About The Author Tony Danby was born in 1929, and studied mathematics at Oxford and Manchester Urry He has fought inthe US. since 1957, before which he was for a time, a profes- Jal musician, as first chair oboist In the London Philharmonic Orchestra. His specialty ee celestial mechanics, and he is concemed with Innovative ways of teaching in the. age of the computer. He is the author of Computer Applications to Differential Equations which Includes 80 projects for Ihe computer, many of them Involving orbital motion, About This Book This Is an introductory text that should be accessible to reader having a background In calculus and elementary differential equations. The original edition (1962) has been radically revised, and emphasis is placed on computation. The numerical analysis needed for the computations Is derived, and sample programs (run on a PC) are included, There are introductory chapters on the astronomical background and on vectorial mechanics. Sections dealing with the problem of two bodies Include the use of universal variables, several methods (Including that of Laguerre) for solving Kepler's equation and problems, The chapter on the determination of orbits includes two versions of Gauss’ method, the application of least squares and an introduction to recursive methods. The chapter on numerical methods includes three methods for the numerical integration of differential equations, one of which has full stepsize control, There are also chapters on perturbations, the three- and n-body problems, the motion of the Moon and the rotations of the Earth and Moon. The appendix includes numerical tables and derivations of properties of conic sections that are usedin the text, The text includes several hundred problems, and suggested computer projects-a diskette that can be used In conjunction with this text Is separately available as detailed on the last page of this book, From the Reviews The select group of scientists and engineers who dedicate thelr career to celestial mechanics consider the author's book of fundamental importance. The original gation of 1962 appeared when the author worked at Yale University with several of ants in our field (Brouwer, Clemence, Eckert, Hagihara, Herget, etc). qhe es iderable influence of the original edition on our field Is surpassed by the pres second, revised and significantly enlarged edition... This excellent introductory t text book Is strongly recommended for undergraduate courses In celestial mechanics, orbit dynamics and astrodynamics. Mathematical Reviews — American Mathematical Society Anew edition of Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics isa welcome sight to those. of us who teach this subject to advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students ... One of the best features of the original was its large varlety of problems and exercises, and the new edition has even more .., The expanded sections and new material have broadened the text's applications. . . this second edition of Danby’s Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics will also become a classic. Sky & Telescope magazine This second edition has been substantially revised and enlarged and demonstrates in a dramatic manner how the use of computers of all sizes has allowed teachers and students alike to gain a much deeper understanding of a subject requiriag substantial nurnerical computation .... (it) ls most certainly a valuable addition to any. teacher's personal library. It is also cheap enough for students, who are! intorestod In in the finer details of numerical computation of orbits, to purchase thelr own:copy. The [Observatory Published by: Willmann—Bell, Inc. P.O. Box 35025 ! Richmond, Virginia 23235 (804) ; United States of America 320-7016 ISBN 0-949996-20-4Copyright ©1962, 1988, 1992 by John M.A.Danby All rights reserved. Except for brief passages quoted in a review, no part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photo- graphic, or electronic process, nor may it be stored in any informa- tion retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without the written permission of the publisher. Re- quests for permission or further information should be addressed to Permissions Department, Willmann—Bell, Inc. P.O. Box 35025, Richmond, VA 23235. First Edition published 1962 Second printing 1964 Second Edition, revised and enlarged 1988 Second printing with corrections, 1989 Third printing corrected and enlarged 1992 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Danby, John M. A. Fandamentals of celestial mechanics / J.M.A. Danby. -2nd. rev. and enlarged ed. pcm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-942396-20-4 1. Mechanics, Celestial. 