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diplomatskih odnosa do danas (1993-2022) // Republic of North Macedonia and
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(1991–2001) // The foundation of the independent Republic of Macedonia – A
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intelektualaca, Sarajevo 2023, 326 str.………………… ……...…………………
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Andrew I. Port, NEVER AGAIN: GERMANS AND GENOCIDE AFTER THE
HOLOCAUST, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; USA,
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Uloga i značaj vode u razvoju Sarajeva kroz historiju

the water potential of Sarajevo and its immediate surroundings, as one of the key
causes of the city's urban development and its economic and social
transformation. In the classic Ottoman era, Sarajevo was, to the greatest extent
thanks to the institution of the Waqf, an area with an extremely large number of
different forms of construction on the water. Wells, fountains and shadirwans as
well as a wide branched network of water supply systems, made it possible to use
the bounty of water unhindered. Mills and bridges were in the function of
economic activity, which directly affected the prosperity of the city. In addition
to these positive examples, the paper also provides information on certain
problems caused by the natural effect of water power. During the Ottoman and
Austro-Hungarian periods, Sarajevo was faced with floods which, depending on
the intensity and whether the Miljacka or one of its tributaries flooded, caused
damages of different scopes. Therefore, special attention was paid to the efforts
of the city authorities to prevent such scenarios. The paper deals with the
construction and maintenance of Sarajevo's water supply network. Its beginnings
in the Ottoman period are presented and analyzed, as well as the first, at that
time, modern approaches in the construction of a modern water supply system
after the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Austro-
Hungarian authorities, aware of the existing water potential of the source of the
0RãüDQLFD ULYHU QRW IDU IURP 6DUDMHYR WULHG to make maximum use of these
facilities with the aim of supplying the city with sufficient quantities of drinking
water. The Ottoman waterworks were dilapidated and could not meet the needs
of the entire population, which was constantly growing, and the city's territory
was expanding year by year, so this was also an aggravating circumstance. The
paper shows in detail how the construction of the first modern water supply
system in Sarajevo proceeded in 1889, as well as how it functioned in the
following period. The presented and analyzed cases from the original material
clearly illustrate the problems faced by the residents who wanted to connect their
housholds to the water supply network as well s how the new water supply system
caused various types of damage to their private properties. The last segment that
this paper treats refers to the use of water power for the production of electricity.
Towards the end of the First World War, the Dudin Hrid power plant was put
into operation, which used the water power of the existing water supply brought
from the Jahorina mountain. In this way, the city was supplied with water and
electricity, which was extremely important. Particular attention was paid to the
FRQVWUXFWLRQRIDK\GURHOHFWULFSODQWRQWKHäHOMH]QLFD5LYHULQ%RJDWLüLQRWIDU
from Sarajevo. This project, although conceived and planned at the beginning of
the twentieth century, was only realized after the Second World War and
represented the first built object of the First Five-Year Plan. The results of the
research presented here can serve, not only within the framework of the
historiographic range, but also for the needs of knowledge that is of various
social significance.

21
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Sarajevo što si potavnilo,

ili te je vatra pogorila
ili te je kuga pomorila
ili Miljacka voda poplavila

9HMVLOûXUþLüÄ0OLQVNDLQGXVWULMDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL´3RL]Kalendar Napredak6DUDMHYR
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+âDEDQRYLüDvije najstarije vakufname u Bosni

+DPGLMD.UHãHYOMDNRYLüEsnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu1DURGQDSURVYMHWD6DUDMHYR

+DPGLMD.UHãHYOMDNRYLüÄ3RåDULSRSODYHL]DUD]QHEROHVWLX6DUDMHYX³XNapredak

26

.ODVLþQR 6DUDMHYR QHVWDOR MH UXãLODþNLP SRKRGRP (XJHQD 6DYRMVNRJ
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Ä3RSODYDX6DUDMHYX´X Sarajevski listEU

27
3RþHWDNUHJXODFLMH ULMHNHQLMH]QDþLRLNUDMSRSODYDPD3RSODYDNRMDVH
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Ä0DOLYMHVQLN± 9HOLNDYRGD³XSarajevski list, EU

Ä0DOLYMHVQLN± 0RVWýREDQLMD³XSarajevski listEU
Ä1DUHGED´XSarajevski listEU

28

]ERJþHVWLKSRSODYDPRUDWLUHJXOLVDWL,SRUHGVODJDQMDRWRPSLWDQMX*UDGVNRJ
SRJODYDUVWYD± *UDGVNHXSUDYHL=HPDOMVNHYODGH]ERJYHOLNLKWURãNRYDNRMHMH
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VPDWUDMXGD VXVH ÄEDUNDGDVXVDUDMHYVNHNDPHQHüXSULMHXSLWDQMXPRJODL]QDüL

Ä2JODV´XSarajevski list, EU 3ULORJEU

Ä,]VDUDMHYVNRJJUDGVNRJYLMHüD´XSarajevski list, EU

Ä2JODV´XSarajevski list, EU

Ä,]VDUDMHYVNRJJUDGVNRJYLMHüD´XSarajevski listEU
Ä,]VDUDMHYVNRJJUDGVNRJYLMHüD´XSarajevski listEU

Ä1RYHJUDGMHYLQHSR6DUDMHYX´XSarajevski list, EU
Ä0DOLYMHVQLN± 5DGQMDQD$SSHORYRMREDOL´XSarajevski listEU

(PLU )HM]Lü ,UPD )HM]Lü 6DUDMHYVND þDUãLMD: od Mustaj-pašinog mejdana do Telala
$UKLWHNWRQVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX6DUDMHYX6DUDMHYR

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L VUHWQLMD UMHãHQMD³ 6OLþQR MH ELOR L VD PQRJLP GUXJLP L] UD]OLþLWLK UD]ORJD
XSUDåQMHQLPORNDFLMDPDNRMHVXSRSXQMDYDQHQRYLPREMHNWLPD
3ULORJIzgled korita Miljacke prije regulacije

3ULORJObjekti na obali Miljacke kod Carevog mosta prije regulacije

Isto

0X]HM6DUDMHYD GDOMH 06 =ELUNDIRWRJUDILMD GDOMH =) LQY EU
06=)IRWRJUDILMDQHPDLQYHQWDUQLEURM

30

3ULORJ Izgled korita Miljacke prije regulacije
3ULORJ . Izgled korita Miljacke prije regulacije
2þHVPDPDL EXQDULPDX 6DUDMHYXXGUXJRMSRORYLQLVWROMHüD
*RGLQH NDGDMH-RKDQ5RVNLMHYLüSRVMHWLR%RVQXELRMH]DGLYOMHQNROLNRMH
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PMHVWD VX ELOD FHQWDU GUXãWYHQRJ åLYRWD SRVHEQR GMHYRMNDPD NRMH EL VH WX VDVWDMDOH
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3ULORJ3ULND]EXQDUDL]YRUDLþHVPLXVDUajevskom kotaru 1892. godine.

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+.UHãHYOMDNRYLüVodovodi i gradnje na vodi u starom Sarajevu0XKDPHG+DGåLMDKLü6DUDMHYVNH
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Isto

32

Ä0RãüDQLFH YRGR SOHPHQLWD³ ± RGQRV DXVWURXJDUVNLK YODVWL SUHPD
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NDUDNWHU5HDOQRVDJOHGDYDMXüLVYHQDYHGHQHDVSHNWHQRYHYODVWLVXXJODYQRP
JUDGXRNXSLUDQHSRNUDMLQHQDVWRMDOHVSURYHVWLSURMHNWHSREROMãDQMDLQRYRJUDGQMH
QDSROMXNRPXQDOQHLQIUDVWUXNWXUH7RMHUH]XOWLUDORL]PHÿXRVWDORJL]JUDGQMRP
SUYRJ YRGRYRGD PRGHUQRJ WLSD X 6DUDMHYX JRGLQH 5HDOL]DFLMD RYRJ
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RWNXSLQMLKRYHPOLQRYHQDãWRVX.XPDãLQLLSULVWDOLX]L]QRVRGãHVWKLOMDGD
NUXQD 1DRYDNDYQDþLQSODQLUDQRMHGDVHLVWHJRGLQHRWNXSLMRãGHVHWPOLQRYD
XJUDGX 6RE]LURPQDWRGDMHQDNRQL]JUDGQMHQRYRJYRGRYRGD0RãüDQLFD
SUHVWDOD GD VH NRQ]XPLUD ]D SLüH L] QMHQRJ NRULWD JUDGVNH YODVWL VX LPDOH
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DQDPMHVWXNRULWDQDVWDMDOHELXOLFHSRJRGQH]DSURPHW7UHEDLVWDüLGDVXRYDNYH
DNWLYQRVWLQDVWDYOMHQHLQDNRQDXVWURXJDUVNRJSHULRGDSULþHPXMH0RãüDQLFDX
SRWSXQRVWL SUHVWDODWHüLNUR] 6DUDMHYR JRGLQH $XVWURXJDUVNH YODVWLVX
SRWHQFLMDO0RãüDQLFHLVNRULVWLOHXSRWSXQRVWL,DNRVXWLPDNWLYQRVWLPDQDUXãHQL
WUDGLFLRQDOQLREULVLåLYRWDLVYDNRGQHYQLFHRQHVXþLQMHQLþQRSUHGVWDYOMDOHMHGDQ
RG]QDþDMQLMLKREOLNDPRGHUQL]DFLMHLXUEDQL]DFLMHVDPRJJUDGD
âLUHQMHYRGRYRGQHPUHåHX6DUDMHYXGRJRGLQH
,]JUDGQMD L SXãWDQMH X IXQNFLMX VDYUHPHQRJ YRGRYRGD 0RãüDQLFD

SUHGVWDYOMDOLVXQRYXPRGHUQXID]XXVQDEGLMHYDQMXJUDGDYRGRP,DNRVXYODVWL
VPDWUDOH GD üH RVLJXUDQH NROLþLQH SLWNH YRGH ELWL GRVWDWQH ]D FMHORNXSQX
SRSXODFLMXYUOREU]RVHXYLGMHORNDNRWDNYHSURFMHQHLQLVXELOHWDþQH6WDOQR
SRYHüDYDQMH EURMD VWDQRYQLãWYD ãLUHQMH JUDGD L IL]LþND QHPRJXüQRVW GD VH
0RãüDQLFDGRVWDYLGRVYDNHåHOMHQHORNDFLMHELOHVXX]URNRPGDVHXVLVWHPRYRJ
YRGRYRGD XNOMXþH L GUXJL ]QDþDMQL L]YRUL L] VDUDMHYVNH RNROLQH NDR L GD VH
VDJUDGHQRYLVDPRVWDOQLYRGRYRGL3RUHG0RãüDQLFH6DUDMHYRMHJRGLQH
MRãXYLMHNNRULVWLORVWDULKYRGRYRGDL]RVPDQVNRJSHULRGDVDNLORPHWDUD
FMHYRYRGD 7RPH VYMHGRþH L EURMQH DNWLYQRVWL QD QMLKRYRP RGUåDYDQMX L
RþXYDQMX 7DNR MH *UDGVNR SRJODYDUVWYR 0XMDJL 6YU]L NUDMHP JRGLQH
EHVSODWQR GRGLMHOLOR PHWDUD åHOMH]QLK FLMHYL NRMLPD MH WUHEDR SRSUDYLWL
YRGRYRG9HOLNL6HGUHQLN ,VWRPMH3RJODYDUVWYRGR]YROLORLGDSUHPMHVWLþHVPX
RYRJ YRGRYRGD VD XJOD XOLFD /RJDYLQD L 6XQXODK HI QD XJDR /RJDYLQH L
*ROREUGLFHXOLFH ,DNRMH6YU]RSUHWSRVWDYOMDPRNDRPXWHYHOLMDRYRJYDNXID
YUãLR VSRPHQXWH DNWLYQRVWL QDG]RU QDG QMLPD MH LPDOD XSUDYD JUDGVNRJ
YRGRYRGD

$%L+=96NXWLMDEUVLJQ

Ä6MHGQLFDJUDGVNRJ]DVWXSVWYD´XSarajevski listEU
+DPGLMD .UHãHYOMDNRYLü 0RãüDQLFD X VWDURP 6DUDMHYX X 6DUDMHYR XUEDQLVWLþNL SUREOHPL
8UEDQLVWLþNL]DYRGJUDGD6DUDMHYD6DUDMHYR
Sarajevski vodovod 1889-1962

