bio tins chutin hoa ++ Tost eh yu cho ta bit ht qu, eI gua tein eu ng ‘eta nghigm thé dé di din kt qui ims dung phutng phap test nhulA mat trong ee eh eh og rm Icom ng 8 mt thi iin nb dn, ng Iugng ha, chun bn ehi tu tim fn do. 1.3.24 Phuong php dtm thogs (> user) 1 Ia eich dt ra ee eb hi cho dBi tugng va da vio tet ct ho dé teao A, i thom, nhs thu thap ehing tin vE vin a cf ghien a 4 thé dim thos toe tidp hoge gin tgp tay wt idm quam tia di wigng vOi diéu ta edn bi6t, C6 thé héi thing hay hii dsting von, 26 ‘Musi dan thoai thu duge ti ig 3 Uh en phi ‘ibe dinh 6 mye dich, yeu ef (vn ch ti ib; “Tim hig tre thong tin v8 A tung dm thogi v6 moe 8 Ae diém ea es ante hogeh tre “Tai hing” es eho = R&C nda link boat trong vie "la budget chun Rt néa lin hoot trong wife" hung ny A in ehuyén vin il dag igen, vin dp ny you fu eta ng ghia et 1.8.2.5 Phang php did tra Day 1h pion php ding més edu hii nh lat dt ra cho nGt Tn di cugng nghidn edu ni thu tha ¥ Ian chi quan cia bo v6 mot vin d€ mio dé. C6 thé tr Wi vide dhudng mbt ‘yh mb ofng 0 eh tr Tt ming, vA 6 mgd hi Ii (Co thé dig tea Uhdan dd chung hode digu tra chuyén a6 a6 di su van mgt skin cas. Chu hd dmg di did ta 66 thd te i dng, tela 06 nhigu pn win dé At tugng chon mgt hoy hei, fing a Us 8 tr ing phuong php nay o6 thé trong mgt chit gian ngén the hap dhe mgt x $id eta wt abiGu ngudi mbuong Th 9 ig chit ‘quan, DE 06 tai hes tony AG chin xe, fn soon Io bin hutdng din di tra vién (agua se phs bidn bin ctw oi dia tra cho ee {6 txgng) vi nag ne may hd bin mde ee tay tim Uh et qui tte man vs ant i koa Bee. 13.2.6 Placoug phaip phan tch vn phd ea hogt dong Dé la phutons php dua vio ee ket qu, sin phim (wt chit, tinh ein) cia hogt dng do eon ngudi Iam ra 46 ng eats cic ‘die nang tm Wen con nga do, bai vt ngs phim do con rig Kon ro en gg “a wt” tis i, 9 Ue, nse ec eta con tii, Clin ela rg: ee KS qu howt Ang phi dage xem axt trong méi quam he wi nhitng di6w Kim tid hah host dng ‘rong tim If hoe 66 bo phim chuyén nganh * 06 (Gritstie) nghitn esta quy hud v6 cd eh tim ici tw duy sing too trong Khim phi, phit minh, 1.8.2.7 Phuams php nghlen es tin ied whan Phung phip may xuit phat tir eh of thé hain ra ede de idmy Lm ied nh thong qua vie phn tich tg st euge sing ea 4 nln 6, gop phan eung esp mot 96 ta igu eho vige ein don ti ‘Tom Ii, ee phuomg php nghién eu tam Wi nyt Mh pong phd. MB: phuomg phip aé c& nbeng ut diém vit han che nha ‘inh, Musi nghin eau mée chic ning tam Kant ih Khoa oe, Ikhieh quan, ehink xe, en pi Sit dyng efe phuomg phip nghidn i thieh hop vk wn nghién tus Sit dung phi hop, dng bee ‘om gi kt qui eo hoe, ton din waing phi nghidn ei Al CAU HOLON TAP, 3. Dai ong, ahi vy va phen php nghidn est Gm ge, 2, Bn et hi tng tn I gt 8, Tvinh bay nhitng nét eo Ban trong ih thin ehas va phat trig Kho ge tim BAITAP, Dai tap 36 1, 2 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 (tt trang 5 - 8) trong eu "Bad {ap tute anh tim he” do Tein Trong Thy eb bién, NXH Gis dye. 1990, 2s Chatong 2 Co sé ty nhién va co sé xa hi cita tim li ngudi Con maz 1A mt thye thé sinh vt - x hoi va van hd, De ds cin nghién eit, tgp edn con ng tren cd