1. Title. QB351.D3 1988 88-20566 521 de 19 cP lpi car tne nnn en een PREFACE ‘The first edition of this text was written over twenty-five years ago. At thet time, “computing” could be time-consuming and harrowing. (The actual omputation might be over in a second, but the “turn-around time” could be measured in days.) I well remember as eminent an authority as Dirk Brouwer Wvising me against giving computing assignments in my courses. So I wrote éhé text to provide background and learning over a wide area, but I made no - atteinpt to give details of practical calculation. That time now seems to be as far away as the logarithm table! Then one shight just talk about a calculation; now it takes hardly any longer to sit down ‘and perform it, From my own experience I am convinced that when calculation Toutine in and out of class, the learning process becomes much more efficient than it used to be. More can be covered and learned, with greater purpose, increasing satisfaction and enjoyment. In making the changes for this edition Thave assumed that a reader will have ready access to a computer terminal “allowing rapid debugging, and running, and immediate viewing of output. "Because of the expense of adding new material, changes in the old text have had to be kept to a minimum. Were I able to have started again from scratch, Alterations would have been much more radical. The big changes are in the -dhaptérs on the two-body problem, the determination of orbits, and numerical ocedures. I have tried to make these chapters practical and up-to-date. The resulting text can be used by beginning students who are concerned with general applications of dynamics to astronomy (with or without computation), or by thesé who want to leara the fundamental practical details of orbital work. I spe also that the selection of material may make the text useful as a reference. “Iwill certainly be reproached for actually listing some programs. I make no im for any personal merit as a programmer. An experienced programmer is entitled to view my programs with ridicule — but he is also entitled to ignore ‘My first obligation is to students, some of whom will only be starting to programs. I have found from experience that students are greatly helped if they can see sample programs, and that a lot of time is saved if such programs arc available. The programs are, of course, for adapting and improving, not for ying. My choice of BASIC as the language for program listing will also ‘be controversial. T am looking for maximum understanding: any programmer tan follow BASIC, even if he or she will not admit to using it. But BASIC, ‘especially in some modern adaptations, is an excellent language for scientificiv computation. (I also considered using FORTRAN or PASCAL. But FORTRAN is regarded with furious scorn by some partisans of PASCAL, and the feeling is returned with interest by many users of FORTRAN. I wish to remain neutral.) ‘The programs listed here have all been run on an IBM PC. Emphasis is placed ‘on the use of double precision. The text is accessible to undergraduates or graduate students in mathemat- ies, physics, engineering or astronomy. As minimum requirements, a user is assumed to have taken introductory courses in calculus, differential equations and mechanics. Other topies, such as numerical analysis, are developed in the text as needed. There is plenty of material for two semesters; so a one semester course can be designed in many ways (even with the exclusion of all computing). The first three chapters are introductory, and can be omitted provided that the material is known. I try to stress the geometrical interpretations of vector operations (especially the cross-product) and the fact that these are indepen- dent of any coordinate system. [ also stzess the application of vectors to rotating systems. Chapter 4 deals with fundamental mechanics. Some of the material may alzeady be familiar to a reader, and some (such as sections 4.6-4.9) can be omitted without detriment to the understanding of later material. Jn a course concerned with the fundamentals of orbital calculation, much of the contents of Chapter 5 could be omitted. This chapter can always be visited later, especially if the final three chapters are to be considered. Chapter 6 is concerned with the core problem of celestial mechanics. It has been expanded to include computational solutions of the initial value problem and the two-point boundary value problem; the use of universal variables is emphasized. Four methods are introduced in section 6.6 for the solution of a nonlinear equation; all are used later. 