+$6*6NXWLMDEUVLJQ
+$6*6NXWLMDEUVLJQ

38

*UDGVNH YODVWL VX RG JRGLQH SULVWXSLOH SRYHüDQMX NDSDFLWHWD
JUDGVNRJYRGRYRGD3UYLL]YRUNRMLMHXNOMXþHQXSRVWRMHüLVLVWHPELRMH&UQLO
VWDULYRGRYRGNRMLMH*D]L+XVUHYEHJGRYHRX6DUDMHYRL]VHOD'RQMH%LRVNR
-HGQD QMHJRYD þHVPDMH YHü JRGLQH WUDåHQD RGYDNXID ]D SRWUHEHYRMQH
NDVDUQH QD 9UDWQLNX *ODYQL UD]ORJ SULNOMXþHQMD &UQLOD JUDGVNRP YRGRYRGX
OHåDRMHXSRWUHELGLRQLþNHSLYDUH]DYHüLPNROLþLQDPDYRGH.DNRRSãWDRSVNUED
JUDGD YRGRP QH EL WUSLOD QHGRVWDWNH *UDGVNR SRJODYDUVWYR MH WUDåLOR GR]YROX
=HPDOMVNH YODGH GD RYDM L]YRU VDVWDYL VD 0RãüDQLFRP ãWR MH X] YODGLQR
RGREUHQMHLXþLQMHQRJRGLQH 6MHGLQMHQL&UQLOL0RãüDQLFDVQDEGMHYDOLVX
YHüLGLRJUDGD=DSRWUHEHPDKDODQDOLMHYRMREDOL0LOMDFNHXJUDGVNXPUHåXMH
XNOMXþHQLL]YRU%HJRYDF 6WDOQDSRWUHED]DQRYLPNROLþLQDPDYRGHXYMHWRYDOD
MHQXåQRVWXYRÿHQMDQRYLKL]YRUDRGNRMLKVX.RYDþLüLL3UDþDSUHGVWDYOMDOLGYD
QDM]QDþDMQLMD 9UHOR.RYDþLüLNRMLPMHVQDEGMHYDQR1RYR6DUDMHYRXYHGHQR
MH JRGLQH 0HÿXWLP QMHJRY NDSDFLWHW MH NRULãWHQ VDPR MHGQLP GLMHORP
]ERJ GXJRJRGLãQMHJ VSRUD VD GLRQLþNRP SLYDURP 3LYDUD MH QDLPH LPDOD
GR]YROX =HPDOMVNH YODGH MRã RG JRGLQH ]D XSRWUHEX RYRJ YUHOD SD MH
SULOLNRPL]JUDGQMHNDSWDåDRãWURSURWHVWRYDODNRG*UDGVNRJSRJODYDUVWYD]ERJ
XJURåDYDQMDQMHQLKÄSULYDWQLKSUDYD³ 6OLþQRNDRNRG0RãüDQLFHLSULOLNRPRYH
L]JUDGQMH ELORMHVOXþDMHYDX NRMLPD MHQDQHVHQD ãWHWD SRMHGLQFLPD ]D NRMH MH
PRUDODELWLSODüHQDRGãWHWD-HGDQWDNDYSULPMHUMHVWHL6XOHMPDQDHIHQGLMH3LQMH
NRPHMHELORRãWHüHQRL]DSRWUHEHSRODJDQMDFLMHYLX]XUSLUDQRSULYDWQR]HPOMLãWH
X] QRYRVDJUDÿHQL UH]HUYRDU X .RYDþLüLPD ]D ãWR PX MH LVSODüHQR NUXQD
QDNQDGH -DKRULQVNL YRGRYRG ELR MH SRVOMHGQML NRMH VX DXVWURXJDUVNH YODVWL
L]JUDGLOHX6DUDMHYX2QMHXEXKYDWDRQHNROLNRL]YRUDRGNRMLKMHQDM]QDþDQLML
ELOR YUHOR ULMHNH 3UDþH *UDÿHQ MH RG GR JRGLQH L JUDGX MH GRYHR
]QDWQH NROLþLQH QRYH YRGH =D SRWUHEH L]JUDGQMH UH]HUYRDUD RWNXSOMHQR MH
]HPOMLãWHRGORNDOQRJVWDQRYQLãWDYDQD'XGLQRP+ULGXþLPHMHYHüJRGLQH
GLR RYRJ YRGRYRGD SXãWHQ X IXQNFLMX =DQLPOMLYR MH LVWDüL NDNR VH ]ERJ
X]LPDQMD L]YRUD 3UDþH SREXQLOR ORNDOQR VWDQRYQLãWYR RSãWLQH 'RQMD 3UDþD L]
NRWDUD 5RJDWLFD 8 VYRMRMPROEL XSXüHQRM =HPDOMVNRM YODGL QDYHOL VX NDNR VH
SURWLYHRGYRGQMLYRGHX6DUDMHYREXGXüL GDMHULMHND3UDþDSUHGVWDYOMDODMHGLQL

*+%$,==9.NXWLMDEU VLJQ8UDQLMHVSRPLQMDQRPL]YMHãWDMX=HPDOMVNHYODGH
QDYHGHQRMHGDMHMHGQDþHVPDRYRJYRGRYRGDX7DãOLKDQXXSRWSXQRVWLSURSDOD7RMDVQRJRYRUL
NDNRVHXSUDYOMDORRYLPYDNXIRP± *+%$,==9.NXWLMDEUVLJQ

$%L+=96NXWLMDEUVLJQ

$%L+=96NXWLMDEUVLJQ
3UHGNUDMJRGLQHX6DUDMHYXMHELORNXüQHþHVPHSURKRGDVDLVSLUDQMHP
QXåQLNDEDQMDLGUXJDLVWHNDYRGH'DNOHXNXSQR.UDMHPJRGLQHXNXSDQEURM
LVWHNDYRGHL]QRVLRMHãWR]QDþLGDVHWRNRPGHYHWJRGLQDEURM NXüQLKLQVWDODFLMDYRGRYRGD
SRYHüDR]D± 7.UXãHYDF Sarajevo pod austro-ugarskom upravom 7UHEDLVWDüLGDMH
L]JUDÿHQLSRVHEDQYRGRYRG]DSRWUHEH]HPDOMVNHEROQLFH

$%L+=96NXWLMDEUVLJQ
$%L+=96NXWLMDEUVLJQ

$%L+=96NXWLMDEUVLJQ
$%L+=96NXWLMDEUVLJQ

39
VWDOQL L QDMYDåQLML L]YRU YRGH QD WRP SRGUXþMX 6YL PDQML YRGRWRFL VX OMHWL
SUHVXãLYDOLD]LPL]DPU]DYDOLWDNRGDVHRYDULMHNDNRULVWLOD]DRSVNUEXVWRNHL
VWDQRYQLãWYD7DNRÿHUQDYHOLVXGDELPQRãWYRPOLQRYDNRMLPVXVHELRVLJXUDYDOL
PDWHULMDOQX HJ]LVWHQFLMX L REH]EMHÿLYDOL LVKUDQX PRUDOR ELWL VWDYOMHQR YDQ
IXQNFLMH 9ODGD QLMH XYDåLOD RYDM ]DKWMHY L YRGRYRG MH L]JUDÿHQ NDNR MH L
SODQLUDQR'DOLMHRYDNDYSRVWXSDNLPDRQHNHR]ELOMQLMHSRVOMHGLFHSRORNDOQX
]DMHGQLFX QLMH QDP SR]QDWR L] L]YRUQH JUDÿH 0HÿXWLP VDVYLP MH MDVQRGDVX
DXVWURXJDUVNHYODVWLSULRULWHWGDYDOHRVLJXUDQMXEROMLKXYMHWDåLYRWDXJODYQRP
JUDGXQDXãWUESURYLQFLMH1DWDMQDþLQRQHVXL]JUDGQMRPPRGHUQRJYRGRYRGDL
ãLUHQMHP YRGRYRGQH PUHåH SRVWDYLOL WHPHOMH GDOMQMHJ UD]YRMD JUDGD QD RYRP
SROMX 8 PHÿXUDWQRP SHULRGX QLMH ELOR YHOLNLK LQYHVWLFLMD QLWL ]QDþDMQLK
SREROMãDQMD QD YRGRSVNUEL 7HN MH QDNRQ 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD VRFLMDOLVWLþND
YODVW QD RVQRYDPD DXVWURXJDUVNH GMHODWQRVWL SODQVNL SULVWXSLOD DGDSWDFLML L
QRYRL]JUDGQML ãWR MH X NRQDþQLFL JRGLQH GRYHOR GR LVNRULãWDYDQMD
SRWHQFLMDODL]YRULãWD%DþHYRNRMLPVHLGDQDVVQDEGLMHYDJRWRYRFLMHOR6DUDMHYR
3D LSDNDXVWURXJDUVNL YRGRYRGLL GDOMH VX X IXQNFLML SUL þHPX SRVHEQR WUHED
LVWDüL0RãüDQLFXNRMDQDSDMDYHOLNLGLRVWDURJGLMHODJUDGD
3ULORJPolaganje cijevi novog vodovoda MoãüDQLFDQD9UDWQLNXJRGLQH

$%L+=96NXWLMDEUVLJQ

40

9RGD NDR L]YRU HOHNWULþQH HQHUJLMH ]D JUDG 6DUDMHYR 6DUDMHYVNH
KLGURHOHNWUDQHMXJRVORYHQVNRJ]QDþDMD
9RGDNOMXþQDXOMXGVNRMHJ]LVWHQFLMLLVWDOQRSULVXWDQVHJPHWVYHXNXSQH
NXOWXUH NRQFHP VWROMHüD SRVWDMH YUOR YDåQD X MRã MHGQRP FLYLOL]DFLMVNRP
GRVWLJQXüX %URMQL HNVSHULPHWL NRML VX VH SURYRGLOL NUR] VWROMHüD UH]XOWLUDOL VX
UD]XPLMHYDQMHP L NRQDþQLP RYODGDYDQMHP SURFHVRP VWYDUDQMD HOHNWULþQH
HQHUJLMH*RGLQH OLFHQFLUDQMHSDWHQWVLMDOLFHVDåDUQRPQLWLLRYDJRGLQDVH
X OLWHUDWXUL QHULMHWNR QDYRGL NDR JRGLQD ÄSRMDYOMLYDQMD³ HOHNWULþQH HQHUJLMH WM
QMHQHMDYQHXSRWUHEH3RVOMHGQMHGHFHQLMHVWROMHüDRELOMHåHQHVXSULPMHQRP
RWNULüD 7KRPDVD (GLVRQD L 1LNROH 7HVOH ãWR üH GRYHVWL GR L]JUDGQMHP SUYH
HOHNWULþQH FHQWUDOHQD YRGHQL SRJRQRQHQD 1LMDJDULQLP YRGRSDGLPD XDSULOX
JRGLQH 6DPR QHNROLNR PMHVHFL SRVOLMH SXãWHQ MH X UDG L FMHORYLW
HOHNWURHQHUJHWVNLVLVWHPVQHL]PMHQLþQRP VWUXMRPXQDãHPVXVMHGVWYXQDULMHFL
.UNL%LOHVXWRMDVQHQD]QDNHGDüHYRGDLQMHQDVQDJDLPDWLYDåQRPMHVWRX
SURL]YRGQMLRYRJHQHUJHQWDEXGXüQRVWL
3RMDYD HOHNWULþQH HQHUJLMH X 6DUDMHYX YHåH VH XSUDYR ]D NRQDF
VWROMHüD NDGD JUDGVNR ]DVWXSVWYR JRGLQH GRQRVL RGOXNX GD VH ]DPLMHQH
ORMDQHVYLMHüHLSHWUROHMVNHODPSHLJUDGRVYLMHWOLHOHNWULþQRPUDVYMHWRP7RMH
SRGUåDOD =HPDOMVND YODGD NRMD MH X WX VYUKX ILQDQVLUDOD L]JUDGQMX NDORULþQH
FHQWUDOHQD+LVHWLPDSRUHGULMHNH0LOMDFNH1MHQDL]JUDGQMDSRþHODMHDX
UDGMHSXãWHQDXDSULOXJRGLQH NDGDHOHNWULþQLPIHQMHULPDELYDRVYMHWOMHQD
.RãHYVNDXOLFDûHPDOXãDGR)HUKDGLMHLýHNUNþLQLMDXOLFD1DUHGQRJPMHVHFD
RVYLMHWOMHQD MH $SHORYD REDOD SULOLNRP SXãWDQMD X VDREUDüDM SUYRJ HOHNWULþQRJ
WUDPYDMD
2YDHOHNWUDQDLQMHQLSURL]YRGQLNDSDFLWHWELOLVXSURãLULYDQLXQDUHGQRP
SHULRGX 0HÿXWLP 6DUDMHYR VH UD]YLMDOR D EURM QMHJRYLK JUDÿDQD MH UDVWDR
,VND]LYDQH VX VYH YHüH SRWUHEH ]D RVYMHWOMHQMHP MDYQRJ SURVWRUD VDUDMHYVNLK
PDKDODL XOLFDUDGQLKSURVWRULMDXLQGXVWULMVNLP SRVWURMHQMLPDPDãLQDXSULYUHGL
SRVHEQLK XVWDQRYD SRSXW EDQMH QD ,OLGåL EURMQLK GRPDüLQVWDYD L VOLþQR ãWR MH
]DKWLMHYDOR]QDWQLMHNROLþQHLQRYHL]YRUHHOHNWULþQHHQHUJLMH
*UDGVND YODVW UD]PDWUDOD MH QL] PRJXüLK UMHãDQMD 5D]PDWUDOD VH
PRJXüQRVWSURãLUHQMDHOHNWUDQHQD+LVHWLPDL]JUDGQMHGUXJHSDUQHHOHNWUDQHNDR
LNXSRYLQDHOHNWULþQHHQHUJLMHL]HOHNWUDQHX%UH]L-HGQDRGPRJXüQRVWLELODMHL
L]JUDGQMDSRWSXQRQRYRJREMHNWDKLGURFHQWUDOHQDULMHFLäHOMH]QLFLQHGDOHNRRG
6DUDMHYD,QLFLMDWLYDRL]JUDGQMLRYHHOHNWUDQHQDYRGHQLSRJRQUD]PDWUDQDMHQD
VMHGQLFLJUDGVNHXSUDYHNRQFHPQRYHPEUDLWRPSULOLNRPMHGQRJODVQRMH
XVYRMHQD 0HÿXWLP=HPDOMVNDYODGDQLMHELODRGXãHYOMHQDRYRPLGHMRPLDNR
MH 9RGQD JRVSRGDUVND ]DGUXJD L] %HþD VPDWUDOD GD MH L]JUDGQMD RYH FHQWUDOH