ba mats sin vat - ton xt hp. Mud gi tri ising tam Ii ea con nguéi mot ech ‘hoa he vat dy vt efi phi gw bit od 6d ty mhién (oo vat i, co 8 sin Iv od 3a Bi eam, 24 Ca sé ty nhién cita tim li con ng ‘Ban vé cao ty ublén ea tam Icon nga 9 nhi6u vn a8 cin righién ed, 3 ey ching tw ei yu ch ith han 8 mnt 96 mk quan 1p gita ok truyén, bd nfo, phn xg 6 dig kgm va hp théng tn ih tht av mI gut, 241.1 Di truyén va tam Ii "ae de dim ii plu sinh Hi di tray va tu cht 6 Won ‘quan dang ké dé tam If con ngui. Ching 66 vai ted mba din ‘wong sy hinh ehanh va phét teidn tm If con ng "Theo sinh vat ge hign dai thi «Di truyén 1a an im gk tit oa oo th ang, dm bio 16; od thé he méi nhitng née yiding nhaw v6 mt sinh vj Ai vO 20thé he true, dim bio nang lye dip dg ning d’i i ea hod Jn theo mbt eaché da dh sin. Dix idm gi phi sinh I a ef eh bao gm ning ya 26 to di truyén io nén vi ed nang y6u 0 ving 4 tao ra trong i sing thé eta sin vot, nhitng yu 86 nh thé eda eon mg e6 gay ti erg bdo thal, ‘Tw cha Te mot tf hop bao gdm ea nhng de diém gi ph ‘ie la nhing de diém ebie nang tm - sink Mm thE dt dat trong mt giaidogn phat teign mht duh duos Anh hub eta moi ‘rung otng vi hogt ing: db 1A efe Age din ebia ye quan, eta in kinh tgonén tin d6 vat ehit cho sige phit erin ning he ea om gti, ai vi com ngudi, méi mpt thé sinh ra a nh de theo con dung i truyéin i ee thé tre mit de inv fi 0, che nang cha e0 thé, trong dé 5 nhiing dtc dim v8 cla tao vi hite nding ea ce gi quan va no. Song v8 vai trd ea di truyén i vi s¢ pt trig thm I ein con ngul thi ob nbiéw quan din Ikhie na Mot sn tam hoe te win thas nbn nhc idm tam 118 whan efi tgo bm sinh, do tiém mang sinh v@t géy 1a, ang ‘ge diém tam If du do tiém dinb, déu of sin twong ee ef tre sinh vat. Sy phat tridn eda ee Unife tinh di ob xin trong gion vi shugo quyét diuh bling con dung di teuyén, Trong tho gian gn ‘tay, gui tai in "med aan sin dn trang bv gion”, v6 nhng the tinh nhtn céeh, cia ning Iue duge ebitng tint hoa, ‘ma hea trong gin, dng thai cong e6 chs § ti yu tl mdi eve Ching han, ha di tuyén nguit Avh S. Auerbac cho Ping *. nhing phim ct edn ed hin Ib kt qu cia a tke dng qua lai ita yt i teuytin va ys US mi trtg" MK 56 nh tim Ih 8. Aurtne, DE ty fg, Dic 1 ig An, ML NXB Nau 30 hoe Mg, sit dung aun diém cia B, Tooeda ob it mhang nim 20 Aelia thé ki XX didn val ted eb gio dye crony pst tig tm H ng, nung vin khng din wag, gm nang sin vot bm sinh aqui dink true di ham ea sy phat eign tim I: “Ty nhion brn cho mi ng mit vn nit dnb, gio de cin phi Bm be Mb vin AL fi gh va ph it dong nd by phuang ti tt mh” Mot a6 cing trinh ughin ete oa ee ha tim fo tw sin tién hank wen hing ted sinh db; cng Oring, nhim ef ching ‘inh vai te’ quyél inh en tinh di truyin trong hin thn ce phim chit tine. Nhdm ching Ini quan diéim 6 sin noi tren. hnhiing thé nghidm trén 8 sinh Bi clmg tring do WN. Conbandvcki, AR. Lata, AN. Miréndva tn hanh & Lign Xo ‘rate diy di chi 18: Vie #0 bon sinh gidng nau, tdy chub vito ce phudng php giding day, ede tr6 sink Oi etng ting thu dye hung két qu Kdsie nhass trong me wf oat dong sng two ke hnhau. Nhiing ket qua ngbin eu twang tea ha tam hoe Pap 