1 cannot recommend any omissions from this chapter! Much of Chapter 7 is occupied with the classical problem of determining an.orbit from three observations. This is often dismissed as irrelevant, and it is certainly less important than the problem of improving an orbit using many observations (the problem addressed in the final two sections of this chapter). But I have found that many students are fascinated by the problem, so 1 ike to discuss it, particularly since, in my opinion, modern refinements of Gauss’s method provide some of the most elegant mathematics in celestial mechanics. If time is short, I recommend that Laplace’s method just be described in general terms, and the main emphasis placed, deservedly, on Gauss. Anyone claiming to know auything about orbital mechanics must know something about the problem of three bodies: an introduction is offered in Chapter 8. This material merits at least a survey, and the same can be said about Chapter 9 (the final three sections of which should on no account be omitted), ‘The numerical solution of differential equations is essential for most work on orbits. Three methods are described in Chapter 10, and programs are listed. ‘These are: Fehlberg's Runge-Kutta method of order 5, with stepsize control: a -predictor-corrector method of arbitrary order for a system of first-order equa- “tions; the classical method, also of arbitrary order, for a system of second-order ‘equations. The section on interpolation has also been expanded. J "Together with Chapter 6, Chapter 11 contains the most important material of the text. Since the subject of perturbations could itself occupy several texts, “gome sections in Chapter 11 are bound to be somewhat thin, but T would "he reluctant to dispense with any of the material. Some derivations, as in “119, might be omitted, and Encke’s method and the numerical solution of the ‘equations for the variation of parameters may be obsolete (although they are © Still often mentioned). "The final three chapters have not been changed in this edition. Chapter 42 contains the minimum of information about the orbit of the Moon that an educated astronomer or celestial mechanician should know. Chapters 13 and 14 contain important information on the rotations of the Earth and Moon that - ig not easily available elsewhere. ‘The section in the Appendix on conics has been expanded; this may be helpful since the emphasis placed on conics in courses containing analytical _ geometry is decreasing. Also in the Appendix are listings of programs for the solution of a linear system and for matrix inversion. Listings of orbital elements - of comets and asteroids may help in some of the projects. Personally, I am in ‘favor, especially in the classroom, of making up my own orbits, or getting students to do so. For instance, students can make up their own orbits, and ~ generate “observations”; these are exchanged, with the recipients responsible for _ recovering as well as possible the original elements. For verisimilitude, errors should be added to the calculated observations; these require the generation of sample values of a normal distribution. The generation of these “Gaussian “deviates” is described also in the Appendix. Some of the problems have been taken from the following texts: L. A. Pars, An Introduction to Dynamies (Cambridge) A. R, Ramsey, Dynamics, Parts 1 and 2 (Cambridge) A.R. Ramsey, Newtonian Attraction (Cambridge) W. M. Smart, Spherical Astronomy (Cambridge} E. T. Whittaker, Analytical Dynamics (Cambridge) F. R. Moulton, An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics (Dover) K. P. Williams, The Calculation of the Orbits of Asteroids and Comets (Principia Press) R. Kurth, Introduction to the Mechanics of the Solar System (Pergamon Press) D. E, Rutherford, Vector Methods (Oliver and Boyd)Lam grateful to the publishers and authors for their kind permission to repro- duce the problems. T would also like to thank Dr. P. K. Seidelmann, Director of the Nautical Almanac Office, and Dr. B. G. Marsden, of the Minor Planet Center, for permission to reproduce numerical data. Dr. Marsden has also been generous in providing information on orbit determination procedures. I would like to thank Dr. L. E. Doggett who has not only been helpful in providing data, but also deserves