7.UXãHYDFSarajevo pod austro-ugarskom upravom,

+$6 )RQG *UDGVNR SRJODYDUVWYR ± 6DUDMHYR =DSLVQLN ;,9 YUKRYQRGUåDYQLK VMHGQLFD
RSüLQVNRJ]DVWXSQLãWYD6HVLMD,;JRGLQD=DSLVQLNVDVWDYOMHQGQHQRYHPEUD
X MDYQRM L]YDQUHGQRM VMHGQLFLRSüLQVNRJ ]DVWXSVWDYD X 6DUDMHYX9LGMHWL L Ä,]YDQUHGQD VMHGQLFD
JUDGVNRJ]DVWXSVWYD³XSarajevski listEU

41
QDMLVSODWLYLMH UMHãHQMH ]D JUDG 6DUDMHYR SUL þHPX MH KLGURHOHNWUDQD X NUDWNR
YULMHPH WUHEDOD RSUDYGDWL LQYHVWLFLRQD XODJDQMD *UDGVNH YODVWL VX IRUPLUDOH L
SRVHEQX GHSXWDFLMD NRMD MH VD =HPOMDNRP YODGRP WUHEDOD SRVWLüL NRQDþDQ
GRJRYRU R XSRWUHEL YRGH ULMHNH äHOMH]QLFH L L]GHMVWYRYDWL QMHQX VDJODVQRVW ]D
L]JUDGQMXFHQWUDOH
3RQRYQR MH JUDGVNR ]DVWXSVWYR QD VMHGQLFL RG PDMD JRGLQH
SRWYUGLORRGOXNXRSRGL]DQMXKLGURHOHNWUDQHQDULMHFLäHOMH]QLFL ]DNRMXMHWUHEDOR
L]GYRMLWL PLOLRQD NUXQD .RQDþQR QD VMHGQLFL JUDGVNRJ ]DVWXSVWYD
RNWREUDJRGLQH-RVLS9DQFDãMHREDYLMHVWLRSULVXWQHGDMH=HPDOMVNDYODGD
GDODRSüLQLNRQFHVLMXQDVWRWLQXJRGLQDX]NRULãWHQMHVHNXQGQLKOLWDUDYRGH
QDSURMHNDWNRMLVXL]UDGLOL-DQHVFKL6FKQHOO0HÿXWLPYODGDMHRGREUHQMHGDOD
X] ]QDþDMQX RJUDGX RVWDMXüL SUL VWDYX GD üH RYR SUHGX]HüH ELWL QHUHQWDELOQR
7DNYDVX]GUåDQRVWYODGHXWMHFDOD MHQDWRGDMHSRþHWQLHQWX]LMD]DP]DUHDOL]DFLMX
RYRJSURMHNWDSRVWHSHQRVODELRLGDüHDOWHUQDWLYHSRSXWKLGURFHQWUDOHQD+ULGX
SRVWDWLIRNXVJUDGVNLKYODVWL
3LWDQMH L]JUDGQMH KLGURFHQWUDOH QD +ULGX UD]PDWUDOR VH X NRQWHNVWX
L]JUDGQMH VORåHQH PRGHUQH YRGRYRGQH PUHåH X 6DUDMHYX *RGLQH
GRYUãHQDMHL]JUDGQMDYRGRYRGD0RãüDQLFDDJRGLQHLL]JUDGQMDYRGRYRGD
.RYDþLüL 8SUHGYHþHUMH3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDSULVWXSLORVHL]JUDGQMLLMRãMHGQRJ
YRGRYRGQRJVLVWHPDRQRJNRMLMHWUHEDRSULNXSOMDWLYRGXVDSODQLQH-DKRULQHL
VLVWHPRPFMHYRYRGDLNRPRUDSUHNR+ULGDGRYHVWLYRGXXJUDG'RWDGDMHVDP
+ULGLPDRVORåHQXPUHåX RGSHWYRGRYRGDSULþHPXMHVYDNLYRGRYRGLPDRVYRMH
YUHORLVYRMXþHVPX
,]JUDGQMDRYRJMDKRULQVNRJYRGRYRGD]DSRþHODMHJRGLQHLELORMH
SRWUHEQRSRYH]DWLL]YRUH3UDþH6WDQVNRYUHOR XGHOMHQLRNRNPRG6DUDMHYD
NDRLL]YRU%LVWULFH NPXGDOMHQR LGRYHVWLYRGXGRUH]HUYRDUDQD7UHEHYLüX
%UXV L]NRMHJMHSUHPDJUDGXWUHEDODWHüLYRGDNUR]FLMHYLGXåLQHPX]
X]SRPRü þHWLULUDVWHUHWQHNRPRUH1MHJRYRPL]JUDGQMPJRGLQH6DUDMHYR
MHGRELORJUDYLWDFLRQLYRGRQRVQLVLVWHPNRMLMHREH]EMHÿLYDR]DQDþDMQHNROLþLQH
SLWNHYRGH9RGRYRGüHELWLUHNRVWUXLVDQ JRGLQH
,]JUDGQMD RYRJ YRGRYRGD RWYRULOD MH PRJXüQRVW UHDOL]DFLMH QRYRJ
SURMHNWD NRMLMHWUHEDRLVNRULVWLWLSRVWRMHüXYRGHQXVQDJXMDKRULQVNRJYRGRYRGD
]DSURL]YRGQMXHOHNWULþQHHQHUJLMH]DJUDG3UHGVWDYQLNILUPH$QGULW]L]*UDFD
SUHGVWDYLR MH RSãWLQVNLP YODVWLPD JRGLQH SURMHNDW NRMLP MH YRGX
SRPHQXWRJJUDGVNRJYRGRYRGD WUHEDORGRGDWQRLVNRULVWLWLEH]ERMD]QLGDüHVH
WDNR XJUR]LWL QMHQ NYDOLWHW 1D SRVWRMHüHP YRGRYRGX SUHPD RYRP SURMHNWX
WUHEDODVHL]JUDGLWLFHQWUDOD]DVYHJDNUXQDþLMDELSURL]YRGQMHHOHNWULþQH
HQHUJLMHWUHEDODELWLGRYROMQD]DQRYLKODPSL2RYRPSULMHGORJXLSRQXGL
SRPHQXWH ILUPH JUDGVNR ]DVWXSVWYR MH UD]JRYDUDOR PDMD GRN MH

Ä0DOLYMHVQLN=DNOMXþDNRQRYRMHOHNWUDQL³XSarajevski listEU

Ä,]JUDGVNHRSüLQH³XSarajevski listEU


42

VHSWHPEUDJRGLQHXVYRMLORSRQXGDILUPH$QGULW]L]*UDFD ]DL]JUDGQMX
HOHNWUDQHQDSRPHQXWRPYRGRYRGXNRMDMHWUHEDODNRãWDWLNUXQD
5DGRYLQDL]JUDGQMLYRGRYRGDSDWDNRLKLGURHOHNUDQH]QDþDMQRVXELOL
RWHåDQL QRYRQDVWDOLP UDWQLP XVORYLPD DOL WR QLMH ]QDþLOR QMLKRYR SRWSXQR
REXVWDYOMDQMH*ODYQDGLRQLFDYRGRYRGD3UDþD%LVWULFDJUDÿHQDMHWRNRPSUYLK
UDWQLKJRGLQDGRNMHKLGURFHQWUDODQD'XGLQRP+ULGXSRþHODVUDGRPNUDMHP
UDWDJRGLQH3RVWDYOMHQLYLVRNRWODþQLþHOLþQLFLMHYRYRG GRYRGLRMHYRGXGR
FHQWUDOHSULþHPXVHNLQHWLþNDHQHUJLMDNRULVWLOD]DSRNUHWDQMHGYLMHKRUL]RQWDOQH
3HOWRQRYH WXUELQH L SURL]YRGQMX HOHNWULþQH HQHUJLMH ,VWD YRGD VH SRWRP
GHSRQRYDOD X YRGRUH]HUYRDU L] NRMHJ VH GDOMH GLVWULEXLUDOD X VLVWHP YRGRYRGD
JUDGD6DUDMHYD
,]JUDGQMD RYH FHQWUDOH QD YRGRYRGX ELOD MH VSHFLILþDQ L ]QDþDMDQ
SRGXKYDW þLPH MH JUDG 6DUDMHYR X QDUHGQLP GHFHQLMDPD GRELMDR ]QDþDMQX
NROLþLQXHOHNWULþQHHQHUJLMH0HÿXWLPSRWUHEH]DVWUXMRPüHVWDOQRUDVWLXSRUHGR
VD UD]YRMHP L QDSUHWNRP JUDGD %LR MH WR NOMXþQL UD]ORJ ãWR üH SRQRYQR ELWL
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University of Miskolc, Faculty of Humanities
Institute of Applied Social Sciences, Hungary
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$EVWUDFW Gyula Germanus or Hajji Julius Abdul-Karim Germanus,

Hungarian Muslim Orientalist Professor (1884-1979) was a well-known scholar
and popular figure in Hungary from the turn of the century until late seventies.
He was an Arabist, teacher, professor, writer, traveller, literary historian as well
MP in Hungary (1958-1966) and member of many academies abroad. He
converted to Islam in Delhi in 1930, and he was the first Hungarian to make a
pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) in 1935. In this paper, I would like to describe in

more detail his first major trip abroad, which took him to Bosnia and
Herzegovina in the summer of 1902. The 17-year-old Germanus, a newly
graduated, well-informed, educated, multilingual and already interested in
Eastern culture, had a lifetime of experiences on his journey. Based partly on
one of his memoirs and partly on a radio play he wrote and found in the
Germanus bequest, I will outline in detail a chronicle of his days in Bosnia. First
he travelled by train from Budapest to Banja Luka, where he visited the only
Trappist monastery in the Balkans, and then he wrote a brief history of the
Trappist order in his book. He then travelled with his companions by coach along
a wild and scenic road carved into the valley of the Vrbas river towards Jajce.
He noted that the Hungarian soldiers who invaded Bosnia and Herzegovina in
1878 had named the province “the land of curved mountains” for a reason. It is
in Jajce that he had his greatest and most astonishing adventure, when he walked
into a café in the evening, where he was greeted with great affection by the
regular Bosniaks, especially after it turns out that he speaks Turkish. So he
spends the evening in good company and is amply entertained. This first
impression of the kindness and hospitality of the Muslim people of the East will
stayed with him for the rest of his life. Jajca was followed by a journey by narrow-
gauge railway to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. In addition to describing the
city and its sights, Germanus also reported that he had made a new and very
dear friend, the intelligent Ahmed Mustafa, a shariat law student. After meeting

52
A Journey with experiences of a lifetime. The adventures of Gyula Germanus in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1902

him, they talked about the Islamic religion, the Quran, shariat and visited the
bazaar. Afterwards they had dinner and Germanus invited his new friend to visit
Hungary, who accompanied him to Grazová and then to Raguza. They also
discovered Raguza together and said goodbye to each other. From there
Germanus travelled to Cattaro, then to Cetinje in Montenegro, where he had
interesting and instructive adventures, and after a long and difficult ordeal,
including two days of starvation, he arrived in Fiume, where he was helped by
an acquaintance of his father’s, and was able to travel home in peace. In the
conclusion, I will explain that six years after Germanus’ visit, the Austro-
Hungarian Empire annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Empire, and tensions
between the peoples of the Balkans escalated, leading to the Sarajevo
assassination attempt on 28 June 1914, which soon afterwards led to the
outbreak of the First World War. Germanus never forgot his first trip and the
positive experiences he had here. He had sympathy for the Bosniaks and helped
them in Hungary when veteran soldiers and officers stranded in Hungary after
the First World War founded an Islamic religious community in 1931 under the
OHDGHUVKLSRIIRUPHU0LOLWDU\,PDP+XVHLQ+LOPL'XULü 1. Germanus, who was
already a Muslim, supported them, mobilised his network of contacts for them
and took on the role of secretary-general of the so-called “Gül Baba Cultural
Committee”. I believe that the teenager Germanus’ personality development was
greatly influenced by his trip in 1902 and the friendly, welcoming atmosphere
that surrounded him
.H\ ZRUGV Gyula Germanus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Banja Luka,

