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Therefore, the insecticides should be used very carefully i.e., only on need basis. Therefore, it is the
need of time to train and educate the pesticides sellers in order to fulfill the information gaps and to
improve their knowledge about current pest situations in order to enable them to be in a better
position to guide the farmers (Escalada and Heong, 2004a), Due to advancements in media
especially the electronic one, the latest information regarding agriculture can be transmitted to a very
wide range of farmers. These modifications were supported by practices in belief attitudes that
favoured high inputs and unnecessary sprays. This was an interesting and important finding of this
study. Applications of diflubenzuron, novaluron at 14 days after flood were not as effective in
reducing the injury as lambda-cyhalothrin. Name of Pests Frequency % age Insects 32 21.3 Diseases
71 47.3 Weeds 10 6.7 Rats 4 2.7 No response 33 22.0 Page 44. Because the insecticide-based
approach was not only costly and demanded impracticable decisions by the farmers (even on need
based use) but also was harmful to natural controls. Results on similar pattern are also obtained by
Bambaradeniya et al. (2004) and Sachan et al. (2006). Page 170. Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq (T.I),
Chairman, and faculty, Department of Agri. This thesis has been kept on track and been seen
through to completion with the support and encouragement of numerous people including my well
wishers my friends colleagues and various institutions. Words like sustainability, biodiversity,
integrated systems and low input now buttress the more familiar “organic farming” (Anonymous,
1993). Litsinger et al. (2006b) reported that the most effective action thresholds (ATs) level against
rice leaffolders C. The pest species which colonized the fields during the active tillering-booting
stage included Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Sogatella furcifera, and Nilaparvata lugens, Dicladispa
armigera, Melanitis leda (peak in Oct.), Orseoli sp.(end tillering), Thrips oryzae, Parnara mathias
(peak in Sep.-Oct.) and rice stem borers. These insects were perceived to be very damaging and
causing heavy yield losses in rice. The most effective ATs levels in each of the three growth stages
i.e., vegetative, reproductive and the ripening, were 5, 25 and 10% dead hearts, respectively.
Therefore, the present project was taken with the following objectives: 1. Results of the survey
indicated that women farmers’ attitudes were more positive toward sustainability. If any of the
assistance was provided for a fee, this should also be recorded.” AUT Postgraduate Handbook (p.
98). This letter acknowledges the support received while working on the project. Organic fields had
significantly higher numbers of Hymenoptera (parasitoids), Coleoptera (Staphylinidae) and
Neuroptera (Hemerobiidae) compared with conventional fields. In some case, there may be some
sort of legal requirement to issue the letter of receipt. Majority of farmers believed that insecticides
had resulted into more pest problem. Sivakumar et al. (1997) conducted a survey study in order to
know farmers’ pest monitoring, assessment, control practices and the constraints in their adoption of
integrated pest management (IPM) practices. The rice plant passes through vegetative (germination-
panicle initiation), reproductive (panicle development-flowering) and ripening (milk grain-mature
grain) growth stages. Page 92. Canaphalocrosis medinalis Guenee, Marsmai pantalis Bradley and
Marasmai ruralis (Walker) the former was dominant. M. ruralis was found throughout the year but in
small number. The natural enemies constituted the largest guild, in both the canopy and floodwater,
followed by herbivores, detritivores and tourists (taxa with unknown interaction with rice field
biota). Results and Discussion Section 3 3.4.11: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) In order to
identify the direction of change of species richness principal component analysis was used. HHcy
was found to be a significant predictor of CAD after controlling for hypertension and
hypercholesterolaemia (adjusted odds ratio 2.411). The vitamin B12 and folate levels showed a
significantly (p concentrations. During the past 20 years, farmers have shown increasing interest in
low input organic farming because it is economically more attractive. This participatory exercise
modified farmers’ attitudes that more spray, seed and fertilizer inputs would give higher yields.
Farmers’ sources of Basmati rice seed acquisition and perception of pest insects’ incidence and their
management practices in rice crop were also evaluated. They suggested that researchers should test
some of the innovative farmers’ pest assessment methods. The species composition of rice pest and
natural enemies throughout the world is relatively well documented but only a few studies have
examined the overall insect biodiversity associated with rice crop. These species were present in HIP
fields but in low number. A classical example of an exogenous force is the weather. Keep things clear
for you: Create a list of everyone who has to be named and think carefully about the order and
extension of paragraphs. In order to save some water expenditures farmers sometimes tend to reduce
number of irrigation. Due to this reason the pesticides has dominated pest management practices of
rice farmers (Heong et al., 1998). The results of present study are in accordance with those of Berg
(2001) that during the last three years majority of the farmers (90.0%) had increased their use of
pesticides. Iii DEDICATION To my Print Master, my loving husband - Virginia Tech. In first cluster
three sites with HIP were included while in second cluster three other sites with LIP were included.