1, ajo trén tr sinh i clng ting da ging mage don guy dn If ga ei be sin et ede did tm + Sin vt hg hi do bv min ng, bn than a tray cling bj bin dt dud te dng efi mdi trng v8 i howe dag ek thé: Mat hie, ea thé sting eang 8 te cao cbs ti ha thi inh bigh di dim bo cho a4 thich tng ea n6 di v0 dig ign dng va {kink niin thé cA ding vai tr Hin hon. Ngo va, sig A icon neu, din hig x hg v8 kin ght x i lg va > rit kn tng a ph eid im “Tom Iai i try dong, vk dng Re trong is pnt trig tam I om ng Bt vi els di cruyin thas gin vio fu thinh edn nbing de didn gids phi va sinh K eta cd thé tron, d6 6 nhitng de didn gids pha va sin W ia he thé i than "tea, Mh mente sing dy 6m 0 rn He Di a‘ot 3 vit eh ci ee bien tung tim I Song If thugs i truyn he ign dai vit ee cdng tak ghin et the nim chi eho phép t king dinh vii to tin dB en di truyén trong phat twin cia ef mh, 22 Nao vi tim th ing gt mo va tim IE Lk mgt trong ning vila AB 08 80 nhién, 58 vt cht ea hig tugs Mi ‘hin tome vide I a W gt Song sung quanh mi i he gia tm va no eng nh ‘quan dig We nha: Quan diém tam Ive song song: may ti thd, Deca vi ‘wan diém nh nguyén, ede dai iu a tim If hoe inh nghigm hit ghia coi ee qua t¥inh sinh vi tn I hg song son i "a trong nao ngui King phy thude vio nha, eon da tin doe tig ew ph, Quan diém déng hat com Wi v9 sin te dai Bid eb chit Dthia duy vat tim hung Die (Bucsane, Phiteta, Mélésie) cho ing: tr tung do nto titra ging: nh mt do gan tit ra Quan didi duy vAt coi tam I vA sink Ie quan h6 ehgt eh i ha, tm If edo 38 vt chat 1 hoat fing ea bio, hag ‘am fing song, song hay Khéng dag what isin Phabich (1804 - 1872), nh txt hoe dy wt true C, Mae, a ivi dint tinh thin, thie king thé thw ra kh no nui, 6 sin vt ia vit eh 48 duge phi vin tk mite cao nh la bp io. V. I Lonin da chi va ving: "Pm It onan eta ei phn ‘ie bgt phe Lap cia A eh ma ta yo lB nd ea on ng” 2 Lain. Ch maha dy to i thin inh ght phen, xs, 1, 2 "Tat nin tam Iva sin I ong dng nt vd haa Ph Angee feng dt ttmg vit; “Chie hin dé mot Ide mao dé qua com dung ‘he nghigm, chung ta "se quy" dige te day than nhtng vn dng phn aha hoe d tong Ge, hy dig Alig e6 bo qudt duge Ihin eh ia tu dy bsg? (Cie nhs tim 1 hge khow hge dB chi ra ring, tim If ete nang eta mio: b9_no uhin tie dong es thé git sung dng thin kinh eng stn 3 UWE qu cin tng cde nang whtnghoet dng phn 3 cin no. Khi nd sinh tren no, cong v4 qu tah sinh Kno, bi tugng tam If thu hign ehie mang dink hudng, dw chink, aig “hin hinh vi ela eon ngut. Xung quanh vain a8 mth qua he gia lo vA tam lied nhigu win d8 edn nghién ey, ching hg ‘ain anh Ku ete ming 8m trong nds + Phin x 08 lig itv in Quy 1a boat ing ei neva em I Hg thai is hig tht a vn 248 Vin dé Anh Keha chite ning tm Hi trong n Ki no dfn ex 8 nin on tim If, mg a chung At vin 46 djnh ka chic nang then I trong nse. Song e8 nhiéu quan nigon nde naw vé vin &6 nay hé'ki thir Vteude dng nguyen, oS quan nim cho ring tek i te trong du (nob), tinh eam 8 ngue tim), Hg dam me 3 Dong Gea, "Angaben, in chin ea win, NK SU, 197‘Vi eo th hi XIX du 86 EK, mot whi thin inh hoe ‘ho rng: mi chde nang tam It duge dinh Iku & mot wing trong nor 6 ving tenho, vong tung