the credit for persuading the publisher to produce this new edition. I would like to thank my wife, Phyllis, who has labored beyond the call of marriage vows in proof-reading not only the original edition, but also this version. Finally, I would like to thank Mr. Perry Remaklus, Je. of Willmana-Bell, Inc., for all of his work and help. Irecall with great affection the students that Ihave known, and look forward to meeting many more. To all of these, and to those I can only meet through my writing, this text is dedicated. ‘This new printing contains two additions to the Appendix. ‘The section on random variables is intended to fill the gap created by my assumptions, made in Chapter 7, of prior knowledge in this arca: up to now I have had to hand this out to my students as additional material. ‘The section on Hamiltonian mechanics appears in response to a critic’s complaint. It is a highly condensed introduction; but, I hope, better than nothing. IMA. Danby Raleigh, North Carolina Moy 1991 ble of Contents Some Definitions Orbital Definitions. Kepler’s Laws. ‘The Astronomical Unit Bode’s Law. ‘Astronomical Observations. The Celestial Sphere ......-..-.0s000+ bee Precession, Nutation, and Variation of Latitude . 1.10 The True and Apparent Places of a Celestial Object. 11 The Measurement of Time Scalars and Vectors The Law of Addition The Scalar Product The Vector Product... ‘The Velocity of a Vector... Angular Velocity. Rotating Axes... The Gradient of a Scalar. Spherical Trigonometry ‘Chapter 3 Introduction To Vectorial Mechanics. I Forces as Vectors ~ ~ 2 Basic Definitions. Newton’s Laws of Motion.........- The Laws of Energy and Momentum Siraple Harmonic Motion. the Velocity. Linear Motion in an Inverse Square Field vii Motion in a Uniform Field, Subject to Resistance Proportional toiit 3.8 Foucault's Pendulum... 50 Some Expansions in Elliptic Motion - - 198 3.9 The Equation of Motion of a Rocket, Subject to its Own ‘The Orbit in Space ...... - 201 Propulsion 52 ‘The Geocentric Coordinates. 206 3.10 Problems. 53 The Effects of Planetary Aberration and Parallax . . 207 Projects .- ~ 209 Chapter 4 Central Orbits. 57 fF 41 General Properties. ... a7 Chapter 7 ‘he Determination of Orbits ..... wee 213 4.2 The Stability of Circular Orbits 59 Tntroduction. + 213 4.3. Further Basic Formulas. 62 Laplace’s Method. 217 44 Newtonian Attraction. Gauss’ Method .. + 226 4.5 Einstein's Modification of the Equation of the Orbit. Herget’s Method for a Preliminary Orbit Using More 46 The Case f(r) =n?r, ‘Than Three Observations... 235 47 The Case f(r) = p/r*: Cotes? Spirals ‘The Differential Correction of Orbits - 238 48 To Find the Law of Force, Given the Orbit . 75.1 Projects... : : 244 49 The “Universality” of Newton's Law . Using a Previous Estimate: Recursive Methods 246 4.10 Worked Examples...... 76.1 Exercises... . 281 411 Problems = | Chapter 8 The Three-Body Problem 233, Chapter 5 Some Properties of Solid Bodie: 89 OBI The Restricted Three-Body Problem: Jacobi’s Integral + 253 Center of Mass and Venter of Gravity .. 89 82 Tisserand’s Criterion for the Identification of Comets: 254 32 ‘The Moments and Products of Inertia: The Inertia Tensor. 90 8.3 The Surfaces of Zero Relative Velocity ...... + 285 5.3 The Potential of a Sphere. 96 “84 The Positions of Equilibrium... 260 5.4 The Potential of a Distant Body. MacCullagh’s Formula. 100 The Stability of the Points of Equilibrium. 262 5.5 The Field of a Homogeneous Ellipsoid 102 The Lagrangian Solutions for the Motion of Three Finite Bodies... 266 - 270 5.6 Laplace’s Equation, Legendre Polynomials, Potential of the Barth . 112 Problems... 5.7 The Tidal Distortion of a Liquid Sphere a Under the Action of a Distant Point Mass 117 Chapter 9 The n-Body Problem. 273 5.8 — Ellipsoidal Figures of Rotating Fluid Masses 2 “OY The Center of Mass and the Invarial 273 : The Energy Integral and the Force Function. » 274 Chapter 6 The Two-Body Problem 125 ‘The Virial Theorem. 276 ' 6. “The Motion of the Center of Mass....... 125 ‘Transfer of the Origin: the Perturbing Forces 276 6.2 The Relative Motion... 197 Application to the Solar System... 278 63 The Orbit ia Time. 129 Problems... : ~ 280 6.4 Some Properties of the Motion 138 65 The Choice of Units . 146 Chapter 10 Numerical Procedures. 283 6.6 The Solution of Kepler's Equation. 149 “10-1 Differences and Sims 283 6.7 The f and g Functions... 162 10:2 Interpolation... ~ 285 68 The Initial Value Problem I 165 le 290 6.9 Universal Variables .. 