FLOWERING) i ~a PE ae) | Ih Siig Vsoe ee Gee Eee Beet Det Bete Fie eee ee Se Deng Be MCs, Richa Broker Fret cae ce int akan ee Bent Libary Abie mene Nop a ah, SaaS eee SS pele Pash Comet Antena Onan Li 8 183 cnpesncn ty Art Cab Oe Ron, Ce pig ll Heras Fey Keron Unf, Gabor, = Pes Sra by Neonat, Mt CONTRIBUTORS scum $C H, Barret BSe PRD axa coe. eu pen ‘Toro Universi. Canada BN. Bowdon BSe DPA Chokes College Unisersity of Londoe D. Brawl BSc MSe PD Jardin Borarico “Taira Alta, Las Palas 4e Gras Canara. Conary Islands S.R Chant BSe PhD Dip Ag Sei DIA Chekes Collepe iverty of London WD, Clasion PHD BSeARCS Royal otanic Ganteng Kew Professor C.D. K. Cook BSc PAD FLS Dotonis Gardens and lst tor Systemate Botany University of Zurich, Switeeland 41. Clen BSc PAD Royal Bovanie Gane, Edinburgh (DFC. Cutler BS: Ph DIC Royal Boanse Gardens, Kew J.E. Dandy MA, British Museum (Nomura History) ‘Teing MC Dogget BSE ‘Unsersiy of Rewting J.M. Edmonds BS= PRO MA, Unieeriy af Cammidge TT, Elkton BS PAD University of Shelia B.S Feld BSc MPhil University College University of London S.A. Heathoote BSe Bri Maseur (Natur History) London 1.C. Hadas BS Royal Botanic Garden, Einburgh Profeisot V. H. Heywood PAD DSC FLs Fu Uniserity of Realng F 8 How MA DPhil University of Reading © J. Humphries BSe PRO [rics Miacurn (Nate Histor), London, PF, Hunt MSe MIBio! Proms, Somerset © Selfiey BA Royal Botte Gardens. Kew S$. W. Jones BSe British Musctrn (Natur History) 5.1 Jury We FL University of Reacing se oa 1M M Kovanda PRD Grechsiovak Academy of Sciences Prubonice Cechosbvakia F.&. Kapichs Se Pad Baia Museu (Natuel Histor) Tosdin 1D. Naber MA DP Unversity of Oxo BF Matthew FLS Royal Botan Carns. Kew (8. F, Mill BA BAgtFar) VMI Forest Rerearct Staton Fara, Sues Profesor D-M. Moore BS: PAD Uitveny of Banding BB. Mores PRD ‘The Bole Garden o Adelaide. Aus Pickers SS PAD aieraiy of Reading M.C.F Proctor MA PAD Unversity of Exeter A Rude Sith BS Royal otic Gardens Kew LLU. K. Richardson Se Roya! Bone Gander, Kew RH Richens MA PAD Commorsventh Bureau Pst frentng ond Geeten cambridge NK. Robioe BSe PmD Brith Museum (Nasu History) ondoa GD, Rowey se University of Reading 1N.W, Simmonds SoD AICTA FRSE Fin Uniery of Eat A Stace Be PRD FLS Univers of Leet Profescor WT Stes FLS DBE SeD Rip Brith Maseun Natural History Lindo Profesor R. F. Thorne PAD ABMS Rancho Santa Ana Motaris Garden Californie, USA Profesie D.A. Webb SeD ‘rinky College Unwensiy of abi, Bie T.€. Whitmore MA PRD SeD Univenity of tors HP. Willson BSe PRD FES Rosal Hola Gardens, Kew TA Wright ase Woe College Univesity of London}PREFACE The majority of books on the flowering plants tend to present only selection of the families and wo into little detail or, if comprehensive, they are usually somewhat forbidding to the general reader. The aim of this volume is o attempt to present an account of the enormous diversity shown by the families of fiowering plants in a way that combines the serious information of an academic hundbook on systematic botany with beautiful colored plates and distribution maps. The superb illustrations prepared especially for this work have made it an exceptionally attractive book so that for both students and a wider public, learning about the intricate detail of the flowering plants ean now be a pleasurable experience. Today, following the Earth Summitin Rio de Janeiro, and the signature there by over 150 governments of the Convention on Biological Diversity concem with biodiversity and its conservation is a major concern. The flowering plants form a major part of that biodiversity: they play a major role insustainable economic development, form a major part of the habitat of many other organisms and provide a series of invaluable ecosystem services such 3s the protection of watersheds When the first edition of this book was published, it was widely welcomed and soon became a standard work in many parts ofthe world, It has been out of print for a number of years and T am delighted that the publishershave now made Flowering Planus of the World available again in Tesponse 10 repeated requests from mzny sources, In preparing this edition, the opportunity was taken, in response 10 users’ suggestions, to make some small improvements to texts and maps. The Publishers and 1 are grateful for their assistance in this way. Vernon Heywood PhD, DSc, FLS Professor Emeritus, University of Reading Formerly Chief Scientist, Plant Conservation, IUCN-The World Conservation UnionCONTENTS Flowering Plants (Classification Glossary DICOTYLEDON FAMILIES MONOCOTYLEDON FAMILIES Index AcknowledgementsFLOWERING PLANTS The flowering plants, known scientifically as the class Angiospermae, are the dominant group of vascular plants on earth today. They arose in the carly Cretaceous period, some 120 million years ago or more, and by the end of this period, about 80—90 million years ago. they had become the characteristic plants dominating most parts of the world. Not only are the flowering plants the largest and most successful plant but they are of furdamental importance to the life and survival t, dependent on them for his major Sources of food and