B2 BOOKLET 6-10

UNIT 6:
INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS
Infinitives and gerunds are noun forms. If used before the main verb, they are the subject
of the verb; after the main verb, they are the object of the verb.
GERUNDS INFINITIVES
-After prepositions: -After many adjectives:
I made dinner before getting home. It is hard to make dinner this late.
He looked unhappy after seeing his work I find it difficult to describe my feelings
schedule. about writing research essays.
-To replace the subject or object of a -To show purpose:
sentence: I left for Russia to study Russian.
Lachlan likes eating coconut oil. I came to the office to solve the mystery of
Jumping off a cliff is dangerous, but a real the missing keys.
thrill. -After verb+ question word
We didn’t remember where to meet.

Exercise: pdf https://vslicey.cv.ua/attachments/article/213/Gerund%20or%20Infinitive.pdf

web: https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a2/infinitives-and-gerunds/
Link to list: https://breakoutenglish.com/b2/gerunds-and-infinitives-list/
PASSIVE VOICE: It is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a
sentence rather than the subject. This means that the subject is either less important than the
action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is.

The Grand Canyon is known all around the world by many people.
object be+ v-en agent
(verb in past
participle form)

Present simple→ am, is, are + v-en

Present continuous→ am, is, are + being + v-en
Past simple→ was, were + v-en
Past continuous→ was, were + being + v-en
Future will→ will + be + v-en
Future going to→ am, is, are + going to + be + v-en
Present perfect→ has, have + been + v-en
Past perfect→ had + been + v-en
Future perfect→ will + have + been + v-en
MODAL VERBS→ can, could, must, should, might, may, have to + be + v-en

Exercises: https://inglescarmelitaslb.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/the-passive-voice1.pdf
UNIT 7
TOO, SO, ENOUGH, SUCH
•So→ means very
-It is generally used before an adverb or adjective.
She's so talented. She plays the violin so well.
•Such→ means very
-It’s used in front of a noun or adjective.
They are such beautiful children.
-If necessary, a/an come after such in a sentence.
This is such a beautiful garden.
He is such an ungrateful person.
•Too→ means there is a lot of something. It has a negative connotation.
-Use too before an adjective or an adverb.
The coffee was too hot. The car was traveling too fast.
-Use too much/many before a noun.
She ate too much candy and fell sick.
-Also use too much after a verb.
She worked too much.
•Enough→ means you have what you need.
-Use enough before a noun.
I was finally able to get enough rest last night.
-Use enough after an adverb or verb.
He was frightened enough that he screamed for help.
It was yellow enough for us to see him in the crowd.
-Sentences →enough+ to + verb infinitive
She was alert enough to notify the authorities.
Exercises: https://www.liveworksheets.com/w/en/english-second-language-esl/436702
https://www.eslprintables.com/grammar_worksheets/adjectives/so_such/
So_such_too_enough_694295/
CAUSATIVES HAVE/GET
→ one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something
HAVE GET
•formal •colloquial
-We instruct or request someone to do -We convince or encourage someone to
the work do the work
-Experiences that are caused by other -Focus on the end results of the activity
people (usually negative experiences). rather than the activity itself.

structure Structure
causative+ object+ verb past participle causative+ object+ verb past participle.
John had his bank account stolen. He always gets his house painted.

Other causatives:
-make→ force/compel
They made me prepare dinner. (make+ agent+ verb base form)
-let→ allow/permit
They allowed him to drive their car. (let+ agent+ verb base form+ object)
Exercises: https://www.teach-this.com/images/resources/common-causative-verbs.pdf
UNIT 8
1st, 2nd, and 3rd CONDITIONALS:

•First conditional→ It’s used in situations where if a condition is met, a certain result is
likely to occur. If + subject + present simple, subject + will/ going to/ might/ could
If he doesn’t retrieve his offer, he might lose everything.
•Second conditional→ It is used to talk about hypothetical situations happening in the
present or future. In a second conditional we use past in the if clause and
would/might/could + infinitive in the main clause.
If I were rich, I ‘d buy that house.
•Third conditional → imaginary situations
•We use 3rd conditional when we imagine how things could have been different in the past.
If something had been different, something else would have happened. Both the condition
and the result are impossible now.
•We form the 3rd conditional (if + past perfect, would + have + past participle)
I definitely would’ve remembered if you’d told me!
He wouldn’t have missed the bus if he hadn’t overslept.
•We also use could or might e.g., If they’d told me, I might have been able to help.
•Notice that we often use should have+ past participle to criticize other people’s actions.
He shouldn’t have gone to the party. I told him it wasn’t a good idea.
Exercises: https://en.islcollective.com/english-esl-worksheets/grammar-topic/conditionals/
first-second-and-third-conditionals/108615