Jajca, Sarajevo, bosniaks, Austro-Hungarian Empire, journey.
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Dr. habil. Zsolt András UDVARVÖLGYI, PhD
dijela njegovih memoara i dijela radijske igre koju je napisao, a koju je pronašao
XQMHJRYRMRVWDYãWLQLGHWDOMQRüXRSLVDWLNURQLNXQMHJRYLKGDQDX%RVQL Prvo je
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slikovite ceste urezane u dolinu rijeke Vrbas prema Jajcu. Napomenuo je da su
PDÿDUVNL YRMQLFL NRML VX godine osvojili Bosnu i Hercegovinu nazvali
provinciju “zemljom zakrivljenih planinD´ VUD]ORJRP 8-DMFXMHGRåLYLRVYRMX
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LVSRVWDYLORGDJRYRULWXUVNLMH]LN7DNRMHSURYHRYHþHXGREURPGUXãWYXLRELOQR
se zabavio. Prvi dojam o ljubaznosti i gostoprimstvu muslimanskog stanovništva
,VWRND RVWDR PX MH ]D FLMHOL åLYRW 1DNRQ -DMFD VOLMHGLOR MH SXWRYDQMH XVNRP
prugom do Sarajeva, glavnog grada Bosne. Osim opisa grada i njegovih
znamenitosti, Germanus MHWDNRÿHUL]YLMHVWLRGDMHVWHNDRQRYRJLYUORGUDJRJ
prijatelja, inteligentnog Ahmeda Mustafu, studenta šerijatskog prava. Nakon što
su se upoznali, razgovarali su o islamskoj religiji, Kur'anu, šerijatu i posjetili
ED]DUH1DNRQWRJDVXYHþHUDOLD*HUPanus je pozvao svog novog prijatelja da
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]DMHGQRLVWUDåLYDOL'XEURYQLNLSR]GUDYLOLVH 2GDQGHMH*HUPDQXVSXWRYDRGR
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DYDQWXUHDQDNRQGXJRJLWHãNRJLVNXãHQMDXNOMXþXMXüLGYDGDQDJODGLVWLJDRMH
do Rijeke, gdje mu je pomogao poznanik njegovog oca i mogao se mirno vratiti
NXüL =DNOMXþLWüXREMDãQMDYDMXüLGDVXãHVWJRGLQDQDNRQ*HUPDQXVRYRJSRVMHWD
Austro-Ugarska Monarhija anektirala Bosnu i Hercegovinu u svoje carstvo, što
MH GRYHOR GR HVNDODFLMH QDSHWRVWL L]PHÿX QDURGD %DONDQD D WR MH NXOPLQLUDOR
atentatom u Sarajevu 28. lipnja 1914. godine, koji je ubrzo doveo do izbijanja
Prvog svjetskog rata. Germanus nikada nije zaboravio svoje prvo putovanje i
SR]LWLYQDLVNXVWYDNRMDMHWXVWHNDR6XRVMHüDRMHV%Ršnjacima i pomagao im je
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73
Mr. sc. Sait Š. ŠABOTIĆ
influence in the Balkans. Such significant political intentions did not go

unnoticed by the Ottoman Empire, which aimed to preserve its territorial
integrity and possessions in that part of the Balkans.
Slovene states and peoples traditionally sought protection in Russia,
giving Russia an opportunity to express its own interest in exerting political
influence in this part of Europe. Recognizing that Austro-Hungary was its main
rival in the Balkans, Russia reached an agreement with them in 1897 to
maintain the status quo. This agreement was further confirmed by the Treaty of
Mürzsteg in 1903, which aimed to mutually neutralize or divide spheres of
interest, with Bulgaria falling under Russian influence and Serbia under
Austro-Hungarian.
Austro-Hungary's primary goal was to prevent the creation of a large
state in the region from the Danube to the Adriatic Sea, which would block its
path eastward. As Serbia was located in that region, Austro-Hungarian
propaganda was directed against it, despite traditionally good relations with
WKH 2EUHQRYLü G\QDVW\ $XVWUR-Hungary attempted to strengthen its political
plans through the construction of a suitable railway network, which would
facilitate easier and faster control of the desired territory.
This led to the advocacy of the so-called “Novi Pazar Railway,” which
would connect Uvac with Mitrovica. However, German Chancellor Bernhard
von Bülow advised Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Count Agenor Romuald
*RáXFKRZVNL WR DEDQGRQ WKLV SODQ GXH WR WKH XQIDYRUDEOH VLWXDWLRQ LQ
Macedonia, where unrest was brewing. Austro-Hungarian diplomacy did not
want to make a public and final decision on this proposal.
All of the above had an impact on the population of all parts of the
Novi Pazar Sandjak. The work examines how the construction of the railway
would have stimulated economic development in the entire region by creating
new trade routes and encouraging investment in economic sectors such as
trade and agriculture. The paper also provides insights into potential changes
in the demographic structure through the influx of populations from other parts
of the Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungary, which the railway would
necessarily impose. Furthermore, it is essential to mention how the realization
of the “Novi Pazar Railway” would have affected the ethnic and religious
dynamics in the Bihor district and the broader area.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire intervened with
Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph and Count Goluchowski on several occasions
to abandon the plan to build the “Novi Pazar Railway,” as the Russian
government maintained the same view it had expressed in 1900. Austro-
Hungary eventually agreed, leaving only a political influence supported by the
propaganda activities of secret services. This work serves as a foundation for
further research and discussions on this topic.
74

.H\ ZRUGV Austro-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, the Novi Pazar
Sandjak, Bihor District, Bijelo Polje Kaza, Novi Pazar Railway, political
conflicts, political influence, propaganda activities.
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celinu, ona se pokorava jednom starešini, grupiše se oko jednog ognjišta nosi
jedno isto ime i skoro uvek sama obrazuje jedno ‘selo’ koje nosi ime same
familije
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GDVHUDGLORRSRGUXþMXQDNRPHMHYODGDRPLURþHPXVYMHGRþLLSRGDWDNGDMHX

English documents on the Albanian League of Prizren and the Start of the Disintegration of the
Balkans (1877-1885),,HG65L]DM3ULVWKLQsEU

. +.DUSDWOttoman population 1830-1914


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WUHEDOD GD RG 3ULMHSROMD SURÿH SUHNR %URGDUHYD L %LMHORJ 3ROMD D GD ]DWLP
GROLQRP /LPD GRÿH GR VHOD %LRþH ELOR MH SUYRUD]UHGQD LQIRUPDFLMD NRMD MH
EXGLOD PQRJH QDGH PHÿX VWDQRYQLFLPD %LKRUD 8 RQRYUHPHQLP XVORYLPD
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$EVWUDFW The model of development for Ottoman-style cities in the

territory of Kosova from the 15th century to the first decade of the 20th century
revolved around a distinctive triad: the local market, the mosque, and the
bazaar. In the early periods of ottoman rule, mosques were strategically built in
places where there was local market. This was done intentionally, since these
were places where a significant number of people gathered. The bazaars and
other type of buildings, as part of the mosque complexes, played an important
role in the formation and development of cities during the Ottoman period as
well. Thus, directly impacting the formation and growth of cities. Among these
elements, the bazaars held a special significance, as they became the reference
point of cities. And this was due, mainly because of their character, which was
of craft, commercial and economic importance. The bazaars were more than
just places of trade; they became emblematic reference points for cities,
drawing local citizens and people from surrounding regions, who integrated
these bustling spaces into their daily lives. In addition to their economic and
commercial functions, the bazaars held immense historical, social, and cultural
importance. As the centuries passed, living and engaging with the bazaars
became inseparable from the life of Kosovar cities, and these spaces became an
integral part of the collective memory and identity of the inhabitants.
Throughout the centuries, the bazaars in Kosova became inseparable
from daily life, contributing to the region's unique charm and heritage.
However, this rich historical fabric has suffered significant losses as many
bazaar shops fell victim to destruction. The destruction occurred over time due
to exposure to the natural elements and human interventions, but there were
also cases of intentional and planned destruction. These intentional and
systematic destructions started immediately after the conquest of Kosova by
Serbia in 1912. Urban and spatial plans as well as various military armaments
during the Albanian-Serbian war in Kosova from 1998 to 1999 were
responsible for deliberate and systematic mass destruction of the bazaars.
Although, the types and methods of destruction varied, the underlying purpose
remained consistent. This was done with the aim to destroy, the cultural, social,
and economic significance of the bazaars, to change the physiognomy
101
Prof. Ass. Dr. Orges DRANÇOLLI
structure, and style of the old traditional cities in Kosova. Thus, by destroying
Albanian tangible and intangible heritage and replacing it with the conqueror's
creations, the conquerors sought to erase the cultural identity and history of the
local autochthonous population.
This study aims to explore the motives, methods, and intentions behind
the targeted bazaar destruction, drawing upon relevant documents, past
evidence, and available literature. By understanding the reasons behind such
destructive actions, it becomes possible to preserve and safeguard the
remaining bazaar heritage and restore a sense of continuity with the past.
Through this research, we can shed light on the historical, cultural and social
values of these bazaars, emphasizing the importance of their conservation,
protection, and promotion for future generations. By safeguarding these
heritage sites, Kosova can maintain a link to it's past and continue to celebrate
the legacy of its ancestors, fostering a deeper sense of identity and pride among
its inhabitants.
.H\ ZRUGV Kosovo, bazaars, architecture, destruction, cultural

heritage, ottoman.
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VXVLWQRUD]PMHUQLJUDILþNLSULND]L%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH– karte. Razmjera karata
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prikazima je zQDþDMQD RGUHGQLFD SRWSXQRVW SULND]D 3RWSXQRst kartografskog
SULND]D VH RJOHGD X SULND]X VYLK ]QDþDMQLK REMHNDWD X RYLVQRVWL RG UD]PMHUH
SULND]D 3RGUXþMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH LPD PQRJH ]QDPHQLWRVWL 9HüLQD RYLK
znamenitosti je premjerena i prikazana na krupnorazmjernim geodetskim
podlogama – katastarskim planovima kao i sitnorazmjernim geodetskim
podlogama – NDUWDPD,]UDGXJUDILþNLKSULND]D%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHVXYUãLOL
mnogi kartografi. Uzevši ovo u obzir Bosna i Hercegovina ili pak njeni pojedini
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$EVWUDFW Historical cartography has an important place among

historical sources. Many researchers can have the opportunity to use many
cartographic sources during their research. An important source in historical
cartography is maps created during the reign of the Ottoman Empire on the
territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the existence of cartographic
representations of Bosnia and Herzegovina which are the results of the work of
cartographers of the world should also be emphasized. Large-scale
representations found in the form of cadastral plans of various scales are of
122
Kartografski izvori prostornih podatka o starim gradovima Toričan i Vrbenac

particular importance in research. However, small-scale cartographic
representations also offer great help to researchers. The first large-scale
representations of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina were made during the
reign of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. This short period of rule on the soil of
Bosnia and Herzegovina resulted in the surveying and representing of the entire
territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina on cadastral plans at the scale 1:6250,
1:3125, 1:1562.5 and 1:781.25. On the basis of these large-scale
representations, many small-scale representations of different topics, purposes
and scales were created. Small-scale representations were made in different
scales, which also dictated the detail of the representation. The maps, i.e. small-
scale graphic representations, were produced at the scales of 1:12500, 1:25000,
1:75000, and 1:150000. With the end of the First World War, a new period of
cartography of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was born. During this
time, topographical maps were made at the scales of 1:25,000, 1:50,000, and
smaller scales. Of course, the authors of the maps monitored the situation on the
ground and tried to ensure that all the details that could be shown were shown
on them in terms of content and according to the possibility of the display. After
the end of the Second World War, a completely new period was started in the
production of graphic representations of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A special
place is occupied by large-scale representations views - cadastral plans that
were prepared at the scales of 1:5000, 1:2500, 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500. On
the basis of cadastral plans, small-scale graphic representations of Bosnia and
Herzegovina - maps were created. The map scales were 1:2500, 1:50000 and
smaller. Maps with different purposes and themes were created. Topographic
maps have a special significance. The completeness of the presentation is an
important determinant of all the previously mentioned presentations. The
completeness of the cartographic display is reflected in the display of all
significant objects, depending on the scale of the display. The area of Bosnia and
Herzegovina has many sights. Most of these sights have been measured and
shown on large-scale geodetic bases - cadastral plans as well as small-scale
geodetic bases - maps. Graphic representations of Bosnia and Herzegovina were
created by many cartographers. Taking this as important data, Bosnia and
Herzegovina or its individual parts are shown on maps of different scales related
to different authors. This is precisely what results in graphic representations on
which different signs, display methods, letters, and languages are represented.
Cartographic representations in Bosnia and Herzegovina were created in
different time periods. The depictions of Bosnia and Herzegovina go back several
centuries. Cartographic representations show details that are interesting to
many researchers. At the time of the creation of cartographic representations, it
was not even imagined how important the representations would be for research
in today's time. Historical cartography through cartographic representations
offers a lot of information about many objects on the soil of Bosnia and
+HU]HJRYLQD7KHGHSLFWLRQVRIWKH7UDYQLN VROGWRZQV7RULþDQDQG9UEHQDF
are especially important for the research. In the paper, the depictions of the
123
aforementioned remnants of Travnik's old towns were investigated. They were

shown on many cartographic sources of different purposes and different scales,
which were made by different authors in different time periods. The paper
analyzes the depiction of old cities in historical cartographic sources from the
17th to the 20th centuries.
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127
HISTORIJSKI POGLEDI 10 - HISTORICAL VIEWS 10 Prof. dr. Admir MULAHUSIĆ, prof. dr. Jusuf TOPOLJAK, prof. dr. Nedim TUNO, Muamer ĐIDELIJA, Nedim KULO
3ULORJDio u kamenu uklesanih stepenica unutar Vrbenca.