They produced artificial damage by clipping off the tillers. His encouragement made it possible to
achieve the goal. The highest yield was obtained with full control having 0% infestation followed by
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% damaged leaves, respectively (Table II). Predictors of Clinical Outcome in Total
Hip and Knee Replacement. Where to place the gratitude for your dissertation. Indicative abstracts
merely indicate what the source material into assignments. Out of these, the cookies that are
categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic
functionalities of the website. His current research projects include how we use museums to
communicate science, and the form and function of doctoral academic dress at New Zealand
universities. The value of (J) represented that species in HIP systems were distributed with a trifling
high eveness and this may be due to the absence of rare species which were present in high number
in LIP systems where due to more number of rare species eveness was slightly low. Page 165. The
approach of farmer first through informal education in FFS followed by IPM training to Page 70.
Available at: Accessed on: 16.11.2008. Anonymous, 2008b. Issues and analysis. As many pairs of
actions remain incompatible because when an action is better than the other for some criteria, it is
usually worse for others. The diversity of different groups of aquatic insects showed a clear pattern in
diversity of surface predators and non-predators (mosquito immatures). Page 102. It is therefore, the
present study was, thus, undertaken to evaluate the farmer’s knowledge and perception of pest
insects’ incidence in rice crop and the associated management and farming practices in the Kallar
tract to address the following issues: 1. Surveys Making Strategic Use of Your Acknowledgements
Section What’s On for PG Researchers in Feb? Login. This was an interesting and important finding
of this study. That was looking at farmer’s responses to not just one, but several questions, and
compared these responses with each others. They described that presence of non-rice plant feeders
played an important role in supporting natural enemies soon after crop establishment. Highest
incidence reached 19% WH as a mean of one crop and 31% WH in an individual field in one week.
Iii DEDICATION To my Print Master, my loving husband - Virginia Tech.
The collected insects were categorized into functional guilds based on their role in rice crop
agroecosystem. We are actually on brink of an abyss under current food demands and production
(Anonymous, 2000). Alicia T Banas, RN, MHPEd Juanito H Formoso Jr, RN, MAN. The results of
PCA could be considered as an indicator of species alignment in respect to sampling sites. The fig.
3.16 demonstrated that HIP and LIP receiving localities showed separate components in score plots.
Although in case of HIP farming current costs of production (per unit of commodity) have grown
alarmingly (Table 3.35) and in many places have passed the point of diminishing returns, even if such
externalities are disregarded. Therefore, high rates of chemical fertilizers lead to increase insect and
disease infestation and ultimately Page 59. If any of the assistance was provided for a fee, this
should also be recorded.” AUT Postgraduate Handbook (p. 98). Most of the farmers planted IR-64
seeds obtained from other farmers, their own seed stock, the Department of Agriculture and private
seed growers. HHcy was found to be a significant predictor of CAD after controlling for
hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia (adjusted odds ratio 2.411). The vitamin B12 and folate
levels showed a significantly (p concentrations. The eveness values reflected that number of
individuals of all species increased as the crop progressed. HIP farming is a cause of Yes No No
response Frequency % age Frequency % age Frequency % age Diseases in human 132 88.0 1 0.7 17
11.3 Diseases in animals 117 78.0 6 4.0 27 18.0 Environmental pollution 50 33.3 35 23.3 65 43.3
More pest Problem 102 68.0 7 4.7 41 27.3 Multiple responses were allowed The results indicate that
farmers were very well aware of the harms of modern agriculture. This work would not have been
feasible without his help. Examples and ideas for writing the acknowledgements section of your
dissertation. But as the rice crop requires larger amounts of water through out its growth so a
reduction in numbers of irrigation may result in yield reduction. Page 63. My supervisor, Prof. L. G.