168 104 - 291 6.10 The Initial Value Problem I 178 105 293 6.11 The Two-Point Boundary Value Problem I—Application 10.6 The Numerical Integration of Differential Bauations Runge-Kutta of Lambert’s Theorem... +. 180 Methods .. 296 6.12 The Two-Point Boundary Value Problem Il—Gauss’ Method... 191 6.13 The Two-Point Boundary Value Problema HI—The Method of Herrick and Liu..10.7 The Numerical Integration of Differential Equations—~A Multistep Method for First-Order Systems .. 108 ‘The Numerical Integration of Differential Equations—Systems of Second-Order Equations. : Chapter 1i Perturbations Lt Introduction... 11.2 Cowell’s Method. 113. Encke’s Method... 114 The Osculating Orbi 11.5 The Effects of Small Impulses on the Blements . 1.6 The Equation for... 11.7 Modifications When Components Are Tangential and Normal—Drag-Perturbed Orbits.. 18 Hansen's Method..........02.2. 11.9 The Equations in Terms of 35/0a, etc. 11.10 Substitutions for Small e or i. 11.11 The Generel Approach to the Solution of Lagrange’s Planetary Equations 11.12 The Disturbing Function... 11.18 General Discussion of the First-Order Solution of the Planetary Equations 114 Secular Perturbations... : 1115 The Motion of a Satellite in the Field of an Oblate Planet . 11.16 The Computation of the Variations of the Elements . 1117 The Activity Sphere ...... : 1L18 General Methods . 11.19 Problems Chapter 12 The Motion of the Moon. T2TTatroduction.....eeeesceseees 12.2 The Perturbing Forces. 123 The Perturbation of the Nodes. 12.4 The Perturbation of the Inclination 12.5 The Perturbations of w and ¢ 12.6 The Variation . 12.7 The Perturbation of the Period and the Anmual Equation 12.8 The Parallactic Inequality..... 12.9 The Secular Acceleration of the Moon 12.10 Theories of the Motion of the Moon 12.11 Problems.. Chapter 13 The Earth and its Rotation. 18:1 —The Eulerian Motion of the Barth... 18.2 The Couple Exerted on the Earth by a Distant Body 315 315 319 323 327 328 . 331 331 . 337 - 339, » 341 . 343 345 349 +. B71 + 371 372 - 374 376 377 379 330 381 382 384 389 . 389 391 43.3 The Couples Exerted on the Earth by the Sun and Moon. 3.4 The Lunisolar Precession. 3.5 Nutation .... : 13.6 Problems. Shapter 14 The Moon and its Rotation, 421 Cassini's Laws. 4.2 The Eulerian Equations 4.3 The Libration in Longitude . 4.4 Other Oscillations ... 145 Problems... xi 395 397 399 401 401 401 411 “Appendix ‘Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix ‘Appendix ppendix B The Rotation of Axes ppendix C Numerical Values. 1 Orbital Blements of Planets . 2 Satellites: Orbital and Physical Data 3 Physical Elements of Planets “4 The Eartl 5 The Moon 6 The Sun. 7 Physical Constants. 8 Miscellaneous Data. D1 f and g Series D2 Elliptic Motion. 1 General Properties 2 The Ellipse 3 The Parabola 4 The Hyperbola. “AS Pole and Polar. D_ Miscellaneous Expansions in Series .. E The Solution of Linear Systems .. F ‘he Generation on the Computer of Gaussian Deviates... G Some Orbits of Comets and Minor Pianets. H The Greek Alphabet......... I Random Variables, and Least Squares. 413 413 416 418 ~ 422 ~ 425 : 437 437 ~ 439Appendix J Notes on Hamiltonian Mechanics J.1 Elements of Lagrangian Mechanics . J2 Hamilton’s Equations... 33 Canonical Transformations... J.4 Canonical Transformations Defined by Functions 3.5 The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation . J.6 The Problem of Two Bodies. 4.7 Perturbed Motion References and Biblography .. |. Index. : ‘hapter 1 fhe Astronomical Background Introduction ‘Much of the theory in this text is that of conventional mechanics, but since applications will concern celestial objects, we shall be using terms that may ‘not be familiar to readers who lack a background in astronomy. This chapter is intended for such readers. It is confined to a bare introduction to the astronom- jcal terms used in the text. Readers are strongly advised to refer, in addition, “to some general text on descriptive astronomy. ‘The fundamental law of celestial mechanics is Newton's law of gravitation. sst applications concern the solar system, but the theory can be applied any- were in the universe. For very small distances, comparable with the size of the ‘om, and for very large distances, of the order of a billion light years, this law 1, perhaps, not be useful, but we shall not be concerned with such extremes here. It is important to realize that, apart from some small modifications (as the case of Mercury’s orbit), Newton's law holds good in the sense that it yes the right answers; furthermore it is the only reasonable law in elementary iechanics that gives