sustenance, either directly through agricultural or horticultural crops such as cereals, legumes and fruits, or indirectly through their ability to provide pasture or feed for the animals he eats. They also provide a source of raw materials for building and shelter, for the manufacture of paper, fabrics and plastics, and for oils, fibers, waxes, spices, herbs, resins, drugs, medicines, tannins, intoxicants, beverages —the list seems endless, Because of their dominance, flowering plants form the major vegelation in the landscape as well as providing habitats for most terrestrial animal life, Ecologically they are important to Man by affording windbreaks, protection against erosion, defense against the encroachment of the sea, cover for spoil tips, as well as a source of pleasure and recreation by their use in constructing gardens. parks. sports grounds. street plantings, house decorations, and sa on. The flowering plants have also played a major role in developing the cultural consciousness of Man and have occupied and continue to occupy a conspicuous place in religions and ceremonies as well as providing great symbolism in diverse cultures throughout the world. The shapes and form of stems, leaves and Howers have served 4s an inspiration in art, architecture and design in many parts of the world The angiosperms are characterized by the possession of true flowers which are more advanced and complex than the reproductive structures of the aymnosperms (eg conifers) from which they have almost certainly been ultimately derived. The common name flowering plants, or even the loose use of the term flower to refer to the whole plant, testifies to the importance of the flower as their most significant feature. Indeed the origin of the angiosperms has been traditionally regarded as synonymous with the origin of the flower. Morphologically the Hower is usually interpreted as an abbreviated and highly modified spore-bearing shoot, possibly derived from a eymnosperm- like reproductive structure called a strobilus (or cone). Basically the flower consists of four series of elements arranged centrifugally on an axis: (i) an outer series of modified bracts or leaves. the sepals, which are usually. although by no means always, green and serve a protective function, and which make up the cay: (ji) an inner series of modified bracts or leaves, the petals, very ofien colored and serving an attractant role, making up the coretla; (iii) one or more series of male organs, the stamens, which bear the pollen and are collectively known as the androecium: and (iv) a series of female structures, the carpels, which contain the ovules (later becoming the seeds), collectively forming the ovary or gynoectum., (Plate 1, TV.) A major characteristic of theangiosperms is that the ovules are enclosedin an ovary Which is crowned by a style and stigma, the latter receiving the pollen grains, This contrasts with the gymnosperms which have the ovules exposed and unprotected Biologically, the flower’s prime function is the production of seed. Seedsis Flovering PI may be produced as a result of self-pollination and Fertilization or by cross pollination, or in some cases by a non-sexual process called apomixis, There is a major evolutionary advantage in cross-fertilization and many flowering plants possess adaptations or modifications to favor or ensure this. Outcrossing is what Darwin called Nature’s urge, leading to vigor and maintaining fe From its catli ins, the flower has been intimately associated with pollinators — beetles being probably the earliest pollinators of primitive flowers in the early Cretaceous period. The evolution of the lower in all its complexity of form, color and has gone hand in hand with the evolution of the pollinating insects or other animals. There is, in fact,a close between the form of the Hower and the sensory perception of of pollinators, and there has been a parallel co-evolution of the insect-flower relationship. Insect pollination was most likely associated with the closure of the pr ke carpel by infolding and fusion of theedges or sutures, s ovules from the visits of marauding insects. The only served to protect the ovules but setin train and util ns asa pollen-transter mechanism Associated with ¢ flower as such was the reduction of P ze in the life cycle from which the female clop) which at maturity consists of aneight-nucleate embryo sac X); this then undergoes process of double fertilization: one Jeus (gamete) produced by the pollen grain fertilizes the egg which Jops into the embryo, while the other male nucleus fuses with two smale nuclei, whieh then develop into the food-storing endosperm tissue of the seed. The apparent uniqueness of the eight-nucleate embryo sav and the double fertilization is interpreted as evidence of the evolutionary coher- ence of the flowering plants und their distinctness from other plant groups Not only have the angiosperms developed highly complex and diverse reproductive organs but they possess a very advanced level of cell structure and differentiation. especially in the water conducting tissues (xylem) which contain tube-like cells called vessels, absent