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149
Dr. sc. Safet BANDŽOVIĆ
rebuilt in the form it took in 1918. It was a complex war („a war of all against
all”) with numerous burdens (national, religious, social, historical).
Anti-Yugoslav forces were long more numerous than pro-Yugoslav
forces, which eventually triumphed. The speech of Yugoslav antifascism is most
symbolically recognizable by the phrase: „Death to fascism – freedom to the
people,” and „brotherhood and unity.” By the decision on the federal
organization of the state at the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council of
National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) in Jajce in 1943, the foundational
pillar of the previous Yugoslavia—state and national unitarism—was denied.
AVNOJ's decisions were of a framework and principle nature. The federation
was established, but until the end, the forms of all its units related to their borders
and the structure of alliance members („unitary or complex”) were not fully
defined.
The emergence of the federal Bosnia and Herzegovina was accompanied
by harmonization at the top of the CPY and the People's Liberation Movement.
The specificity of the „AVNOJ formula” was also reflected in the fact that in
1943, a federal state was formed, and in 1944, the members of the federation
(republics). At that time, their provincial antifascist councils were constituted as
the highest legislative and executive representative bodies. Many accompanying
issues addressed in the decisions in Jajce on the structure of Yugoslavia
remained under detailed consideration and clarification by the state-party
leadership and AVNOJ in 1945.

These issues have continued to be the subject of more detailed review
and analysis in the context of the developments in historiography and have been
exposed to considerations in a broader context. They have been reinterpreted,
their facts have been analyzed, and there have been „in-depth” searches for
more complete, multiperspective answers. The development of historiography is
„marked by controversy.” Research into the formation of the „new” Yugoslavia
should not be conducted with ideological biases and prejudices but should
consider new experiences present in the flow of time and in the minds of
contemporaries, including historians, as „children of their time.” Relevant
historical contents must be separated from „declarative proclamations, pathos
statements, ceremonial-protocol stances.” In a simplified understanding of the
past, „everything appears simple and linear.” It is necessary to interpret
historical phenomena and processes in a multidimensional, layered, and
grounded manner.
.H\ ZRUGV World War II, Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

AVNOJ, ZAVNOBiH, politics, historiography, culture of remembrance
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Razvoj visokog školstva u Bosni i Hercegovini: Istorijsko-statistička analiza

a kasnije i smanjenje broja studenata muškog pola pokazuje dugotrajan pad
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Jugoslavija, statistika, demografija, sociologija.
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189
Mr. Mirjana MANOJLOVIĆ
were consulted as well. Emphasis is placed on the change in the total number of
students and the participation of the male and female population in this cycle of
education. Some specific tendencies were noticed. The first is a negative
downward trend occurred after achieving historical growth in the number of
students. In this way is represented the gradual change in the educational
structure of this age group. At the end of the observed period, it is visibly different
compared to the initial state. Different factors have had an impact in different
periods. First of all, these are the (un)availability of education for women and
the weakness of school infrastructure. Today's values are the result of negative
demographic trends such as declining birth rates and migration. What unites all
periods are the consequences of the direct war losses of the population. The
results in the previous decade are still at a high level compared to the Yugoslav
period. However, Bosnia and Herzegovina still lags behind other countries in the
region. Moreover, its results are barely more than half of the European average.
Slower growth, and later a decrease in the number of students shows a long-term
lack of interest in higher education among this part of the population. This is why
the gender gap is widening. Considering the essential role of education in the
progress of society as a whole, the development of higher education contributes
to a large extent to the better living standard of the population, creating the
necessary preconditions for different social relations. In the first place, there is
an improved position of women due to greater economic independence. The
scientific contribution of this work is not negligible either, and is reflected in

pointing out numerous research opportunities. At the first place, there is an
interdisciplinary connection of history, geography (demography) and sociology.
On the basis of demographic data, it is possible to draw historical conclusions
explained by sociological laws and phenomena. Further, the change of focus
from political to social topics could be a small incentive for future research on
national history. Moreover, this approach enables comparisons at various
levels: from local, through national to regional, and beyond. Transnational
connections established in this way can be a new form of consensus on important
topics. In this way, the place of a society in the world is determined and the
necessary objective idea of its abilities and problems is acquired.
.H\ ZRUGV Bosnia and Herzegovina, students, higher education,

history, Yugoslavia, statistics, demography, sociology
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Bibliographic Units in the Context of the Contemporary Political Moment
Demand a Reevaluation of Previous Interpretations Related to Events in the
Territory of the Former Socialist Yugoslavia. This paper focuses on the
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initiated by Muslims (Bosniaks). The agreement was intended as a peace and
political initiative but came late in the context of the war in Croatia and the
policy of regionalization pursued by the Serbian side in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Sporazum Zulfikarpašić-Milošević 1991. godine

initiative, its implementation was not possible due to the opposing state-legal
concepts from the Bosniak (Muslim) side. The concept of a union of free states,
central to the MBO's agreement, did not receive support from the Serbian side.
In such a constellation of relationships, Yugoslavia could continue to function
only as a federal state, as it best served Serbian state interests. The fundamental
aim of this work is to shed light on the events preceding the agreement, what the
agreement entailed, and why it ultimately failed. The introductory section of the
paper analyzes Muslim (Bosniak)-Serbian historical reconciliation, which
includes the period of Austro-Hungarian rule and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
when certain Muslim (Bosniak) politicians formed a specific type of alliance with
the Serbs. The position of Muslims (Bosniaks) in the early 1990s significantly
differed from that at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper dedicates a
substantial portion of its pages to significant events in the Second Yugoslavia to
provide a comprehensive synthesis. The 1974 Constitution, the Memorandum of
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abolition of autonomy for provinces in Serbia, and the republic-level elections
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that period, as well as the political parties whose members were part of the
agreement and the architecWVRIWKHSROLFLHVRIWKDWHUD$GLOEHJ=XOILNDUSDãLü
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into exile, where he launched the Bosanski pogledi magazine in the early 1960s.
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later emerging as one of the ideologues of Bosniak identity. In 1963,
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Herzegovina, Muslims (Bosniaks), Serbs, peace-political initiative, politics,
political parties.
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Isto
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(QWURSLMRP MXJRVODYHQVNRJ NRPXQL]PD RWYRULOD VH ãDQVD ]D SROLWLþNH

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pluralizma 3URWRN YUHPHQD RPRJXüDYD YMHURGRVWRMQLMX UHDOL]DFLMX WDGDãQMH
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uglavnom nisu insistriali na mitinzima zbog toga što je bosDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNR
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+'=DL'(026D 3URFHVLXRYLPMXJRVODYHQVNLPUHSXEOLNDPDRKUDEULOLVX
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R]UDþMD 3UHGVWDYQLFL ERãQMDþNR ± PXVOLPDQVNH SROLWLNH VYRMD VWDMDOLãWD
DUWLNXOLUDMX NUR] GYLMH SODWIRUPH Forum za zaštitu individualnih i tradicijskih
prava QDþLMHPþHOXVHQDOD]LR0XKDPHG)LOLSRYLüWHNUR]Stranku demokratske
akcije 6'$ 6YMHVWDQNRQWHNVWDXNRMHP0LORãHYLüL]QRVLWH]XSrbija prije i

5DGLR 6ORERGQD (YURSD %DQDF Srpski nacionalizam, dinamit u temelju Jugoslavije
QRYHPEDUVWXGHQL
' +XGHOLVWMoj beogradski dnevnik

,YLFD /XþLü %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD RG SUYLK L]ERUD GR PHÿXQDURGQRJ SUL]QDQMD ýDVRSLV ]D
suvremenu povijest

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%L+QHGROD]LXRE]LU´

:DUUHQ=LPPHUPDQPoreklo jedne katastrofe – Jugoslavija i njeni rušitelji'DQ*UDI%HRJUDG

âDüLU )LODQGUD Bošnjaci nakon socijalizma – R ERãQMDþNRP LGHQWLWHWX X SRVWMXJRVODYHQVNRP
dobu, %=. 3UHSRURG ± 6\QRSVLV =DJUHE 6DUDMHYR )RUXP ]D ]DãWLWX LQGLYLGXDOQLK L
216

iznad svega 24 RVQLYDþ Foruma DNDGHPLN )LOLSRYLü QDVWRMLHWDEOLUDWL ERãQMDþNL
VWDY
'YDPMHVHFDQDNRQSRWSLVDþHWUGHVHWHULFH Stranka demokratske akcije
]YDQLþQRMHRVQRYDQDPDMDJRGLQHX+ROLGD\,QQX7RPVHSULOLNRP
$OLMD ,]HWEHJRYLü SULVXWQLPD REUDWLR L SRUXþLR: Ne uzimam sebi za pravo da
govorim u ime muslimanskog naroda, za to me niko nije ovlastio, ali sam siguran
GD WXPDþLP QMHJRYD QDMGXEOMD RVMHüDQMD DNR NDåHP GD RQ QHüH GR]YROLWL
NRPDGDQMH%RVQH6UDPQLVSRUD]XP&YHWNRYLü– 0DþHNRSRGMHOLRYH]HPOMHMH
mrWDY =D WR MH JDUDQFLMD VQDJD NRMD VH GDQDV UDÿD X RYRM VDOL zatim se
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neuspjehom.
Srpska demokratska stranka ELODMHQDUHGQLSROLWLþNLVXEMHNWIRUPLUDQX
65 %L+ 'DQD MXOD JRGLQH 6'6 MH ]YDQLþQR RVQRYDQ SRVWDYãL WDNR
YRGHüDVWUDQND6UEDX%RVQLDDXJXVWDJRGLQHRVQRYDQDMHHrvatska
demokratska zajednica +'= 8 VYRMLP SURJUDPVNLP QDþHOLPD YRGVWYR
Srpske demokratske stranke LVWLFDORMHYDåQRVW-XJRVODYLMHNDRQDMEROMHJRNYLUD
]DVUSVNHQDFLRQDOQHLQWHUHVH)HGHUDOQDMXJRVODYHQVNDGUåDYDELODMHFLOM6'6
D
3UYL SUHGVMHGQLN +'=D %L+ ELR MH 'DYRU 3HULQRYLü NRML MH QD
RVQLYDþNRPNRQJUHVX+'=DND]DRDa se razumijemo, BiH je moja domovina
L MD QLVDP VOXþDMQR L]QLR QH WH]X QHJR þLQMHQLFX L WYUGQMX GD +UYDWL QHPDMX
rezervne domovine... Dakle, BiH je naša domovina i mi nemamo rezervne
domovine. Mi se moramo u BiH izboriti za naše mjesto ali skupa sa ostala dva
naroda, sa Srbima i sa Muslimanima. 28 3HULQRYLü MH NULWL]LUDR SROLWLþNR
UXNRYRGVWYRL]=DJUHEDNRMHMHXWRPUD]GREOMXþHVWRGROD]LORX+HUFHJRYLQXL
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WUDGLFLMVNLKSUDYD0XVOLPDQDQDVWRMLXND]DWLQDDQWLPXVOLPDQVNXDWPRVIHUXXGUåDYLWHL]QRVLVWDY
GD VX 0XVOLPDQL NDR QDURG L]ORåHQL NRQWLQXLUDQRP RVSRUDYDQMX â )LODQGUD Bošnjaci nakon
socijalizma,

1HGHOMD VHGPLþQD UHYLMD 2VORERÿHQMD ³,QWHUYMX 0XKDPHG )LOLSRYLü 3XW NRPXQL]PD MH
]DYUãHQ´JRGLQH

$OLMD,]HWEHJRYLü6MHüDQMD-80X]HM$OLMD,]HWEHJRYLü6DUDMHYR 2VDPRPWLMHNX
RVQLYDQMD6'$SRJOHGDWL $ ,]HWEHJRYLü6MHüDQMD

, /XþLü%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDRGSUYLKL]ERUDGRPHÿXQDURGQRJSUL]QDQMD,

$%,)$= /LþQL IRQG +DOLG ýDXãHYLü +ý 9 ± E .QLQVND NUDMLQD
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FLMHSD ]DMHGQLþNH LQVWLWXFLMH X -XJRVODYLML ]ERJ þHJD PX L SULGMHYDMX QD]LYH PLOLWDULVWLþNL
KHJHPRQLVWLþNL0HÿXWLPUHDOQRVWMHSRND]DODGDVHQDFLRQDOQHSDUWLMHQHPRJX]DRELüL=ERJ
WRJD6USVNDGHPRNUDWVNDVWUDQNDNDVQLVDRUJDQL]RYDQMHP³ Isto

