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Nanomaterials or nanoparticles offer new opportunities in material science and biomedicine. Cancer
immunotherapy regulates the immune system rather than focusing on the cancer cells ( Esfahani et
al., 2020; Mu et al., 2020 ). However, immunotherapy has encountered a number of challenges in
some kinds of cancer, including resistance of immune checkpoint inhibitors, weak immunogenicity of
therapeutic vaccines, serious immune related side effects, and off-target effects and so on. Kleine-
Brueggeney, H. et al. A rational approach towards the design of chitosan-based nanoparticles
obtained by ionotropic gelation. Measurements of pupil diameter were transported using it. The dried
material is added to water to eliminate the surfactant and salt is applied to remove the surfactant,
followed by centrifugation to recover the ChNP. Afterwards, the solvents are removed under
reduced pressure. ChNPs show promising results for in vivo use as drug delivery vehicles and
diagnostic materials. Based on chemical approach, acidic hydrolysis has been widely applied for
chitosan oligosaccharides production ( Salehinik et al., 2021 ). 4.1.3 Physicochemical Properties of
Chitosan Chitosan is generally considered as a safe and biocompatible polymer material. Another
mechanism ssuggested for the lower bioavailability of saquinavir is its metabolism in the liver and
small intestine, that results in rapid clearance ( Thummel et al., 1997 ). The poor bioavailability of
saquinavir necessitates the use of higher doses that could encourage the emergence of drug resistance
( Schapiro et al., 1996 ). The use of saquinavir can have many side effects like nausea, dizziness,
arrhythmia, etc. This figure adapted from ( Li et al., 2011 ). Chitosan Vehicles for Antiviral Drug
Delivery Drug delivery systems (DDS) are used for controlled and sustained drug release as well as
targeted delivery to specific cells and tissues ( Figure 4 ). The N-deacetylated derivative of chitin is
an appealing biopolymer for producing nanoparticles because chitosan has a unique polymeric
cationic nature, non-toxicity, high biocompatibility, mucoadhesive properties, absorption-enhancing
qualities, and biodegradability. The use of meta-analyses is a useful quantitative means to decide
upon the efficiency of this type of vehicles transporting drugs through the skin. Additional technical,
research, and safety (MSDS) information are available. The degree of acetylation of the chitosan was
found to be the second most important factor involved in the system’s ability to form particles. CH
becomes insoluble at physiological pH, providing slow release of encapsulated antigens and uptake
bydendritic cells DCs. When chitosan gelation takes place by tiny anionic molecules, such as
phosphate, citrate, or sulphate, the designated ionic gelation is used. In this study, the CH NPs were
loaded with saquinavir and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
differential scan calorimetry. Due to the eco-friendly nature of Ch, it provides a novel pathway to
develop less toxic biocides for combating marine fouling without affecting the aquatic fauna. After
adding a cross-linking agent, the liquid is stirred overnight for cross-linking. Although several
procedures are reported to describe a selective modification of Ch, there is a certain procedure which
can be employed to perform nonselective modification of amino or hydroxyl groups. Vaccines have
been proved to be highly effective against many viral infections, but many vaccines are poorly
effective or even completely ineffective. Reverse micelles are thermodynamically stable liquid
mixtures of water, oil, and surfactant. Expand 143 PDF Save DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES TO
ENHANCE THE DISSOLUTION RATE OF LOVASTATIN: FORMULATION AND
EVALUATION Karthik Neduri Vijaya kumar Bontha Sateesh Kumar Vemula Medicine, Chemistry
2013 TLDR The results suggest that there was satisfactory dissolution enhancement from all three
methods and could potentially lead to improvement in bioavailability of oral lovastatin products, but
superdisintegrant method was preferred due to its simplicity, low cost and industrial feasibility.