Chandrasena (Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya) for his
invaluable guidance throughout the research project and in preparation of this manuscript and
especially for granting permission to carry out the second part of my study at Nawaloka Hospitals
PLC, Colombo 2, Sri Lanka. Physical inactivity 09 1.3 Traditional vs. Novel coronary risk factors 10
1.4 Justification 12 1.5 Objectives 15 1.5.1 General Objectives 15 1.5.2 Specific Objectives 15 2.
Rubia et al. (1990) estimated the losses caused by stem borers and predicted that up to 33% dead
hearts of 30 days old plant at vegetative stage did not influence the total number of productive tillers
at maximum tillering stage and as a consequence had no effect on grain yield. A total of 120 species
under 98 genera and 37 families of insects were collected. As a result population of scavengers
drastically declined at tillering-booting and flowering-milking-stage. Finally, it was concluded that
the reduction of herbicides and insecticides improved the “nature element” of the fields. Shah et al.
(2003) conducted studies to determine the effect of organic and conventional farming practices on
coleopterous fauna. This could be due to the difficulties faced during ploughing in the field. Mean
number of productive tillers per m2 was maximum (223) for 1% infestation level, followed by 221,
219, 217, 210 and 208 tillers per m2 for 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9% infestation levels, respectively (Table I).
They however had least knowledge about beneficial organisms. A total of 15 pesticides were under
the use of farmers (in which fungicides, herbicides and insecticides were 40.0, 33.3 and 26.7%,
respectively). Farmers ranked insecticides as the most problematic pesticides to their health. As a
consequence only abundant species left behind and thus resulted into lower value of rare species.
They suggested that these models could be potential tools for formulating site specific ETLs for the
pests. Page 83. Whether weedicides have some effects on crop? (MRA) 1). A good number of the
farmers knew about natural enemies of rice pests and also knew their role in rice ecosystem. Li et al.
(1997) conducted a survey of rice farmers to assess their knowledge, attitude and practices of
integrated pest management in China. On the other hand high value of (D) showed that there was
high number of rare species. Farmers’ Response Frequency % age Yes 122 81.3 No 8 5.3 No
response 20 13.3 It is evident that majority of the farmers was quite unaware of harmful affects of
insecticides to the environment and beneficial organisms, which could result into secondary pests
outbreak. I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have
accompanied me on this academic journey.
Acetachlor was cheaper weedicide so mostly the farmers used it. Madsen and Madsen (1982)
conducted a study to assess the population of beneficial arthropods, in an organic (essentially
pesticide free) orchard and one which followed a complete pesticide program. Resultantly almost all
the farmers, instead of manual harvesting, used these harvesters to harvest their crops. Tips for
Writing Thesis Acknowledgements - Proofread My? Anonymous, 1999. Impacts of agricultural
intensification on the sustainability of resource use and food safety and possible solutions in highly
populated subtropical rural areas in China. Working paper 63. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International
Water Management Institute. Roger, P.A., I. Simpson, R. Oficial, S. Ardales and R. Jimenez, 1994.
Effects of pesticides on soil and water microflora and mesofauna in wetland ricefields: a summary of
current knowledge and extrapolation to temperate environments. Thesis acknowledgement sample
parents - Senco Brands NZ. The complex trophic linkages among the various trophic guilds
operating in rice crop ecosystem ensure the proper functioning of its processes. Close family
members are often the people who gave the most although some supervisors are likely to feel this is
not true. The rice plant passes through vegetative (germination-panicle initiation), reproductive
(panicle development-flowering) and ripening (milk grain-mature grain) growth stages. Page 92. Due
to this higher rarity the value of (J) also decreased and was less than that for Lepidoptera, which
indicated that 76% species were evenly distributed with 24% dominance of Temelucha sp. The
species at pre-nursery, nursery and grain ripening stages were distributed with high eveness in LIP
indicating that all species had fairly good population than in HIP but with greater eveness at tillering-
booting and flowering-milking stages in case of HIP. A will be designed with your specific
instructions. Each of these phases supports a particular type of fauna and flora. That can be for
example the table of contents or in the case of a doctoral thesis the dissertation abstract. Unlocking
the Secrets to Effective Paraphrasing: A Detailed Tutorial. Farmers also changed their perception of
yield loss significantly after reductions in the three inputs. Page 28. Whereas, in case of bakanae
(foot rot) none of the farmers claimed its attack as high or medium. Only 12.0% of the farmers
declared its attack as low and 86.7% claimed no attack of bakanae, also a small portion of farmers
7.3% did not answer to this question (Table 1.10). So, it is clear that the most prevalent disease in the
Kallar tract was BLB followed by BLS and rice blast. These cookies will be stored in your browser
only with your consent. It isn’t examined, and functions mainly as a space to recognise the
contributions of others. It was found that both the trained and untrained farmers used pesticides
despite knowing the harms of these chemicals to human health. Also it is located in south, at less
height from sea level whereas Sialkot is situated in the north at comparatively high altitude as
compared to Sheikhupura and Gujranwala. They described that presence of non-rice plant feeders
played an important role in supporting natural enemies soon after crop establishment. The important
finding is that farmers had poor knowledge and recognition of beneficial insects. Farmers usually
overestimated the benefits of pesticide use. Because the overall impact from this change in straw
managing pattern is difficult to access; this will most likely has a large impact on shaping the future
farming system of rice crop. Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank my parents for allowing.