the right answers. In practice, the law is used not only in ‘york on the solar system but also in the mechanics of multiple star systems, of the galaxy, and oven of dlusters of galaxies. celestial mechanics we are primarily concerned with things as we find . We need to explain observed motioa and to provide accurate predictions ‘for the future. But when a rocket is launched, some control is exercised over its orbit, even if oaly by a judicious choice of the initial conditions of launching. An orbit is chosen in advance; in addition to the forces due to gravity, thrusts can imposed; if the rocket does not follow its chosen orbit precisely, corrections “wiust be applied. These circumstances fall into the province of astronautics “(which can be said to include “experimental celestial mechanics”). Actually, the thethods of celestial mechanics can be applied to the problems of astronautics, and the basic theory of the two subjects is the same.Appendix J Notes on Hamiltonian Mechanics J.1 Elements of Lagrangian Mechanics . J2 Hamilton’s Equations... 33 Canonical Transformations... J.4 Canonical Transformations Defined by Functions 3.5 The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation . J.6 The Problem of Two Bodies. 4.7 Perturbed Motion References and Biblography .. Index. : ‘hapter 1 fhe Astronomical Background Introduction ‘Much of the theory in this text is that of conventional mechanics, but since applications will concern celestial objects, we shall be using terms that may ‘not be familiar to readers who lack a background in astronomy. This chapter is intended for such readers. It is confined to a bare introduction to the astronom- jcal terms used in the text. Readers are strongly advised to refer, in addition, “to some general text on descriptive astronomy. ‘The fundamental law of celestial mechanics is Newton's law of gravitation. sst applications concern the solar system, but the theory can be applied any- were in the universe. For very small distances, comparable with the size of the ‘om, and for very large distances, of the order of a billion light years, this law 1, perhaps, not be useful, but we shall not be concerned with such extremes here. It is important to realize that, apart from some small modifications (as the case of Mercury’s orbit), Newton's law holds good in the sense that it yes the right answers; furthermore it is the only reasonable law in elementary iechanics that gives the right answers. In practice, the law is used not only in ‘york on the solar system but also in the mechanics of multiple star systems, of the galaxy, and oven of dlusters of galaxies. celestial mechanics we are primarily concerned with things as we find . We need to explain observed motioa and to provide accurate predictions ‘for the future. But when a rocket is launched, some control is exercised over its orbit, even if oaly by a judicious choice of the initial conditions of launching. An orbit is chosen in advance; in addition to the forces due to gravity, thrusts can imposed; if the rocket does not follow its chosen orbit precisely, corrections “wiust be applied. These circumstances fall into the province of astronautics “(which can be said to include “experimental celestial mechanics”). Actually, the thethods of celestial mechanics can be applied to the problems of astronautics, and the basic theory of the two subjects is the same.pn a0] | an poo 3 nna =e komm pam a ome et ase ete no nbhorang agin be ora rs POE ope m3 en ee PO sao as ly py oe wR, or santo pp sm 90 aa to an it pes pee enon ig ue pen oe a ay on tg epee a ot one twa Peon 2p ao ang mem pene eg “cog pnt emp ne) 2 jy oy Seng sam en ae om OB‘Premng sages po a magne Hy pe am eeSee Guns Sag em wp ps Ba ‘oago way #30 wom my pe SE eT, OTT same oo eo ng ee a em ee,“gy cuca om may nan pe evoep tmp oye pm comp un ng eb poo ee Fromage imeem sep ny s10792A 0} WOHOMpOAyUT z zardeq“gy cuca om may nan pe evoep tmp oye pm comp un ng eb poo ee Fromage imeem sep ny s10792A 0} WOHOMpOAyUT z zardeqcern weaes sah rn pgp og wenn my oa yh op ‘uP a soos asym Se no Fo ay SO, ats) on mys pend ay gy 9 anes Po ga og A Tutus se ep oye me ns spear mn tern et ea a So fe aa eons ~ a (eng og) eo oe re bag oo en rm es oot Pas sa ge| rn ree ms yoo fee ees 0771 ‘dos pita ots in ey ea iS(ree) ‘peg ma 5 pny ‘eos on sn i rg m= ng ot Fine rene eon yn cnr mg romper mg oar ee (9) pe toms aa oa Seex enentt on om ms SE ET eoqgond sa ee avi oF DHE ‘emmy e eonpory ze ® scsatoiaie ee:sora cea p opera eof stopea pasl n y9 poe ens ected Sn psn oes wb