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JRGLQH
217
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± =XOILNDUSDãLüLQLFLMDOQRVXSUXåDOLSRGUãNX6'$PHÿXWLPQDSRVOMHWNXMHLSDN
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SUHGVWDYOMDMHGQXNOHULNDOQXVNXSLQXNRMD%RãQMDNHJXUDNDIXQGDPHQWDOL]PX
3RUHG RYRJD NDR SRYRG ]D QDSXãWDQMH 6'$ $GLO =XOILNDUSDãLü SODVLUDR MH
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$OLMD ,]HWEHJRYLü QD RYH WYUGQMH QLMH RVWDR GXåDQ D VYRM NRPHQWDU GDR MH X
7HãQMX JGMH MH ELOD XSULOLþHQD YDQUHGQD VMHGQLFD 6'$ RG L VHSWHPEUD
JRGLQH ,]HWEHJRYLüMHL]MDYLR Adil se od prvog trenutka nije slagao sa
6DOLPRP âDELüHP 2G SRþHWND MH JRYRULR DNR üX MD XüL X UXNRYRGVWYR 6'$
6DOLPQHPRåH7DGDQLMHVSRPLQMDRRYDMUD]ORJQHJRMHJRYRULRGDRQL6DOLP
QHPRJX]DMHGQRLVOLþQR0LVOLPGDMH$GLOELRPRWLYLVDQWLPH što se Salim
L]MDãQMDYDRQHNDR%RãQMDNQHJRNDR0XVOLPDQ-DPLVOLPGDMHPRWLYKUYDWVNLK
vlasti koje su to rekle, ako su rekle, Adilu bio tu što QMLPD 6DOLP NDR YRÿD
0XVOLPDQDX+UYDWVNRMSRPDORVPHWD-HUPHQLMHOLþQR7XÿPDQUHNDRGDEXGXüL
GDX8VWDYXQLVXSUL]QDOLPXVOLPDQVNXQDFLMXQDãWDVDPMDSULJRYRULRGDNOH
PHQLMH7XÿPDQUHNDR0ROLPYDVJRVSRGLQH,]HWEHJRYLüX]QDVHGDMHWRYUOR
mala manjina ljudi i oni mogu biti samo Hrvati muslimanske vjeroispovijesti,
PHQHPRMLVDUDGQLFLXEMHÿXMXGDMHWRWDNR'DNOHWDYODVWMHLPDODPRWLYDGD
WDNDYMHGDQSRGDWDNSRWXUL$GLOX 33
$NDGHPLN )LOLSRYLü MH QD SRþHWNX EHQHYROHQWQR JOHGDR VSUDP 6'$
WYUGHüLGDVH8VOXþDMX6'$QHUDGL VH RQHNRMLGHRORãNRMVWUDQNLVDREDYH]QLP
LVWRPLãOMHQLãWYRP2QDQLMH]DVQRYDQDQDQHNRPQDFLRQDOQRPPLWXQLWLVHUDGL
RUHOLJLR]QRMVWUDQNL 34 ,SDNNDVQLMHMH)LOLSRYLüWYUGLRGDMH,]HWEHJRYLüELRSRG
YHOLNLP XWMHFDMHP mladomuslimanskog NUXJD NRML MH QD RGUHÿHQ QDþLQ
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DOLMHQDFLMX ,]HWEHJRYLüD RG JUDÿDQD ,PDMXüL X YLGX SUHWKRGQR QDSLVDQR
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LVWLþH VH GD MH 6WUDQND GHPRNUDWVNH DNFLMH SDOD MH QD LVSLWX SOXUDOQH
GHPRNUDFLMH 2QD VH SRND]DOD QHVSRVREQRP GD REXKYDWL L L]UD]L VYHXNXSQRVW

Isto

0XVOLPDQVNDERãQMDþNDRUJDQL]DFLMD3URJUDPVNDGHNODUDFLMDLVWDWXW6DUDMHYRRNWREUD

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*OREXV=XULFK

Isto
1HGHOMDVHGPLþQDUHYLMD2VORERÿHQMD ³ 3UDYR YMHUQLFLLGLVLGHQWL´6DUDMHYR JRGLQH

1HGHOMDVHGPLþQDUHYLMD2VORERÿHQMD ³3XWNRPXQL]PDMH]DYUãHQ´
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https://standard.rs/2023/01/02/izetbegovic-cosicevo-duboko-razocaranje/.
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238
Iskreni dogovor ili zakulisne političke igre? Novi prilozi istraživanju razgovora
Milošević-Tuđman u Karađorđevu i Tikvešu 1991. godine?

0LORãHYLüDL)UDQMH7XÿPDQDIako zbog nepostojanja stenograma nemamo uvid
u detalje ovih razgovora, brojni bliski saradnici srbijanskog i hrvatskog
predsjednika, ali i sudionici UD]OLþLWLK SROLWLþNLK sesija, vrlo jasno ukazuju na
prisustvo visokog stepena QMLKRYHPHÿXVREQH saglasnosti oko podjele teritorija
Bosne i Hercegovine. Ipak, danas se, tri decenije nakon .DUDÿRUÿHYDL7LNYHãD
javlja opravdana sumnja da je to bila samo „dvostruka SROLWLþND igra”
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predjednikom )UDQMRP 7XÿPDQRP, ne da bi sa njim podijelio Bosnu i
Hercegovinu nego da bi ga konfrontirao sa Bošnjacima i tako oslabio front
protiv srbijanske hegemonije u Jugoslaviji. U ovom radu autor je nastojao da
kroz L]MDYH 7XÿPDQD L 0LORãHYLüD WH REUDüDQMD njihovih bliskih saradnika i
sudionika u EURMQLPSROLWLþNLPUD]JRYRULPD, osvjetli QDYHGHQHGRJDÿDMHLWLPH
pomogne u zauzimanju što relevantnijeg gledišta oko pozicioniranja Bosne i
Hercegovine u srpskoj LKUYDWVNRMSROLWLFLSRþHWNRP-LKJRGLQD;;VWROMHüD.
.OMXþQH ULMHþL Bosna i Hercegovina, Bošnjaci, Franjo 7XÿPDQ

Slobodan 0LORãHYLü, .DUDÿRUÿHYR7LNYHã.
+21(67$*5((0(1725%(+,1'7+(6&(1(632/,7,&$/
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0,/2â(9,û78Ĉ0$17$/.6,1.$5$Ĉ25Ĉ(92
$1'7,.9(â,1
$EVWUDFW During the 1980s of 20th century, socialist Yugoslavia faced

various social problems, which disintegrated the fragile tissue of Tito's state-
political legacy. In the early 1990s, when the unstoppable phase of dissolution
of this country began, national-chauvinist quasi-elites surfaced, with the aim of
realizing their great-nation ambitions in a period of general unrest. Although in
this whirlwind of social events the possibility of military intervention by the JNA
was used as an indispensable threat factor, the behind-the-scenes political
agreements of republican leaders were often much more effective in achieving
certain goals. Sometimes conducted in public, and sometimes secretly, such
negotiations violated the authority of state bodies and made their existence
meaningless. In this context, one can certainly observe the most famous separate
negotiations from the beginning of the 1990s on the territory of the disintegrating
Yugoslavia, conducted between Slobodan Milosevic and Franjo Tudjman.
Although due to the lack of transcripts we have no insight into the details of these
talks, many close associates of the Serbian and Croatian presidents, as well as
participants in various political sessions, clearly indicate the presence of a high
degree of mutual agreement on the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
However, today, three decades after Karadjordjev and Tikves, there is a
reasonable suspicion that it was just a double political game of Slobodan
Milosevic, who entered into such talks with Croatian President Franjo Tudjman,
239
Prof. dr. Adnan VELAGIĆ
not to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina with him but to confront him with the
Bosniaks and thus weaken the front against Serbian hegemony in Yugoslavia. In
this paper, the author sought to shed light on these events through statements by
Tudjman and Milosevic, and addresses by their close associates and participants
in numerous political talks, and thus help to take a more relevant view of Bosnia
and Herzegovina's positioning in Serbian and Croatian politics in the early
1990s. year of the 20th century.
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0HVLü YLVRNRSR]LFLRQLUDQL GXåQRVQLN 6)5- L 5HSXEOLNH +UYDWVNH 2Q MH X
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VWUDQLWXåLWHOMVWYDSUHG+DDãNLPVXGRPGRRåXMND GDOMHTranskripti iz Haaga:
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PHVLFJUDGDQLQVYMHGRNXSURFHVXSURWLYWLKRPLUDEODVNLFDQDVWUDQLWX]LWHOMVWYDSUHGKDVNLP
VXGRPR]XMNDJRGLQH

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ono što se pjeva, tj. – „Nema više Alije” – to je tada u Bosni bila
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ýHNLüAgresija na Republiku Bosnu i Hercegovinu – 3ODQLUDQMHSULSUHPDL]YRÿHQMH6DUDMHYR

7DNRÿHUX6WMHSDQ0HVLüKako je srušena Jugoslavija=DJUHE

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:DUUHQ=LPPHUPDQQ Poreklo jedne katastrofe. Jugoslavija i njeni rušitelji%HRJUDG±

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Dr. sc. Merisa KAROVIĆ-BABIĆ
those two days are nowhere mentioned, and their memory is not included in the
official memorialization of the city's siege.
Furthermore, within the interpretation of the events on Dobrovoljacka
Street, there is a noticeable continuous strategy aimed at connecting all the
deceased JNA members at the end of April and the beginning of May with the
events on Dobrovoljacka Street, effectively camouflaging the previous attacks
on the city and the involvement of the JNA in them. Therefore, it was important
for us in the first part of our work to point to documents from the Command of
the 2nd Military District related to the participation of the JNA in digging
artillery positions around the city, their role in the division of Sarajevo's
districts along national lines, the relocation of weaponry to „safer areas“
where the Serbian population constituted an absolute ethnic majority, the
initiation of the attack on the city, the first casualties in April, as well as the
shelling and the burning of residential, cultural-historical, religious, economic,
and other facilities in the city. All events that preceded the actual siege of
Sarajevo, starting from the autumn of 1991, including the war in Croatia and
the subsequent occupation of Bosnian cities, contributed to the perception of
the JNA as an enemy force by the citizens of Sarajevo and all pro-Bosnian
forces. The shelling of Sarajevo with weaponry and armaments previously
positioned on the hills and mountains around the city, in particular, intensified
the animosity towards the JNA from the citizens of Sarajevo.
The main part of the work will address the chronological sequence of
events in the city during May 2nd and 3rd, 1992, street battles in multiple
locations in the city, including sites such as the JNA House, Marin Dvor,
Skenderija, in front of the National Theater, UPI building, Workers' University
'MXURĈDNRYLF QRZ%RVQLDQ&XOWXUDO&HQWHU- BKC), Estrada café, in front of
the Command of the 2nd Military District, and ultimately Dobrovoljacka Street.
This section will also discuss all other locations where battles took place, as
well as the shelling, infantry and sniper activities directed towards civilian
objects in the city, which resulted in casualties among the civilian population.
Numerous internet sources contain information about 42 JNA members
who perished on Dobrovoljacka Street, and this number is always mentioned on
the anniversary of the event. However, through a comparison with official
sources, we have analyzed how many JNA members genuinely died on
Dobrovoljacka Street, how many died at other locations where street battles
took place during the city's attack, and how many names on the mentioned list
have incomplete identities with unknown locations and times of death.
Additionally, based on multiple primary historical sources and relying
on the previously interpreted context of events in the city, the work will present
the locations and identities of the killed members of the Territorial Defense of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as civilians who were killed in the city during
May 2nd and 3rd, 1992. Various scientific methods were employed for this
purpose, with an emphasis on analytical-documentary and comparative
processing of primary and secondary sources of diverse origin, statistical data

262

analysis, interview methods, particularly focusing on several target groups of
interviewees crucial for the reconstruction and contextualization of these
events.
In the final chapter, we will address the (non-)prosecution of crimes,
including the most serious crimes committed against the civilian population
and civilian facilities in Sarajevo from April 5th to the beginning of May 1992.
.H\ZRUGV Sarajevo, siege, May 2nd and 3rd, 1992, crimes, civilians,
shelling, snipers, Skenderija, Territorial Defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(TO RBiH), Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), Dobrovoljacka Street
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Ka NATO putu - Od formiranja i ustrojstva Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine
do Oružanih snaga Bosne i Hercegovine

Partnership for Peace (PfP), which Bosnia and Herzegovina joined on December
14, 2006. Membership in NATO and the European Union are strategic goals of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in line with this, there is a striving for full NATO
membership, which implies the integration of the armed forces into NATO's
military structure, especially in peacekeeping missions and humanitarian
operations.
The formal basis for PfP is the Framework Document, which envisions
the commitment of allies to consult with each partner country that believes its
territorial integrity is threatened or its political independence or security is in
danger. Under this document, individual countries and the NATO Alliance
develop and align individual partnership programs with the goal of achieving
NATO standards, procuring military equipment, training and education of
military personnel, joint maneuvers and exercises, and other areas of
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.H\ZRUGV Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH),

Bosnia and Herzegovina, aggression, peace, security, Partnership for Peace,
NATO
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Bošnjaci, Makedonci.
313
Prof. dr. Zećir RAMČILOVIĆ
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$EVWUDFW The Republic of North Macedonia and Bosnia and

