Vietnamese German University Binh Duong, Faculty of Engineering

Laboratory Fundamentals of Power Engineering

Experiment T: THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

1 Aims of the Experiment

For the operation of a transformer the nominal data and the internal parameters are very im-
portant. The behaviour of the transformer can be very well calculated by means of the equiva-
lent circuit. The open-circuit and the short-circuit experiment give us the possibility to deter -
mine the components of the equivalent circuit.
The knowledge of the vector group of a three-phase transformer is very important in case of
parallel connection. Therefore the second part of the experiment deals with the practical and
theoretical possibilities of the determination of the vector group of a three-phase transformer.

2 Tasks for Preparation

Formulate the relations between phase and grid quantities for the connections of windings in
a three-phase grid (star, delta and zigzag connection).
Why have you to use the phase quantities for the calculation of the parameter of the equiva-
lent circuit?
Compose the formulas for the calculation of the parameter of the equivalent circuit out of the
measured values of the experiment.
Draw the simplified equivalent circuits and phasor diagrams of a transformer for the open-cir-
cuit and the short- circuit experiment.
What are the definitions of the relative no-load current and the relative short-circuit voltage?
What have you to regard at the calculation of the relative short-circuit voltage if the short-cir-
cuit experiment isn´t executed with the nominal current?
Choose a circuit of a three-phase transformer with a secondary zigzag connection and deter-
mine by means of the phasor diagram the numerical index of the vector group.
On which way do you realize the connection between the primary and the secondary phasor
diagram in theory resp. during the experiment at the determination of vector groups?
Name the conditions if you use the Wheatstone or the Thomson bridge for the measuring of
resistances.
Describe the function and the parameter of a measuring current transformer.
What are the preconditions on the parallel connection of three-phase transformers?

3 Execution of the Experiment

3.1 You can copy a paper to represent all results of your experiment.
Write the data of the three-phase transformer in the signed free space.

3.2 Measure the resistance of all windings of the three-phase transformer before starting
the experiment (cold resistances) by means of the Wheatstone or Thomson bridge and
record the room temperature. Your supervisor will give you the primary connection of
the windings (Delta or Star).

3.3 Open-Circuit Experiment: Measure at the transformer under open-circuit conditions

and star connection of the secondary windings
at 50% , 60%, 80% , 100% of the nominal voltage U1N and the maximum voltage
 - one of the primary and one of the secondary line-to-line voltages U1 resp. U2
- the 3 currents I10U, I10V resp. I10W and
- the power P10.

3.4 Short-Circuit Experiment: Measure at the secondary short-circuited transformer

(short circuit of all phases!) at a convenient current I1k (mean value)
- the 3 line-to-line voltages U1kUV, U1kVW, U1kWU, and
- the power Pk.

3.5 Open-Circuit Experiment: Measure at the transformer under open-circuit conditions, at

nominal voltage U1N and secondary zigzag connection

- one of the primary and one of the secondary line-to-line voltages U1 resp. U2
- the 3 currents I0U, I0V resp. I0W and
- the power P0.

3.6 Short-Circuit Experiment: Measure at the secondary short-circuited transformer

(short circuit of all phases!) at a convenient current I1k (mean value)
- the 3 line-to-line voltages U1kUV, U1kVW, U1kWU, and
- the power Pk.

3.7 Measure the resistance of all windings of the transformer immediately after the end of
the experiment (warm resistance).

3.8 The supervisor will give you a circuit of the three-phase transformer with zigzag con-
nection of the secondary windings. For this experiment the primary line-to-line volt-
age is reduced to U = 100V.
Prepare the transformer for the determination of the vector group. Measure all volt-
ages which are necessary for the determination of the vector group.

4 Evaluation of the Experiment (Report)

4.1 Evaluation: Star-Star resp. Delta-Star Connection

4.1.1 Calculate the nominal voltage ratio U1N/U2N and the transmission ratio N1/N2 of the
transformer.

4.1.2 Determine from the measuring of resistances in 3.2 the primary and the secondary
phase resistances R1 resp. R´2 as mean value and calculate the sum Rk = R1 + R´2 .

4.1.3 Draw two diagrams for:

, thereby I0 is the mean value of the 3 phase currents.

and

.
4.1.4 Determine from the short-circuit experiment by the mean values of the 3 short-circuit
voltages and the 3 short-circuit currents
- the short-circuit impedance Zk and
- the relative nominal short-circuit voltage ukN%.

4.2 Evaluation: Star-Zigzag resp. Delta-Zigzag Connection

4.2.1 Calculate the nominal voltage ratio U1N/U2N and the transmission ratio N1/N2 of the
transformer.

4.2.2 Determine from the short-circuit experiment by the mean values of the 3 short-circuit
voltages and the 3 short-circuit currents
- the short-circuit impedance Zk and
- the relative nominal short-circuit voltage ukN%.

4.2.3 Determine during the experiment by scale drawing of the measured values of 3.8 the
positions of the primary- and secondary-voltage triangles and as the result of the nu-
merical index of the vector group of the investigated transformer.
What is the complete notation of the vector group?
Confirm the result by a theoretical prove by mash equations and phasor diagram as
shown in the lecture.