They believed that this leaf damage could cause yield losses and thus immediate action should be
taken to control it- a loss aversion behavior. Due to presence of more number of rare species value of
(J) also reduced which illustrated that species were distributed with low evenness of about 61%
evenness and with the dominance of Callicorixa sp., Page 119. They investigated that compensating
mechanism includes: increased tillering, increased percentage of productive tillers and increased grain
weight.
My name is Dr. Friederike Jurth, and since 2010 I give lectures on Methodology, Empirical Research,
Anthropology, and Transcultural (Music) Studies in collaboration with universities in the United
States, Germany, Spain, and Brazil. The mean and standard deviations of average temperature (Avg.
Thesis: In-hospital resuscitation: Graduate nurses’ lived experience in the n. Crop and vegetation
richness was found to have positive effects on arthropod species density in tillering and flowering
stages of rice crop, respectively. A perspective planning aiming to increase the literacy rate is also
needed. Page 69. Make sure that you place the word “acknowledgements” in Capital letters at the
top of the page. However, they did not know the health hazards associated with insecticides. In first
cluster three sites with HIP were included while in second cluster three other sites with LIP were
included. The value of (J) also increased continuously from pre-nursery to grain ripening stage
reflecting that even distribution of species increased as the crop progressed and at grain ripening
stage eveness reached at its maximum with 73% even distribution of species. This was also because
many of the species inhabiting rice fields belonged to opportunistic biota which utilized rice field for
a certain time period. Oct 2015 We have prepared this example of an acknowledgements section
from a dissertation so you can see what a word of thanks might look like. In case of frogs 67.3% of
the farmers pointed out that these were not present, 22.0% pointed out their presence as low in
number while 10.7% did not respond to this. The higher Shannon’s value in some cases for HIP
farms suggested that agrochemicals had a significant impact in eliminating the rare species and
hence increased the Shannon’s and evenness values among the species. Similarly, species abundance
increased from pre-nursery and reached highest in tillering-booting stage and then sharply declined.
Khan and Ahmad (1985) described 59 insect species of rice crop from Punjab, Pakistan in which 17,
13 and 29 species were of parasitoids, predators and pest insects, respectively. Determination of
economic threshold levels (ETLs) is the main tool, which is helpful in making decisions about
whether the insecticides are to be applied or not. These results are in conformity with those of
Bengtsson et al. (2005). A slight high value of (H) for HIP in case of herbivores indicated that the
systems receiving greater amounts of inputs had more number of abundant species (52) as compared
to LIP. The majority of farmers followed traditional cultivation practices and had very little
knowledge of IPM and new rice technologies. The lower value of (D) indicated that it possessed less
number of rare species and due to this low rarity the species were distributed with high eveness
(83%) and with only 17% dominance of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Scirpophaga innotata
(Appendix-III, Table, 3.2, Fig. 3.3). Hymanoptera is the most important insect order due to a number
of insect species which are potential pollinators and parasitoids. Therefore, the insecticides should be
used very carefully i.e., only on need basis. Highest incidence reached 19% WH as a mean of one
crop and 31% WH in an individual field in one week. The paddy yield data were put for economic
analysis by considering the reduction in yields in monetary terms for each treatment and the cost of
chemical control involved. You can return to it later to proofread it for readability and correctness in
terms of grammar. As cost of production was the same for all treatment that is why it was not
considered during economic analysis and only cost of protection through insecticide and reduction in
yield in monetary terms were considered. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I dedicate this research to my
parents. This indicated that in case of HIP abundant species were more which eventually affected
rarity of species which in all cases was high for LIP except for tillering-booting stage where (D) was
high in case of HIP in comparison with LIP. The reason for higher arthropod diversity and abundance
in organic systems is mainly related to plant protection management, low input organic fertilization,
more diversified crop rotations and more structured landscape with semi-natural habitats and
undisturbed field margins. This is because other methods of pest control are laborious, time
consuming and less effective (EJF, 2002). Iii DEDICATION To my Print Master, my loving husband
- Virginia Tech. It means localities with LIP were different from localities with HIP.