Herzegovina are friendly countries that have no outstanding issues and have
been continuously improving their cooperation in all spheres of socio-political
life and the economy on both bilateral and multilateral levels since their
independence in 1993 to the present (2022). The ties and cooperation between
these two states and their citizens have deep historical roots. The territory of
present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of North Macedonia has
been part of the same state entities for more than five centuries, in various, but
also very similar positive or negative contexts and processes. This has allowed
for not only cooperation but also understanding and mutual support among the
people of North Macedonia (Macedonians, Bosniaks, as well as Albanians,
Turks, and others) and the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Certainly, the Bosniaks in North Macedonia are the most significant
factor in connecting the two states. Unlike Macedonians and other people of
North Macedonian origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who are in smaller
numbers and have a very short continuity from the time of the former Yugoslavia,
the Bosniaks are part of Macedonia's distant past, as well as its contemporary
Macedonian reality. Without them, no process or Macedonian story would be

complete. Therefore, in addition to a chronological overview of the establishment
and development of bilateral relations between the two countries since their
independence, this paper will also focus on the position of Bosniaks in North
Macedonia and Macedonians in Bosnia and Herzegovina after independence.
Although there are very important historical processes before independence, I
believe it is more important to pay attention to the current moment, which is the
goal of this academic conference.
.H\ ZRUGV Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of North

Macedonia, Bosniaks, Macedonians
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NDåHNaša narodna kultura, naš bogati narodni folklor, neiscrpna riznica našeg
naroda niz viševjekovna iskušenja – više su djelo Bogumilstva, nego što je uticaj
pravoslavlja... Ima li u našoj narodnoj prošlosti uzvišenija pojava, uzvišeniji
ideal i svjetliji cilj, nego što je Bogumilska. Koliko ljudi i danas se napajaju
QMLPH PLVOHüL GD VH RVODQMDMX QD QDMEROMH QDURGQH WUDGLFLMH LDNR PRåGD L QH
328

znaju koliko je to duboko narodno, istovremeno i suštinski Bogumilsko 7DNR
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JUDGEDPDNRMHVXUDGLOLPDNHGRQVNLPDMVWRUL

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Ɂ ɊɚɦɱɢɥɨɜɢʅȻɨɲʃɚɰɢɬɟɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ
ɆɢɥɨɲɂɊɚɤɢʄ Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚɭ;,;ɜɟɤɭɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚȾɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɩɟɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɟRɫɥɨɛɨʄɟʃɚ
ȳɭɠɧɟɋɪɛɢʁɟȽɥɚɫɧɢɤɋɤɨɩɫɤɨɝɇɚɭɱɧɨɝȾɪɭɲɬɜɚ >;9,,;9,,,@ɋɤɨɩʂɟ

Ʉɪɭɦ Ɍɨɦɨɫɤɢ Ɇɚʁɫɬɨɪ Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁɚ Ⱦɚɦʁɚɧɨɜ -1878), Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ
ɝɪɚɞɟɠɧɢɨɬɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɢɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɡɚɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɋɤɨɩʁɟ
329
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zaštiti prava pripadnika nacionalnih manjina iz 2003 , SRUHG WRJD ãWR ]DNRQ
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ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɚɒɬɚɦɩɚɪɢʁɚɋɜɋɚɜɚȻɟɨɝɪɚɞ
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$EVWUDFW The aim of this paper is to review, based on the available

sources, the role of democratic and civic forces in Montenegro which were
against sending Montenegrin reservists to war in Croatia and Bosnia and
Herzegovina. However, this topic can be analyzed from different aspects, social,
political, national, sociological, international, historical, etc. The objective of

this study is to highlight the most notable individuals, groups of intellectuals,
political organizations, and other associations that advocated for anti-war
policies, their treatment by the authorities, and the humiliation and persecution
they suffered for their views, all within the social and political context of the time.
One of the challenges in writing this paper was the lack of access to archival
materials, which are still not available. Consequently, this study relied heavily
on the excerpts of the only independent publication in Montenegro at the time,
Monitor, and the newspaper Liberal, the publications of the Liberal Alliance, as
they reported on anti-war protests, interviews with prominent intellectuals, forms
of resistance of various organizations and parties. Although the press is a
secondary source, it provided valuable testimony in the absence of archival
material.
Until recently, in Montenegro almost nothing has been written about the
90’s wars. What are the reasons? This can be the subject of a separate work. But
we must state that this is no longer the case. The sources from a very valuable
monograph were used in this paper, the monograph in which the facts about the
new Montenegrin history were revealed to the scientific and wider general public
- the facts which were kept as a secret until now. However, the participation of
Montenegrin reservists both in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in
Croatia cannot be justified by any facts. Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind
that at that time, Montenegro was a member of a two-member federation (Serbia
and Montenegro) and was involved in the war following the instructions of the
342
Građanske i reformske snage u Crnoj Gori prema ratu protiv Bosne i Hercegovine

Supreme Military Command and the political leadership in Belgrade.
Unfortunately, the Montenegrin leadership blindly followed that politic. The
ruling elite of the Montenegrin politics in the conjunction with the military elite
deceived the people by referring to the “heroic past”, tradition, patriarchal
norms which dictated that it was a shame not to respond to a military call for
“the defense of the homeland”. Progressive civic forces in Montenegrin society
did not think this way, and a broad anti-war movement was formed, although it
remained in the shadow of those who held power in their hands. Nevertheless,
the actions of civic and reformist forces in Montenegro in the 1990s have left an
indelible mark on modern Montenegrin history. In addition to trying to promote
reason and help the voice of justice to win, they simultaneously fought for the
restoration of state independence. It was a difficult and exhausting struggle,
which is still not acknowledged properly. The committed mistakes, if they can
even be called like that, for that is too mild a word, were accepted late by those
who were at the head of political top of Montenegro. Many of the most vocal
opponents of Montenegro’s participation in the war affected former Yugoslav
republics and bearers of the fight for the renewal of the independence, like Slavko
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PobjedaMXO
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1 1LNþHYLüAntiratni pokret u Crnoj Gori,
Ibidem

,JRU 5DGXORYLü Antiratni pokret u Crnoj Gori SXEOLNDFLMDXGLHXURFOLRHGXUVZS
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1 1LNüHYLüAntiratni pokret u Crnoj Gori,
Ibidem,
348

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Ibidem,
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$EVWUDFW While there is a significant body of literature on U.S. policy

towards Bosnia in the early 1990s, the role and policy recommendations of
American realists have been largely overlooked. Realism is a school of thought
in international relations which holds that states are the key actors motivated by
interests which seek to maximize their power and security in an anarchic world.
Adherents of this worldview emphasize the pursuit of national interests and the
importance of power and force in achieving it. Realists are generally opposed to
military interventions where a vital national interest is not at stake.
The purpose of this article is to fill this gap by analysing both realist
policymakers and academics and how they responded to the war in Bosnia from
1992 to 1995. Several top officials of the George H. W. Bush Administration
including the President, Secretary of State James Baker and National Security
Adviser Brent Scowcroft were realists and this worldview shaped the US
response to the outbreak of the war in Bosnia. Focused on a host of other foreign
policy issues at the time, the Bush Administration was adamant not to get
involved militarily in Bosnia. James Baker’s statement „We don't have a dog in
that fight“ came to define the Bush Administration's Bosnia policy. Its realist
outlook combined with the presidential campaign priorities in 1992 to ensure
that the Western response to the war in Bosnia was handed over to the
Europeans. With realist policymakers in power from the outbreak of the war in
spring 1992 through early 1993, many Bosnians hoping for a Western military
intervention at the time would later come to realise how far-fetched those hopes
were.
In addition to realist policymakers, several prominent realists in the
American academia also weighed in on how the US should respond to the war in
this part of Southeast Europe in the early 1990s. Academic realists published
their opinions and recommended policy options in leading media outlets
throughout the three-and-a-half year war. Though their worldview was not
shared by the first Bill Clinton Administration, academic realists continued
offering policy recommendations on Bosnia.
356
American Realists and the War in Bosnia 1992-1995

Academic realists like Robert Pape and Michael Desch opposed the use
of air power in Bosnia arguing that it would be ineffective. John Mearsheimer
together with Pape called for partition of Bosnia and establishment of
homogeneous states in the Balkans and arming of Bosnian Muslims. Kissinger
was opposed to a military commitment to Bosnia but did not lay out specific
policy recommendations. In sum, both policymakers and academics argued that
there was no vital US national interest at stake in Bosnia warranting deployment
of ground troops. Even after the Dayton peace talks concluded in late 1995,
American realists continued weighing in on Bosnia and offering generally bleak
assessments.
While the majority of those recommended policy options were not
implemented, realists’ views on Bosnia in the 1990s still deserve scholarly
attention. Studying American realists provides an overview of how both
practitioners and intellectual adherents of a key theory in international relations
perceived the war and its outcome. This analysis will also provide a more
nuanced understanding of the variety of American responses to the war in
Bosnia.
.H\ ZRUGVRealists, U.S, Bosnia, former Yugoslavia, Balkans
$0(5,ý.,5($/,67,,5$78%261,
$SVWUDNW Iako postoji obimna L]QDþDMQDliteratura o vanjskoj politici

SAD prema Bosni i Hercegovini ranih 1990-tih, uloga i SROLWLþNH preporuke
DPHULþNLKUHDOLVWDQLVXGRVDGDELOi predmet QDXþQRJLVWUDåLYDQMD5HDOL]DPMH
NOMXþQDWHRULMHXPHÿXQDURGQLPRGQRVLPDNRMDWYUGLGDVXGUåDYHNOMXþQLDNWHUL
NRMLVXPRWLYLVDQLLQWHUHVRPLQDVWRMHGDSRYHüDMXVYRMXPRüLVLJXUQRVWXYUOR
QHVLJXUQRP VYLMHWX 3ULVWDOLFH RYH WHRULMH QDJODãDYDMX ]QDþDM QDFLRQDOQLK
interesa i VLOHL PRüL NDNRVL VH GUåDYD RþXYDOD 5HDOLVWL VH JHneralno protive
YRMQLPLQWHUYHQFLMDPDJGMHQDFLRQDOQLLQWHUHVQLMHGLUHNWQRXJURåHQ
&LOM RYRJ UDGD MH SRSXQLWL WX SUD]QLQX DQDOL]RP UHDOLVWD ]YDQLþQLND L
intelektualaca i kako su oni odgovorili na rat u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1992. do
1995. 1HNROLNRNOMXþQLK]YDQLþQLNDDGPLQLVWUDFLMHSUHGVMHGQLND*HRUJH+:
Busha bili su realisti XNOMXþXMXüL L VDPRJ SUHGVMHGQLND GUåDYQRJ VHNUHWDUD
-DPHV%DNHUDL6DYMHWQLND]DQDFLRQDOQXVLJXUQRVW%UHQW6FRZFURGWD LQMLKRY
VYMHWRQD]RUMHREOLNRYDRRGJRYRU6$'QDSRþHWak rata u Bosni i Hercegovini.
$GPLQLVWUDFLMDMHELODIRNXVLUDQDQDQL]YDQMVNRSROLWLþNLh pitanja u to vrijeme i
ELOD MH RGOXþQD GD YRMQR QH LQWHUYHQLãH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL ,]MDYD -DPHV
Bakera kako „nemamo psa u toj borbi“ najbolje ilustruje politiku Busheve
DGPLQLVWUDFLMH SUHPD %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 5HDOLVWLþNL VYMHWRQD]RU ]DMHGQR VD
SULRULWHWLPDL]ERUQHJRGLQHWH MH]QDþLRGDMHRGJRYRU=DSDGDQDUDWX
%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLELRSUHSXãWHQ(YURSL6DUHDOLVWLPDQDYODVWLRGSRþHWNDUDWD
XSUROMHüH. GRSRþHWND. u SAD, mnogi JUDÿDQL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH
357
Prof. dr. Hamza KARČIĆ
üH NDVQLMH VD]QDWL GD VX QMLKRYD RþHNLYDQMD L QDGDQMD ]DSDGQRM YRMQRM
intervenciji bila nerealna.
3RUHG YLVRNLK ]YDQLþQLND koji su donosili odluke, nekoliko realista
LQWHOHNWXDODFDMHWDNRÿHUXþHVWYRYDORXMDYQRPSURVWRUX6$'SUHGODåXüLNRUDNH
koje treba poduzeti kao odgovor na rat u ovom GLMHOX-XJRLVWRþQH(YURSHUDQLK
1990tih. Iako prva administracije Billa Clintona nije imala njihov svjetonazor,
realisti intelektualci su nastavili predlagati rješenja za Bosnu i Hercegovinu.
Realisti intelektualnci poput Roberta Papea i Michaela Descha bili su
SURWLYXSRWUHEH]UDþQLKQDSDGDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLWYUGHüLGDELWDNYLXGDUL
bili neefikasni. John Mearsheimer je zajedno sa Papeom pozvao na podjelu
%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH L XVSRVWDYX KRPRJHQLK GUåDYD QD %DONDQX WH QD
QDRUXåDYDQMHERVDQVNLKPXVOLPDQD.LVVLQJHUMHELRSURWLYYRMQHXORJHX%RVQL
L+HUFHJRYLQLDOLQLMHSRQXGLRGHWDOMQHSUHSRUXNH8VXãWLQLLUHDOLVWL]YDQLþQLFL
L LQWHOHNWXDOFL VX VPDWUDOL GD UDW X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL QH XJURåDYD YLWDOQH
DPHULþNHQDFLRQDOQHLQWHUHVHWHGDQH]DKWMHYDVODQMHNRSQHQLKVQDJD$PHULþNL
UHDOLVWLVXQDVWDYLOLQXGLWLPLãOMHQMDLSULMHGORJHX]YUORSHVLPLVWLþQHSURJQR]HL
nakon završetka mirovnih pregovora u Daytonu.
,DNR VH YHüLQD QMLKRYLK SUHSRUXND QLMH SUHWRþLOD X SROLWLþNH RGOXNH
PLãOMHQMD L VWDYRYL UHDOLVWD R %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL WLK L GDOMH ]DVOXåXMX
QDXþQX SDåQMX ,]XþDYDQMHP DPHULþNLK UHDOLVWD VWLþH VH EROML SUHJOHG NDNR VX
SUDNWLþDULLLQWHOHNWXDOQL]DJRYRUQLFLRYHNOMXþQHWHRULMHPHÿXQDURGQLKRGQRVD
SHUFLSLUDOLUDWLQMHJRYLVKRG2YDDQDOL]DüHSRQXGLWLLMDVQLMXVOLNXUD]QROikosti
XDPHULþNLPRGJRYRULPDQDUDWX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL
.OMXþQHULMHþLRealisti, SAD, Bosna i Hercegovina, bivša Jugoslavija,