tung, wang tt éuy. Thon eb rei con noi trong nie 26 ede ma“ tng, may "ys dmg” ‘Ching han he thuyét nao taéng hoe eia nha be hoe Bue Ph, Gals ho rig Lam It gin ehgt voi moe Kw nha Aine fee vg: "kin do", “th, "he “id 0" ye i ‘Tg ra vb mito 66 eée mim thay edn gol 1 ving, hoge ey) (com hinh 12.1). Mi mig nay Ta ou watcha i ee im Ie tung cng. Me é ‘am Ce it pe SET aE ‘ng dish gg VRE VEN. ving re angie ths Se ‘A doh a vng fh Bd Kg in vi hl gan O ng edn & ee VaR chuyin. big HT Wig WE ), ving nghe higu ‘ig Vek, ing hin bia ht vi erin, ime it in ng Nun tipi Sp ete ng te itn ke" rtp nhng, to nen Mg thie he ng co dog tren trong ng cheng mn Ce ine ee mtn ny dug eB lg mbit to no ce vi, fe ca ten po thar gn KL; ning Ign bo rag Hb thing in Bio dim vig thu thn 18 Cn te {iGuide ehuong ns ha, i Win on CW yn et cho ch heh on gh ont Int s6 ving ent nng cia wake 1 yep nie 2 vy hie 5 Yenc “age gers. 01 00) 5 nga nog dy) 6 ving waging ¥en ra wim ito ving eit vt244 Phin x9 €6 di6u kign va tim It Tan bg hogt ding ea no Khost Ang phn xq. Vio thé ki hie XVEL, R. Ddcae ng dw en nis ra kbs nim “phn x9 va ding phn x9 48 gi thich hogt ding tm Ki Tuy ahign Dine ‘lb Gi niin gt ding v6 tite gin wk phn xa 1. Xetréndv, ni sin If hoe Nga, dé nd rng nguyen te phn 3a dn totn bp hoot ding cis nfo, Nam 1863, dng vid: “at ee id tang to, bc § Ue in v tie, v8 mein a (46a phin xa” than hug phn theo dung hung tim din truyén vio wie; # Khaw giva 1 qua enh ein inh thin kigh trim mao va tg0 xa host ong tien ye + Kau ket the dn trayén hum ‘non the nahin ng tp hoe thuyét phan x96 dig Kign x. sinh Is ea hi tg Die dim eta phn 9 05 dia 4. Phin sa 6 di Oh a eed ng wi Vita hont dng is 1 ukign Hpi x9 1 0 trong ing ttn rung lun lun thay i eo od in a pha x9 0 i kin 1 v8 io va ot ing in hung iW nt Qu trnh didn bid in phn x4 of di Rig T&. qui en na Tp dng in in Kn Gr sa ta ung Hh oh ‘ih. bits va didi ea trang eh 6p the 4 Phin xg of did ig than tp wi Kl eM 1, bit 3 tg na eh hich de ith hin ano i inn “Hato . Phi xa db bo hu ign ata ng vo etd Te eee ig tugng ti I AB 6 eo 89 sinh If tk phan xq 68 gai. Hot dng phn 0 bu ki gp htc tng 4 eng i hy 24.5 Quy luft hogt dong than kinh edip eao va tim li ‘Si hinb than vi thé hign tim i ehju sy ehi ph chat che ea ie quy hugt hogt dng thin kink etp eno, Doi day 1A mgt 9 aay gl sine, 2.18.1 Quy lat het dng theo i thing ‘Tron, digu kign t whit tia dBi sing, ee ich thick kim tic dng mét ede rdng 1é, ehdng thuing tyo chin mot wb hop ich thich dng th hog nd tig ites thé. Mt Khe, o th edn Feng hin dng mt esch viGng 18 ma pho sage mGt ceh €8 hen ‘wk ee eh Uhich do. Hog dng tng hap ea vb nao eho phép bgp nhsit mhuing kil teh vigng 16 bay Khong wing. 18 thinb mgt he ‘Ging. DOT quy luge hogt dng theo he thdng ea vi mao. Cae hoat <4ng phi xa 6 didu kin KS tip whau theo mgt thi eg mt ‘go nén mgt he thong din hinh dng lye ca vi nao, lam eho trong ‘nfo Kh ef mt phsin x4 mio dé xy ra thl Kéo theo ede phn xa ne eang xy ra. D6 chin 1 co 3 sinh I thén kinh ela xde chm, ‘ink im, th 2LS2 Quy lust lan t6a va tap rung dig pin ¥h de eh Ib ha trong ta eo in of Be Uh hi tn 98 mo 66 me did (rang) hut phn hose de eh a