Professor Bowden has offered much advice and insight throughout my work on Laves Phase
systems. Villena, Head of the Department of Education Management and Measurement, for the
moral support despite his just being newly appointed; Dr. At the point when this letter is something
other than the Acknowledgment Letter of Receipt it turns into a methods for advertising. The major
barriers to the use of sustainable agricultural practices were lack of Government support, funds and
cost of the sustainable practices. Simpson et al. (1994b) monitored the effects of various nitrogen
fertilizers and pesticide management on algal, zooplankton and mollusk population in a wetland rice
field. Similarly, in the second cluster consisting of LIP receiving localities, Gujranwala and
Sheikhupura were similar while Sialkot was different. This is the reason that in recent years
agricultural scientists are being encouraged to build their research plans on farmers’ knowledge,
perception and practices (Fujisaka, 2005; Robinson et al., 2007) who closely watch their crops
throughout the growing season and are helpful to evaluate any technology. There was only a small
portion of farmers incorporating rice straw in the fields. Dr. Anjum Suhail; Dr. Muhammad Afzal,
Department of Agri. Although, HIP systems had high species abundance (Table 3.15, Fig. 3.10) but
at the same time a high value of (D) indicated that this abundance was only due to a few species and
rest of the species were in rarity. A big segment (78.7%) of the farmers answered that there was an
increase in pesticides usage during this period. Among the various reasons of low rice yield improper
uses of fertilizers, unreliable sources of seed and plant protection information, low plant population,
growth retarding effects of herbicides on rice plant, rice straw burning were of major importance.
These ETLs would enable the farmers the rational use of insecticides by employing targeted rather
than calendar-base use. Different species react differently to the changing conditions in rice fields.
Acknowledgements writing this thesis has been fascinating and extremely rewarding. After you use
phrases like this in your acknowledgement remember to specify why you are thankful to these
people. EYA and AARON who served as my inspiration to pursue this undertaking. This practice
will not only save expenditure incurred in the form of insecticide application, but will also favor the
conservation potential of insect biodiversity of rice fields. These hidden costs are the facts to be
explored (at one to one and one to more than one taxonomic level interaction) in future. They
believed that this leaf damage could cause yield losses and thus immediate action should be taken to
control it- a loss aversion behavior. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block
design (RCBD) with six treatments for rice stem borers (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9% infestation) and
leaffolder (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% infestation) with three replications. In floodwater due to numerical
dominance (75%) by 2 crustaceans, evenness of invertebrate in the floodwater was lower than that
for plant canopy. Shen and Lu (1984) carried out studies on the yield losses caused by C. Effects and
effectiveness of fire management, Department of the environment, sport and territories, Footscray,
Melbourne, pp. 155-162. Fujisaka, S., 2005. What does build research on farmer practice mean.
However, seed treatment is recommended by Government of the Punjab, Pakistan to reduce the
attack of seed and soil born diseases in rice crop. 1.4.6.4: Fungicides used for seed treatment of rice
crop Out of 150 farmers 40.7% used Topsin-M, 32.7% Benlate, 0.7% Vitavax for seed treatment
while the portion of the farmers not treating seeds was 26% (Table1.23). Page 55. During this period
predatory ants also invaded the fields in large numbers to feed on the dying arthropods trapped in the
mud of ploughed fields. These works of thankful art seem a little bit odd because readers tend to lose
focus of what they are reading. Hydrobilogia, 389: 193- 202. Chiang, H.C., 1977. Pest management
in the Peoples Republic of China-monitoring and forecasting insect pest in rice, wheat, cotton and
maize. In rice-wheat zone (Kallar tract) the rice and wheat crops are grown in rotation and a number
of herbicides are used in both crops which definitely have bad impacts on productivity of this
system. Professional Acknowledgements Take a look back at your list of contributors, and be sure to
mention the members of academia who helped you complete your dissertation or thesis. The results
show that second important source of information regarding plant protection measures was farmers’
own experience which is in accordance with Escalada and Heong (2004a). The benefits of thresholds
also included reduction in insecticides usage leading to reduce the cost of production (Bandong and
Litsinger, 2005; Litsinger et al., 2005). But farmers were unaware about the utility of ETLs.