Balkan
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Hercegovaca koji su za vrijeme agresije na Republiku Bosnu i Hercegovinu
1991-1996. godine, prisilno izbjegli i prisilno raseljeni iz Republike Bosne i
Hercegovine u Saveznu republiku Jugoslaviju (u daljem tekstu: Republiku
6UELMX ELOLQH]DNRQLWR]DWRþDYDQLLWRPSULOLNRPVXQDGQMLPD L] YUãHQLEURMQL
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boravio je u logorima (ili “sabirnim centULPDŃDNR VXLKVOXåEHQRLPHQRYDOH
vlasti Republike Srbije), koji su se nalazili kako na jednom broju poznatih, tako
L QD MHGQRP EURMX QHSR]QDWLK ORNDFLMD 1DXþQD L ãLUD MDYQRVW MRã QH UDVSODåH
dostatnim saznanjima o broju i lokacijama logora na prostoru Republike Srbije,
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radilo o sabirnim centrima humanitarnog karaktera ili logorima u kojima su se
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Doc. dr. Ermin KUKA, mr. Almir GRABOVICA, mr. Alma HAJRIĆ ČAUŠEVIĆ
SRMDYHPRåHELWLUD]OLþLWRJLQWH]LWHWDLNDUDNWHUDRGNUãHQMDOMXGVNLKSUDYDQD
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sa svojstvima grupe kao takve.
.OMXþQHULMHþLAgresija, logori, Bosna i Hercegovina, Republika Srbija,

]ORþLQLPHÿXQDURGQRSUDYR.
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$EVWUDFW There are numerous findings, based solely on media and other
reports, on the as yet unidentified number of Bosnians who, during the 1991-
1996 aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, were forcibly
fled and forcibly displaced from the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the
)HGHUDO 5HSXEOLF RI <XJRVODYLD KHUHLQDIWHU WKH 5HSXEOLF RI 6HUELD ZHUH
illegally detained and on that occasion numerous forms of crimes against
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victims stayed in camps (or “collection centers”, as they were officially named
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of known and a number of unknown locations. The scientific and general public
is not yet disillusioned with the number and locations of camps in the Republic
of Serbia, and the number of detained victims of aggression against the Republic
of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the relationship between Serbian
authorities and direct perpetrators of crimes against detained victims. The main
JRDO RI WKLV UHVHDUFK LV WR DQVZHU WKH FHQWUDO TXHVWLRQ ZHUH WKHVH FROOHFWLRQ
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if crimes were committed, to determine their character? Under international
humanitarian law, any illegal detention of civilians is considered a violation of
that right and is a crime against humanity and international law. The detention
of civilians and civilians is a crime that, from appearance to appearance, can be
RIYDU\LQJLQWHQVLW\DQGFKDUDFWHUIURPviolations of human rights to freedom
of movement, through various forms of torture of victims to executions. Illegal
apprehension of civilians and civilians and their placing under political and
military or police control of enemy forces, depending on the goals and character
RI WKH FRQIOLFW FDQ KDYH D YDULHW\ RI LQWHQWLRQV IURP SUHYHQWLQJ DEOHERGLHG
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Logori za Bosance i Hercegovce na teritoriji Srbije 1992-1996. u funkciji destrukcije
bosanskohercegovačkog društva i države

persons from participating in hostilities to intending to do so (ex) exterminates
members of a particular group with the characteristics of the group as such.
.H\ ZRUGVAggression, camps, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of

Serbia, crimes, international law.
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Pojedina obilježja učinitelja i žrtava ratnih silovanja procesuiranih pred Sudom Bosne i Hercegovine

Croatia and the Republic of Serbia. Within the framework of this work, the
research focus is on the prosecution of war rapes before the War Crimes
Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the beginning of
the work of the mentioned court until today (2005-2023). In the indicated
period, 70 wartime rape cases involving 109 defendants were processed before
this judicial forum. Out of that number, 55 cases were finally concluded, with
convictions in 41 cases and acquittals in 14 cases.
The subject of the research was some individual characteristics of
perpetrators and victims of war rape. The research sample consisted
exclusively of cases in which a final conviction was passed (N=41), in which 51
defendants were declared guilty of war rape and 80 victims of this crime were
identified. The research established that all the convicts were male. In addition,
72% of those convicted were members of the Army of the Republika Srpska
(VRS), 16% of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (RBiH
Army) and 12% of the Croatian Defense Council (HVO). All members of the
RBiH Army were convicted of war rape which is legally qualified as a war
crime against the civilian population, which is a criminal offense that,
according to the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CC BiH), does not
include the existence of a widespread and systematic attack on the civilian
population. On the other hand, the largest number of members of the VRS and
four members of the HVO who were prosecuted for wartime rape were
convicted of having committed that crime as a crime against humanity, which
included a campaign of widespread, massive and systematic criminal activity
connected with other crimes (murder , torture, imprisonment, deportation of the
population, enforced disappearance, etc.). About half of those legally convicted
of war rape before the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina were convicted
for crimes committed in eastern Bosnia )RþD9LãHJUDG9ODVHQLFD
6% and Rogatica 2%). At the same time, approximately 1/3 of wartime rapes
(31%) were committed in a camp, 10% in a public place, and the largest
number in a private house or apartment (59%). A significant number of those
convicted of these crimes had been convicted before (35%) and were married
(78%).
Ninety-eight percent (98%) of war rape victims were female and 2%
were male. The vast majority of victims (87%) were Bosniaks, while 8% were
Serbs and 5% were Croats. However, the fact that almost every fifth victim of
war rape (21%) was a minor at the time of committing the crime is particularly
striking. The research established that most of the rapes of minors during the
international armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina were carried out by
members of the Serbian (para)military and police forces in Bosnia nad
Herzegovina, as well as a few members of the HVO.
.H\ ZRUGV War rapes, Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, trials for
war crimes.
399
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Yugoslav federation at the end of the 80s and the beginning of the 90s had a
strong impact on the process of the constitution of an independent Macedonian
state. In those years, the Yugoslav Federation underwent a transition from the
one-party rule of the Union of Communists to the establishment of a pluralistic
multi-party political system. After the legalization of the possibility to create new
political parties in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, various parties and
associations emerged, which brought great diversity to the political life of the
republic and laid the foundations of party pluralism in it. The grouping of the
parties is based on the attitude towards the future development of Yugoslavia,
which divides them into “pro-Yugoslav” and “national”. Along with the
Macedonian national parties, political parties and associations on a national
and ethno-religious basis are being created in the SR Macedonia. The difficulties
in the Republic of Macedonia started parallel to the process of declaring its
independence and especially after the breakup of Yugoslavia. Thus, in the early
90s, after the collapse of the multinational federation and the declaration of
independence of some of its republics, such as Slovenia and Croatia, the
Republic of Macedonia faced serious problems in its own state. Internally - the
final independence of the state and liberation from the Yugoslav People's Army,
and externally - its international recognition. And while the last decade of the
20th century was mainly related to the international recognition of the Republic
of Macedonia, the first decade of the 21st century saw the country face serious
international problems and confrontations mainly between the Macedonian and
Albanian ethnic groups in the country, as well as the dilemma of further and steps
towards membership in the Euro-Atlantic structures - in the EU and NATO
.H\ ZRUGV Yugoslav Federation, Republic of Macedonia,

Macedonians, Albanians, Turks, internal political development, problems of
foreign policy, inter-ethnic relations.
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426

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Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɚ
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Department of History, Faculy of Philosophy,
University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Kosovo
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$EVWUDFWUniversity of Prishtina, serving as an institution of education

and science and as a centre of Albanian democratic and cultural movements,
since its foundation was amongst the institutions on the target of Serbian regime.
Upon abolition of the autonomy of Kosovo in 1989, the Serbian regime started
the discriminatory policies against the Albanian population, the overwhelming
majority population in Kosovo, including the expulsion of the Albanian pupils
and students from the schools and university premises, massive dismissals from
work, etc. It was the academic year 1991/1992 when the doors of the University
of Prishtina were closed to Albanian students and teachers. The University of
Prishtina and its campus in the center of the capital Prishtina, libraries, institutes
and student dormitories all remained available to Serbian and other non-
Albanian teachers and students.
The Albanian population created a parallel state, a unique example in
the world, and such state created the parallel institutions in various fields of life,
such as health, culture and education, including also the parallel University of
Prishtina. This paper, in light of the sources of the time (documents in the Archive
of the Rectorate of University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, published reports
of the international organisations, press of the time) and the relevant
historiography aims at elaborating: the initial protests and resistance of
Albanian professors and students against the violent measures imposed by the
Serbian regime; how the students and teachers were expelled from the facilities
of the University of Prishtina; the procedures and the circumstances under which
was established the Parallel University of Prishtina; how this parallel university
functioned in the situation of pressure and continuous violence from the Serbian
regime, at private facilities in the suburbs of the city; how the entire Albanian
population from Kosovo was mobilized to support this university. The paper
437
Prof. Ass. Dr. Albina DRANÇOLLI RAMADANI, Prof. Ass. Dr. Kujtime BOSHTRAKAJ CAMAJ
offers data from the unpublished documents which are stored at the Archive of
the Rectorate of the University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, regarding the
number of planned and enrolled students, which indicates how the political
situation was reflected on the number of students who attended the university
studies. Particular attention in the paper was paid to the students’ protests of
1997 by elaborating how this Parallel University, through the peaceful student
protests, influenced the sensitizing of the international institutions and media on
the question of the Albanian people in Kosovo. It emphasizes the important role
of students represented by Independent Union of Students of the University of
Prishtina (Unioni i Pavarur i Studentëve i Universitetit të Prishtinës - UPSUP),
who gained the support and encouragement of international political
personalities of the time for the continuation of peaceful student activism.
Despite all the drastic challenges the Parallel University of Prishtina
functioned in all the segments that characterize a university. All managerial
mechanisms were developed, teaching was held in three cycles of study, even
though only private premises were available but no laboratories, libraries and
dormitories, new students were enrolled, staff were continuously recruited and
promoted, and university textbooks were prepared. However, due to many
factors, including the emigration of the Albanian population, the continuous
violence by the Serbian police, and the financial difficulties of Albanian families,
the number of students was constantly decreasing. In addition, this situation
impacted their learning. The lack of literature and laboratories, teaching and
learning in private premises and homes, the constant dangers and mistreatment
by the Serbian regime, were making university studies a very difficult mission.
However, the Parallel University of Prishtina turned into a centre of peaceful
resistance and a symbol of determination to continue studies and advancement
in the Albanian language regardless of the extreme political and social situation.
The University did not interrupt the work even in the state of war, until 21 March
1999. All this readiness, will and peaceful resistance had gained the attention
and respect of international opinion.
.H\ ZRUGV Parallel University of Prishtina, Kosovo, abolition of the

autonomy, parallel system, students’ protests.
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438
Parallel University of Prishtina, 1991-1999: Functioning, challenges and peaceful resistance

Bila je akademska 1991/1992. godina kada su vrata Prištinskog univerziteta bila
zatvorena za albanske studente i nastavnike. Univerzitet u Prištini i njegov
kampus u centru glavnog grada Prištine, bibloteke, instituti i studentski domovi
ostali su dostupni srpskim i drugim nealbanskim nastavnicima i studentima.
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'RFGU0DUL\DQD67$029$Institut za balkanistike sa Centrom za
trakologiju, Bugarska akademija nauka Osnivanje nezavisne Republike
Makedonije – GHFHQLMDPHÿXQDURGQRJSUL]QDQMD -2001)
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za izbijanje rata 1992. godine u Bosni i Hercegovini.

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Historijski Pogledi10

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Sarajevo što si potavnilo,

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