Author Contributions HM and MH contributed in conception, design, statistical analysis and drafting
of the manuscript. Chitosan-based nanomicelle systems have been found to improve delivery of
hydrophobic drugs and proteins, increase stability, and exhibit controllable drug release properties,
biocompatibility, and improved targeting for specific applications—all of which are of increasing
interest for clinical application. In general, three regimes of concentration-dependence in a double
logarithmic plot of. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of
interest. Chitosans of different molecular weights were prepared by partial oxidative
depolymerisation of chitosan 8 by using NaNO 2 at room temperature 20. The deacetylation (DA) of
Ch influences the antimicrobial activity due to the number of free amino groups which contribute to
the activity. We also obtained the poison property of berberine mantled by CS NPs to human breast
cancer cell.
The glycosylated CH bound the influenza virus surface hemagglutinin protein with high affinityto
suppress virus binding to host cells. Current research is focused on improving the stability,
biocompatibility, and synthesis of novel ChNPs to enhance their effectiveness in biomedical
applications. Degradation of antigens in the acidic stomach environment as well as enzymatic
degradation in the intestinal tract contributes to the higher efficacy of oral vaccination ( Gabor et al.,
2002; Lavelle et al., 2004; Singh et al., 2004 ). Chowdhury et al. described the production of a
mucosal influenza vaccine system, which showed broad cross-protection against both emerging and
seasonal influenza A viruses. Natural biopolymers such as chitosan, collagen, cellulose, and fibrin,
are vastly investigated in the field of pharmacology owing to their unique characteristics. The blue
vertical line represents the 0.05 critical value for ANOVA. Earlier investigations revealed that the
molecular activity of anti-HBV drugs largely takes place in subcellular organelles of the host cells, in
addition to inhibiting HBV binding to its receptors ( Zoulim and Perrillo, 2008 ). The available
anticancer therapies include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy and so on (
Miller et al., 2019 ). Among the various available therapies, chemotherapy is still one of the most
important treatment measures for most cancer patients, which is regarded as one of the main
treatment approaches to prevent cancer cell proliferation. The dried samples were put on brass
specimen studies, using double sided adhesive tape. At the end of this review, we also provide some
of future directions and conclusions that are important for expanding the field of biomedical
applications of the chitosan nanoparticles. Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by
the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Journal of Experimental and
Theoretical Analyses (JETA). Figure 3 depicts the wound-healing development for Ch and its
composites when treating wound tissues as compared to a control. They can be used as carriers in
the controlled drug delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug used for the treatment of
several tumors. CH NPs often show a higher encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and the ability for
sustained release after uptake into the cells. Both vehicles allowed steady release of antigens,
following an early burst release. Based on chemical approach, acidic hydrolysis has been widely
applied for chitosan oligosaccharides production ( Salehinik et al., 2021 ). 4.1.3 Physicochemical
Properties of Chitosan Chitosan is generally considered as a safe and biocompatible polymer
material. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the
Allen Institute for AI. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence
of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of
interest. The liquid phase is then evaporated by mixing these droplets with a drying gas, resulting in
the formation of ChNP. Figure 2 represents illustrative photos on the crosslinked chitosan 3D
structure formation highlighting internal interactions. Nanomaterials or nanoparticles offer new
opportunities in material science and biomedicine. Expert opinion: Meta-analyses are gaining ground
in the drug delivery field as they can exploit the mines of literature and pick up by statistical
evidence the superior formulations administered through several routes of administration. When
chitosan encounters anions, it forms a gel and beads and this feature allows it to be used in drug
delivery. View all journals My Account Login Explore content About the journal Publish with us
Sign up for alerts Open access Published: 16 March 2018 Parameters influencing the size of chitosan-
TPP nano- and microparticles Sruthi Sreekumar 1, Francisco M. Sustainable and controlled deliveries
of drugs with controllable toxicities are expected to address these hurdles. This review aims to
provide the latest and most comprehensive overview of the roles of CS in the green synthesis of
metal. (PDF) Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Coated. Surface response for influence on
average hydrodynamic diameter of particles with a molar ratio of 1. ( A ) Response surface graph of
the influence of chitosan concentration and DA on average hydrodynamic diameter; ( B )
Standardized Pareto chart estimating the effect of chitosan concentration, DA, and their interaction
on the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles. Two parameters namely residual percent drug
content plus vitro release studies were transported out. Cosmetics and cosmeceutical applications of
chitin, chitosan and their derivatives. CH can be dissolved in acid to provide a positive charge on the
particle surface.