only in some primitive members. Their high level of physiological efficiency and their wide range of vegetative plasticity and floral diversity have allowed the flowering plants to occupy nearly every conceivable habitat extreme. This in turn is reflected in the almost bewildering array of growth habits found throughout the group They grow in, and indeed characterize, every major ecological formation in the world - forests, grasslands, deserts, and many aquatic habitats. Within their major phytogeographical regions the flowering plants form a wide array of ecalagical communities, often characterized by the predominance of particular families, genera or species Most angiosperm families are tropical in their distribution und about two-thirds of the species are confined to the tropics or adjacent regions Unfortunately, the floras of tropical regions are much less well-known than those of temperate areas, partly because of the imbalance of scientific man. power and institutions belween developed and underdeveloped or developing countries, partly because of the sheer numbers of species involved, Despite two centuries of scientific study of plant classification, we are still largely ignorant about the detailed taxonomy and biology of the majority of flowering plants. Moreover, the situation hus how become highly critical because the tropical countries which house the rich floras are now under great pressure. Population growth, energy problems, economic difficulties and inflation, encourage them to consume, and in effect destroy their plant resources, in 4 headlong race for development or even survival. It is only within recent years that there has been a dawning appreciation of the extent to which Man has been consuming, destroying and modifying his global environment, especially in the tropies., The pressure on plant resources is enormous It stems not only from the increased need for land to feed expanding populations but also from the increasing consumption of forests for newsprint, construction materials and furniture, Urban Piste |. Comparison of prime and advances Alora eanarne PRIMITIVE: Parts indir re armbar Parts tree Spiral arrengement of parts Sepals petals. stamens carpele al presart Biserual Overy superior Symmetry regular (oeumemerpive Mesnole campbeitADVANCED Pots fom arte Yainite i number arte fused Wohoried arrangement of parts Loss of sepals. peiis. siamens or corpels vay intsior Symmetry ieraqular (eygemerahier Lamiun Helisotrus smacurotun ecaoetatus 9) lowering Plans development, road building and industrialization also decrease the areas available for plants to grow, Large-scale devastation is caused by uninformed and irrational methods of land usege. Slash and burn techniques in tropical forests allowing the cultivation of crops fora year or two in fact leave behind exhausted and eroded soils without adequate plant cover, and the use of heavy machinery such as bulldozers, eurthmovers and prairie busters i directed with “intelligence’ to achieve the maxim detrimental effect on natural vegetation. Official estimates by UNESCO suggest that 10,000,000 hectares of tropical forest are being felled each year - comparable to an area the size of the Royaf Botanic Gardens, Kew (126 hectares) every 64 minutes—and itis calculated that at the present rate of destruction there will be no undisturbed ‘tropical humid lowland forest left anywhere in the world by the end of this century. Many of the plants in these tropical forests and other plant communities will be destroyed before they have even been collected and described for the first time and many others will disappear before we have had a chance to study them thoroughly and learn how best to use them. Readers of this account of the flowering plant families can scarcely fail to be impressed by the enormous wealth and diversity of the plant-types described, adapted to an enormous range of habitats, Striking examples are the tiny green specks of the aquatic Wolffe species, the smallest known flowering plants. the Australian gum trees (Zucalyprus) some of which attain 150m (SOOM) in height—the tallest lowering plants known: the bizarre baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) with its grotesquely swollen soft-wooded trunk; the enormous banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) which sends down roots from its branches that extend the growth of the tree indefinitely: the ‘moss-like aquatic herbs of the Podostemaceae: the majestic smooth-tranked palms of Roystonea, which appear to be made of concrete: or the remarkable parasite Rofflesia, whose vegetative body is reduced to a few filaments growing in the roots or stems ofits host plant, but which produces gigantic fleshy flowers that stink of putrid flesh. It is this almost incredible diversity which itis the purpose of this book to describe. ‘The economic uses made of flowering plants aremanifest, as can be seen in the brief summary given for euch family. The total number of species of economic value is dillicult to estimate. One standard reference work lists ‘over 6,000 species which are known to be used in agriculture, forestry, fruit