EMBO reports, 6(5): 388-392. Hashmi, A.A., 1994. Insect pest management. In case of brown leaf
spots (BLS) 8% farmers declared its attack as high, 27.3% as medium, 39.3% as low and 12.0% said
that there was no attack of BLS on their rice crops. The other insect pest species were mostly
sucking bugs (Pentatomids and Leptocorisa spp.) sucking sap from ripening grains. In case of stem
borers and leaffolder because of plant compensation, actual yield losses are usually much less than
expected (Rubia et al., 1996a, b). But farmers overestimate the losses due to these pest insects by
many folds and these misperceptions influence management decisions. The majority of farmers used
insecticides (including those banned by the Government against white stem borers) when they saw
stem borers’ moths, dead hearts and white heads. Why are you using insecticides in rice crop?
(MRA) 1). These cookies do not store any personal information. Knowledge and information are the
opportunities to which Table 1.31: Sources of information regarding plant protection measures
against rice crop pest insects. In nutshell there was an ample scope of research about this subject with
special reference to the positive and negative impacts of agrochemicals on insect biodiversity of rice
crop. Schoenly et al. (1998) proposed guidelines linking biodiversity concepts (rank- abundance
curves, guilds and community metrics) and assessment methods (surrogate taxa) to agroecology in
order to enhance the understanding of tropical rice ecosystems for research and training programs.
Canopy and floodwater invertebrates were collected by vacuum sampler and strainer, respectively.
The rice leaffolder, stem borers and bacterial leaf blight were the most important rice pests to the
farmers. Therefore, avoid repetitions of the same phrases and try to name every person in a particular
and personal way. At the same time 32.7% did not respond to this question. My supervisor, Prof. L.
G. Chandrasena (Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya) for his
invaluable guidance throughout the research project and in preparation of this manuscript and
especially for granting permission to carry out the second part of my study at Nawaloka Hospitals
PLC, Colombo 2, Sri Lanka. What are your main sources of information regarding protection
measures against rice pest insects? (MRA) 1). ESAKIA, 11: 1-27. Yasumatsu, K., 1950. Is
fluorescent light trap effective. In the District Sialkot, insect species richness and abundance
increased with crop age and reached maximum at tillering-booting stage in the months of July-
August and then declined gradually towards crop maturity. These studies were planned to determine
the ETLs for most commonly known major lepidopterous insect pests of rice, against, which
maximum insecticides are being used by rice farmers, so that rational use of insecticides would be
employed rather than calendar base use. Popular book depot, Madras, pp. 535-536. Dawe, D., 2002.
The 2nd green revolution. The essence of LISA (organic agriculture) is soil management and fertility
maintenance: feed the soil not to plant, the soil will feed the plant in much better way. However, the
insect orders Dermaptera, Orthoptera and Thysanoptera, perhaps, were affected less by the harms
Page 174. The section of the personal acknowledgement is generally reserved for the members of
your private circle such as family and friends who often provide you with feedback and proofreading
but also in many cases with emotional support. The number of species encountered per guild was
generally high at 49 DAT but additional species were collected at 63 DAT in some locations. I owe
my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Professor in pulmonary Medicine Vuokko Kinnula, M.D,
Ph.D. Without her continuous optimism concerning this work, enthusiasm, encouragement, support
this study would hardly have been completed. However i will try to do my best to extend my great
appreciation to everyone who helped me scientifically and emotionally through out this study. They
suggested an action threshold of one egg mass m-2. From table 2.4 it is clear that the cost of control
was more at 2%, whereas loss was more at 4% infested leaves. Hence decision-making implies
finding compromising solution. A high species richness and abundance of insect fauna would also be
helpful in ecological based pest management in rice ecosystem and a benefit for natural pest control
of mixed cropping landscapes in this region. Chironomids, which mainly formed non-pest guild,
occurred abundantly in early growing season and gradually decreased with rice crop age.