pa! oe one ee_— am xara) oomea 2 mm mete or ape sy an sh en FN ® epee mFpo o.q-x) Hex vo ag peqerome qn ARX Hm Ha AgtxS xia) bd esa sce sponge prensa eg poze pa 98) AS I ey 0 gong RD =(1 (prion nea 3p ‘ory 9 pw ‘oT you yo zens) 3 poe tan soy pind 9 EN aL aon Sa pom fovea os nage ge ®Fm ania pon re men SE somo pe nn py 9 fm Siam a oe an en TO) ‘qe nao son yo BEY pe moe ss ep 28 a ‘pi pores ease pee a eoe ‘Seopa om po oe bps on ee yao, ro Baueswae Hig ona ao pe a BR ipso) = xy tera 8eS xy Bm 03 reat sepa sad ®ee musa 9 Ye WY 8.90 PO ROY Hm Seaov7 wm v=¥o97 = 9087 0p, amonponny mein «en asexe rome, 6%Bae er foe oo moa oa TP ON, sommerpayy [eMO}eA OY, WOHINPOIyNT g ode,Bae er foe oo moa oa TP ON, sommerpayy [eMO}eA OY, WOHINPOIyNT g ode,ove) itpra sym pm oe tng even pe i earn ott, ve » onan po ang suey ans se me sea eg Sy POUR NEL saan sm aww ee Foran yO a osu pyaed so menus se =f OM ze 5 oe pa eee wp agen some is Hd ‘am oa, om os sg ome Ll yoo sn oe eS ose hy SS supe po aan BOUEEN ge 2 on i 34 canary sea og pnd ed oe ram IP SENT neceg wie mag opm artomp osname md 19 ex tin oe 7 em ogee (2) seven ye) ae ” rey soma is 6 emgage SRP IDPe sends ona oem ORO NHL LE Petts nmi wo oro OT LE up mapa yy, Se a rasa me ay is sg pm ern Bet pa 8 ie San pa en me nm xo 20 0 rapaodena sumamengt ov along pred Mane wat TN soppy ay one “5 2RBHD ®Ae ven Boas 1 UN sO ah Nai SPOR apm Be Gate 8 Pn) GL a Fpa oqo ors seein ni op eps -e sede .ye Te se met PN Oo 2 oo Ap sy 64 sex, sm to Se ot sexe Rage npn pam so SioSacege me eng ppp mos eng oe OE SPN oy oa FEIN)SsHqtO [e399 ¥ soydeqoo nome sgh on pmo 94m (619) serene apd mena om a, ec mete oH ic easy mn9 » Gag a Pcoven) ores)2220 100 mop 64 “2 PONY“ pmmoRD amy m2 O RON nt aw S55 yee bo FP) a dena em Gor os wre a ssey tpn a sos pet ones 10 Sona maoce ny atmo wp na me) ep Pa 9) ogee a pom ee sy om ae sega, yrincaen oan atic pd =) sp ojo ney ss pr a so iy ea smog mt ON so msm “Pte >Soypaman way a “moe eda we maaan toy Ba ‘Quam ani mpd np et wn pos op SOLER YARIS ome eee tm or tly om (een) em ‘epeamd epennunos px'p= yng pero m8 . sonny mee HPwa tas +90 = 48 +80 segan. 29 one soyeos {or-nsme$ ovo a == {le-nomrssck serene ore sg no ano om sp nb jroswompor semen SF retro = mateo = vatas 80 = » moet 0 mepaba op p RTI Sem Sfmy gp pons 9 om ative aoe oo vere 0 ero a0 aR ° ees 00 — =O ag 2fermen sam vn (rey) og eno map “texte “gt fms 9 ary prog mts [7 Setipe see mnerre np moar Lee e 19 29 2009 omy Paw ON PEE FFsng o8 61) emo gf emct - onan 9g 0 vet 22.8 ip a9 op a 1p aden gp on Borman = (2) 5 mes ‘Say Shasta a Sey ogo ee ey Pa Veo Teen then om eran agape ean peseeem epee uote eons ye eg Seo Sos po so ng “Fi 8ewe 8 ee ee — “ver om eon Oa en ‘pn naan oy am mmr eo Sb rote sph tan Sas sao em a 8a9 man “fsx tang poem OFFsnpeop je sarong youre ee = om GAY sean man a oe Tm 8 8 sig oe OF 0 pam “tanto =‘kg ie a fi ny 6 8 RI Y a2 p pend to Psat 8 a em fon Pw eI YE seg uo aw = cog tt 0 rama. Faia 8mee to nap pace my ny apo yaa i sp}. en pm 9) ace ed ceo te soe UEexo pop 3p mrp 2 9 8 paso EIR soIpog pHs Jo sorptodorg auiog g soydeysete pong a. eo gr sn ma a mages sins ‘Shes yey spec ype fo rm OY deere tet) on Mes neie = moemegom ero whee hy un rn S ay Aye a te sr ma ous — aon pmeig pom Ft pe pms undying ae o(09 ime mor rete: Sinem sin ont soon ne mpm Sret sham ms0 04s mi aaa a sega pro pp a obec my gy ancy pein oh eo tain 1159 ve same: aoe be em meet —embaLn somos prsemomgesaE BHsete tafe yo oa ee mow ema wo “ondayiiiny ro he oe 56 sm a gL — HOME ENR FY OIL LFSeigen ms 8 & 1 : sonoma [ffomna creme noe = seep emp oq, reps god youay a an p99 8 dae Foealag ve pene sem on robin bo qn oe {monn x sy tn) sg pe yo sp On Hp ae oe ee 2 9 masa ee 8 HS anv ps so ares pa Pa “F Sse po orem a Song. mp on np en ae ‘Shona eras ge sn og a OF area nas pty ams mre %cane senna, soniye pmamaaan =eue-ot eevee semi eerOoN — Sos I aL PEont] =e Y 5 Jia woran ox soot (seats ca tag monsoon yp aE ae99 a og su no rin nb meet 1 FM ‘apo a aoa Sepang spatom eps!o-) ie ona me 5 ntyne [ovo cmap aners een usp no do as ra mes nisms 1m =om nag oe tors eed 5 sega pnpsp nin Seon a7 heen po de ‘eu soe 9 tone pond ana ee oc uD! ‘Eye pm om SP 3 papa oy ds ce) ooo N= = FA we mm oR NE a eins momsaooy x eeLE AE 5 | sts Joo ws) “poy? =atoy2h ax ns 3 paeg'9 pay a9 pm’ A ep oN AY OH ga ares) se eg a = ta Da = bm pent ams (ETE) ata)s ~(Dallize fr60= 0 nab ew oop ow eo pm en “eso Pim oe oo oa a RM epee omens omg anSUC pgm p mens speanaaRg oT Ne aEeT VS lin meas‘yo nopay aq spin ames pmbyy eye wor PORE AE 8 Seem smi se i a oe oy