I n-vivo immunological studies were conducted on 6-8 week old female BALB mice over 43 days,
showing the high stability and efficiency of this HBV vaccination ( Subbiah et al., 2012 ). Recent
approaches to treat hepatitis B have attempted to clear active HBV infections by suppressing viral
replication. World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Estimates 2019 on the 10 leading
causes of disease burden, estimated as cause-specific Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs).
Figure 3 depicts the wound-healing development for Ch and its composites when treating wound
tissues as compared to a control. In this study, whole influenza virus combined either with CpG
oligo-deoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) or with Quillaja saponin (QS) as adjuvants, and incorporated
into CH nanospheres. Unlike conventional approaches using a large number of independent
experiments, this method enabled us to simultaneously test an array of factors 19, 19 and to thus
screen the processing conditions. This figure adapted from ( Santos-Carballal et al., 2018 ). CH has
biological properties such as being hemostatic, bacteriostatic, anti-cholesteremic, anti-carcinogenic,
as well as fungistatic ( Saikia et al., 2015 ), These activities have made it a popular candidate in
biomedical applications like DDS. Figures 1B and 2B represent the standardized Pareto charts. In
particular, chitosan based nanoparticles have drawn considerable attention as chemotherapeutic drug
delivery carriers because of their easy accessibility, terrific stability, toxicity free, and modification
friendly ( Zhang et al., 2019 ). 4 Chitosan: Source, Structure, Physicochemical Properties and
Application in Oncotherapies 4.1 source, structures and physicochemical properties, 4.1.1 source of
chitosan. International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). The Tween modified ChNPs
(TmCS-NPs) size 251 nm showed significantly decreased hatching rate as well. Chitosan Vehicles
for Delivery of RNA-Based Therapeutics As mentioned earlier, nucleic acid-based drugs have been
introduced as a treatment for various conditions. Please note that many of the page functionalities
won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Chitosan is a naturally occurring polymer that
has been used to construct nanoparticles (NPs), which are biocompatible, biodegradable, less toxic,
easy to prepare, and can function as effective drug delivery systems (DDSs). Structural
characteristics of all chitosans used are summarized in Table 1. The present study demonstrated that
the incorporation of aciclovir within the CH-tripolyphosphate NPs substantially enhanced the
chemical stability. Expand 35 1 Excerpt Save. 1 2. Related Papers Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related
Papers Figures 11 References Related Papers Figure 1. In addition, when NPs are taken up by DCs,
it leads to up-regulation of costimulatory molecules, stimulation of cytokine production, and
increased T-cell stimulation ( Uto et al., 2007 ). Therefore, NP delivery systems have been proposed
as efficient adjuvants for sub-unit vaccines. Green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles, optimization
Chitosan has been used in the fabrication of nanoparticles. American Cancer Society and
International Agency for Research on Cancer provide recent information on 10 most frequent types
of cancers worldwide in Figure 2. They showed that the hybrid NPs allowed intranasal immunization
by an inactivated virus or by the model antigen, recombinant influenza hemagglutinin protein (rHA)
leading to increased anti-HA immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG responses. IOP values were
recorded.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and round-the-clock after instillation within the selected
formulations. Positively charged CH can readily form polyelectrolyte complexes with negatively
charged nucleic acids. Chitosan with good biocompatibility and biodegradability is one of the most
functional natural biopolymers widely used in the pharmaceutical field. In gene delivery, ChNPs can
inter-react with negatively charged DNA and transform into a polyelectrolyte complex. The liquid
phase is then evaporated by mixing these droplets with a drying gas, resulting in the formation of
ChNP. Glycosidic bonds and acetylamine groups can also be regarded as functional groups, which
allow a large number of modifications to produce polymers with new properties and behaviors. Table
2 summarizes the outcome acquired for pilocarpine loaded chitosan nanoparticles. As discussed
earlier, Ch is made of non-toxic monomeric units, and their environmental degradation leads to non-
toxic by-products. A vertical line is drawn at the location of the 0.05 critical value for the statistical
test. Moreover, the produced residuals were analyzed to verify the randomness of the measurements.