UNIT 9
Relative clauses
Provide information about the noun/subject that information could be essential data or
could be additional information.
Defining relative clauses→ They define or restrict the meaning of a noun, so it’s essential
to distinguish the subject we are talking about.
-They are not se apart by commas.
-We can omit the relative pronoun in defining relative clauses if the relative pronouns is the
object of the clause.
The King gave up his throne for the woman whom he loved. (can be omitted)
The cellphone that rang in class was mine. (cannot be omitted since it refers directly to the
subject)
-That can only introduce defining relative clauses. It can also be used instead of who/
whom → informal English
Non- defining clauses→ They comment on the noun or provide extra information that is
not relevant to understand the meaning.
-They are set apart by commas.
-We cannot omit the relative pronoun in this kind of clauses.

Relative pronouns Relative adverbs

Which→ animals/ things When → time
That→ people, animals, things
Where → place
Who→ people
Whom → object pronoun for people Why → reason
Whose → possession for people, animals
Exercises: https://timetolearnesl.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/defining-relative-clauses.pdf
REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech is the form in which one can convey a message said by someone else in
the past.
►In reported speech we do back shifting:
-Simple Present→ Simple Past
-Present Continuous→ Past Continuous
-Present Perfect→ Past Perfect
-Present Perfect→ Past Perfect Continuous
-Simple Past→ Past Perfect
-Past Continuous→ Past Perfect Continuous
-Past Perfect→ Past Perfect (No change)
-Past Perfect Continuous→ Past Perfect Continuous (No change)
-Will→ Would
-May→ Might
-Can→ Could
-Shall→ Should
-Has/Have→ Had
Questions

Reporting verbs→ the most common are tell and say:

-He said (that) they had gone to the party with some friends.
-He told me (that) they had
gone to the party with some
friends.
Exercises pages 4- 5:
https://www.edu.xunta.gal/centros/iesallariz/system/files/REPORTED_SPEECH
%20(3)_0.pdf
UNIT 10
PAST MODALS OF DEDUCTION
►Must have done→ We use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure
that something was true or happened in the past.
 I can’t find my wallet! I must have dropped it in the taxi.
 You must have had a real scare when you saw the crocodile.
►Can’t have done→ We use can’t/couldn’t have + past participle to say that we
are quite sure that something did NOT happen or was NOT true in the past.
 You can’t/couldn’t have seen John last night. He was in hospital.
 She can’t/couldn’t have passed the test. She didn’t even open the books.
Note that for negative deduction we use can’t (NOT mustn’t)
 He can’t be that famous. (NOT He mustn’t be that famous He mustn’t be that
famous.)
►Could/might/may have done→ We use might/may have + past participle to say
that it’s possible that something was true or happened in the past.
 It’s been three days. They might/may have finished painting the house by now.
 If they left at 9, they might/may have already arrived.
Note that we use might not or may not (NOT could not could not) to talk about a
negative possibility.
 She might/may not have heard us. Knock again.
►Should/ought to have done→ We use should have/ought to have + past participle to
talk about a situation expected to happen in the past. This form is normally used for
criticism.
 You should/ought to have already packed your things. We’re going to be late.
 He should/ought to have studied more. Nobody fails if they study.
Exercises: https://es.slideshare.net/hacersivil/perfect-modalsdeductionrewrite
https://pdf4pro.com/view/past-modal-verbs-of-deduction-exercise-17598a.html

WISH AND IF ONLY

We can use "wish":
 to express a desire for something in the future in a formal or polite tone:
"I wish to attend the meeting."
  to express a desire for something in the future for someone else, usually using fixed
expressions:
"I wish him the best of luck."

"wish" / "if only"

We can use "wish" and "if only" to express an unlikely or impossible desire or a regret:
 with the past simple to express an impossible desire in the present:
o "I wish I lived in the countryside."
o "If only I lived in the countryside."
I don’t live in the countryside in the present so this desire is impossible.

 with the past perfect to express a regret about the past:

o "I wish I hadn't eaten the prawns."
o "If only I hadn't eaten the prawns."
I regret that I ate the prawns in the past.
 with would/could to express a desire that we believe is unlikely or impossible in the
present:
o "I wish he would save money."
o "I wish he could save money."
o "If only he would save money."
o "If only he could save money."
not "I wish he will/can save money."
I do not believe that he can/will save money, so this is an impossible desire
about his ability in the present to save money.
I wish he could call.

Exercises: https://misscheerfulteacher.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/i-wish_if-only_id-
rather_its-time-g-p.pdf