oa Stn We ao HESe of nt (Pro)en(% wage sana poe ma ont op no 5 wn opi pte sor PLRL L epee ris parents ois = 2a mnup no (185) OL Pa sey mig Bom 0a els 2 eases tenet a papa pat tro a ge ay a mo a8 pot OR eo anyon ep omns ossoy Se P sorere etd Ropu yo sans woes 64 go oom ee Nap ie ts ano pn 5 a ee’ Te gen Sent a oy my a ON aps ong, se seal ye Kaen om sped res pepntg sag 2 19 ostnt i ge edn Fe ee re ans 2m amo a a mo 7 a meer Benwenr mn ENE1 pang ogo ns an 219) r= (er BagpY ee sews sy 9 TD Ks Shas See Sage pas pps eo ex eqn woe[qord APOG-OML CULL 9 woxdey, sorca0 m9 ogo eonHE oR, EBsemaend sone a (179) ep eran p me og 8 SB ONE coro noun, 8 a oy separ ets 29oreo whove Be scr geiemem mh a mae a aren me We SRS Bence bom non pe BON ron 10 282 9 “pve (9) «ans “emi ee nnd “EE a en ero fe ya fo HNsong yo TB vena Poon mL 9D asng a in tg eens dy ey 2p ely pe ay om bd ed eo eres) ame-a=U-aesexo mp esc px ae mp mony o 22 ep ao nox pt gm an, supa pore cate coment Sacre oro AHL sat ay pana sr am to mL poms ane Dqe=s pasenese snp sembmy eM AS “poe og an yet non om psn a gs mT ma snceepg tam peo wm MO emg oman, 9 re we a uy sO£0 (Uo) oa yom cng pm ny em pn, oh) 9 socom. me gm ese pg as po HM Se apd ta an ay sy IN HY TH ea 52 opp ame ane pw 2) “gam ee sans pe es mon ye eg ey pny eee og an a0 os “CT a comet w pscag ms P| ome pogons ou 7am we‘Sipe stg amps ree om ntagm eet fo soon ae a Be tse po unt aoe 19 bo Fs 8 sao asses po i pomomi oa ose mig ow yen puta og > ty oom a meepean ped ang Pywine eee achat dur mmolios Se ton eg osm pope mateo Syme oe ne ih "2 wee ped pony emod ses ot pu pnd GP a tsar re nod nh pan owe PNSean pase Sml am en fon ‘Phoeeaah oy pos pamnar spe os oeapmos ean Y Ot “wo oe = Gomer) ping Fae sevens spiny ng oR AFT ME AE way Spun 14 ge pm wg en 5) ‘oem men ye eae aN Pn EE ogee ae go on mers ng oto 2s . Subuspoe a sn sy Dea md 0 AS ions me ofa te oy 30 ona say po PEE a DN ep aga Spm Damen es PI gs 20 pe es ei or a AS * oon on eg mS 9 ee Sorgen ou 9 omi EF “me mee ene ppm a wemgon |‘asceroomnooro- = 18 osm os) (Q)pix- mers roe tram smo tt sect Stn Spm ta mm gt ea po Gn aoa) oct 1 Pw na sean ar 9(or ss seuss ee matrope smog a oe £9 ett any Heeroma 9 HDe room un mS MLcenpentan on p ononnaten Poesy oem cee somo yo AL (oromen ary Gey ESREMSSATY gta 7 ote eto mS NE 78 2es pr (S99) yup og wo ca SO ee[ cnt tn iin ofan mat oe Aa a remy pee fu c9 vy Msp» yy nope oye ana-g=ave Sauer ama seam ang ang may hm pI a Penang a PT aL 9 a spoons 9 OD casenor sn oo adn = gup 2 (2 Tpo= Daa, ‘Pigs josh gar Sons onan poe een og“ ‘rope pal gi) mn > Su ao ruesang wean 69(ones (1 ang = ny pro A = EE ce tong = oe ny sna ee 99 an a © ren) ‘evpey Yep 8 eG }ter se ep rm sh Joram gene = (2)o wam'p > 2 3 Zilgn eeprom eo) - “eat spemeeuamveens pega pmney se rn oe bre) eee ol HEH a oe omen games, oy ep ona post eouans a ss 0 map fe 2 MATS I HDF PE “(Berea (¥ (er69) oma Sno 9 rigsem menien 68 con Smmans o,9 9 csatHHG & RES(ors) (ee) ert + (yroytopetete + (ype) ont = res) yest ‘even a param mou Arorons 90Dupmgsgger ‘cprmmmutie agpen | ne meen 69 pnt (3) smn el a 5 a pin oe os we os on 8 Po a IE av Be - (avon; orn be 5 Gar59) 2m os ops rem ree NY eno dpogons ou 92 aA ERASRUNSEGRONEARARARL ppg mg an a 9 2w omg Sepa em rom MHSurns) aan son ig sed oop aN A ‘Rr gy ey ote ee os oh 1 ‘Bi oppor jt Boone gy ws er Bo og =a gas os om me ss rosy Ampeg emgouL MEagyegeas $ z (nee osama an emt aga em OT os yp omg mpeg ony 2 “18iTfemurs peune aU per tapos qe pa a yeeune nou Pomona 7am oeway) pape, wa) (revo) agony wa) pon teet9) oy 9 oma ey som pte se oa) ere), eas fg = BsAbem feng teure) se hy koxp ‘ep yoy span og poe oh oN os worn 6 of ac mv te 180, my treour ons 9 mea Eavers) ma con speronr s 9 tra vetiu mp 6 +0 EP = eee rem =ogra ane eee em neswo-t twee oy emo 32s 2 PR AS“ cq spmacey amore ene Pst 25 REPage ateaes ZS ane ope og soe) SO aR PHI - tno 90 hava pr Epes yp nc ye en emt eve so Va a em weep mands an ag ‘pro's “Gono ‘rt, 0" 0m) = as pe pam oy pn era) a om RLpenton ony peat on psa sete SSSR eos ce mos ese oo Pe or) weve goon eo ty emt mn 9 com py FSSTREISG Shotgun saeone oe povon on se ear9) ‘sesovlosstere- an)sn seatsszant ++ e9enL ata mee es. ao pe pt ons Sh wo 2 ME OE FOE ea) som/osneare oan = rooted or ox venous 79suqio Jo woHCUTEID;AC OTL woydeqg _ 0 a ‘Dpmsdy sy ep e pee e sin ae pe poor a eS mH ena egom aL 9 te asuqio Jo woHCUTEID;AC OTL woydeqg _ 0 a ‘Dpmsdy sy ep e pee e sin ae pe poor a eS mH ena egom aL 9 te anp pe eo 0 Fucliebev guy nstiman et stn mens Bo Shacelqu mu oy opm en oat loro 8 mnemmaoner om) 2 1