Chitosan-based vehicle can be used for the encapsulation or conjugation of chemotherpeutic drugs,
therapeutic gene nucleic acids, photosensitizers and cytokines and so on, achieving a more reliable
targeted therapy for cancer. TABLE 2 Table 2 Chitosan nanoparticles investigated for vaccination
against viral infections. What’s more, therapeutic nucleic acids can be degraded by endonucleases in
serum and extracellular matrix easily. The mean diameter of nanoparticle formulations was at the
dimensions selection of about252 to557 nm. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI).
Additional technical, research, and safety (MSDS) information are available. All authors contributed
to the article and approved the submitted version. The present study demonstrated that the
incorporation of aciclovir within the CH-tripolyphosphate NPs substantially enhanced the chemical
stability. Amphiphilic properties allow it to self-associate in aqueous solution, leading to different
kinds of drug delivery systems such as nanomicelles, nanoparticles, microspheres,30 liposomes,31
and hydrogels ( Figure 2. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (CC BY). At acidic pH (below the chitosan pK a which is 6.3), the
weakening of inter-chain interactions due to amino protonation leads to Ch dissolution. The
dissolution medium was stirred at low speed using magnetic stirrer. Provided by the Springer Nature
SharedIt content-sharing initiative Iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) Magnetic nanoparticle Biomedicine Find a
journal Publish with us Track your research 105 IMAGES chitosan nanoparticles thesis Synthesis of
Chitosan Magnetic Nanoparticles using Glutaraldehyde and chitosan nanoparticles thesis (a) A
schematic of chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ionic gelation Diagram of the chitosan nanoparticle
formation. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without
javascript enabled. However, chemotherapeutic drugs may lead to serious problems, such as
detrimental side effects, drug resistance and heavy financial burden. We describe the toxicity of
different Ch nanocomposites using zebrafish embryos at multiple levels, including mortality,
teratogenicity, organ-specific toxicity, and genotoxicity. The interaction plots in Figs 1C and 2C
clearly show that the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles is not dependent on a single
factor but rather on a combination of influences of different single factors and their interactions. Fig.
1C shows that there is a strong influence of chitosan concentration on the average hydrodynamic
diameter of the particle at a molar ratio of 1.5, but this effect is stronger when a high DA chitosan
(codified value 1) is involved. Chitosan can be classified as low MW chitosan, medium MW, and
high MW chitosan depending on the DD. In fact, a wide range of solubility can be achieved through
the chemical or physical destruction of hydrogen bonds. Historically, Ch, derivatives and ChNPs are
among the most extensively studied class of natural biopolymer materials for biomedical applications.
Fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the uptake of the labeled siRNA into Vero-cells. In
conclusion, we found that by controlling two simple factors of the polymer solution, namely its
initial concentration and its solvent environment, it is feasible to control in a reproducible manner the
production and characteristics of chitosan particles ranging in size from nano- to micrometres. This
covalent cross-linking reaction results in the formation of CH NPs. Mumbai, Ranbaxy Fine Chemical
Limited, New Delhi, Himedia Lab, Mumbai correspondingly. The elimination of Ch after the
delivery is easy through renal clearance; however, this applies only to Ch with a suitable molecular
weight. Kleine-Brueggeney, H. et al. A rational approach towards the design of chitosan-based
nanoparticles obtained by ionotropic gelation. It was found that plain Ch hydrogel accelerated wound
closure and wound contraction compared to no hydrogel treatment in both diabetic and normal mice.
Another very important property of chitosan is its mucoadhesive ability that allows CH NPs to be
administered by transmucosal routes, such as intranasal, intraocular, intravaginal, intratracheal or
intrapulmonary etc. Since CH is a naturally occurring biopolymer, its biocompatibility and lack of
toxicity are viewed as advantages. These nanoparticles were found non-cytotoxic on cancer cell lines
(SiHa, HeLa).