and vegetable growing and pharmacognosy. Some of these are used in world trade and some are of strictly local value such as those which are of purely ethnological interest in producing local foods. medicines and other commodities of value in the daily life of native communities. In addition thereare more than twice as many more species grown as purely ornamental garden plants. Adopting a more strict definition of plants that fit into Man’s economic activity, the numbers can be reduced to 1,000-2,000, and of these relatively few, about 100-200, are of major importance in world trade, while only 13 provide the bulk of the world’s food crops — rice, wheal, corn, sorghum, barley, sugar cane and sugar beet, potato, sweet potato, cassava, beans, soya ‘beans and peanut, coconut and banana. When one considers the thousands of species of flowering plants that can be exploited for human benefit. it comes &s a surprise to note how incredibly restricted is the range of staple crops. Attempts are beinzmade to see if this range can be extended but there are many technical, agronomic and sociological problems involved. The Tange of minor, often local crops remains vast and indeed there is a tendency for these to become more widely known as a result of travel, advances in food packaging and processing and improved transport facilities. There is renewed interest today in seeking new sources of oils, fibers, drugs and medicines from plants, and modern chemical screening techniques encour- age rapid surveys of potentially valuable species. Modern medicine and chemotherapy have made enormous progress through the introduction of new plant-based drugs. It may well he [hat countless surprises ure in store for—a— Ti ce of esse new plantsis, however, in the tropics and it Se pet Shee wee plat communities are being destroyed Glsssification of Flowering Plants Fie se see 250,000 species of flowering plants. Each species when Ses S Secs x formal scientific name in Latin, and the application of See Sees © sovereed by an international code of nomenclature. These pases Ge Se Sats of classification, are in turn grouped into higher or Se Seay SSS which again are laid down by the international code. Dies Ss a= shown in the accompanying table, Tae Sowence plants (or Angiospermae) are variously treated as SSSSSeSSSe = Susie division, sub-division or class in modern systems of See tosses They are subdivided into two subclasses (or classes) which in (See Se Sather subdivided into orders and families. It is the family which i he Soe frequently employed of these higher categories, both by botanists sees by laymen and which constitute the basis of this volume. ‘Secouse of their distinctive features some families accepted today such as Se palms (Palmae or Arecaceae), grasses (Gramineae or Poaceae) and smtels (Umbeliiferae or Apiaceae) were recognized long before the family accepted as a taxonomic category, Indecd the Umbelliferae first family (0 receive general recognition and members of it were known to several prehistoric peoples, The Greek scientist Theophrastus (about 372-287 uc) recognized the Umbelliferae as one of several natural pisst families, and several umbellifers were included in the classic Chinese Materia Medica compiled in the late Han dynasty about the second or third century BC and apparently based on an earlier oral tradition, The numbers of families recognized in recent systems of classification are relatively small, ranging from 179 in the British Bentham and Hooker's nent of the flowering plants published last century (1862-1883) to the recognized by the American Cronquist in his 1968 system, 321 by the American Thome in his 1976 phylogenetic classification of the Angio- spermae and 418 by the Russian Takhtajan in his 1969 book. These Siscrepancies reflect differences of opinion about the status of groups. For example, some authors recognize the three major components of the Leguminosae as either subfamilies (Papilionoideae, Cacsalpinioideae and Mimosoideae) or as separate families (Papitionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Mimosaceae), Different viewpoints also reflect the ability to distinguish psricular groups, and some authors prefer either latger or smaller roupings as better indicating their interpretations of evolutionary status, especially the derivation of all members from a common origin. Numerous of such differences of opinion will be noted in the discussion of fication and relationships given in the family treatments in this yolume. owering plant families vary very widely in theircontent, from those containing only a single genus and species (monotypic) as in the Trochodendraceae, Brunoniaceae and Adoxaceae — to the vast palytypic CLASSIFICATION OF THE BEAN, SHOWING THE HIERARCHY OF CATEGORIES AND THEIR NAMES ENTIFIC NAME OF TAXONOMIC GROUPS (TAXA) VERNACULAR NANE, fangiosperns Flowering Planes ‘ecoreae lbicawlecens eas Rose Supereder equme Orso ‘Soane (Locum nosaa} Legumes: Legumo Family woidene Pet Subianiy ‘ean Tne jSnan Subvite i vulgans Frencn or Kianey Bean = us vulgar at is lsush Boar gun Canactan Wore Endings m heavy type are stardardieed jadicaions of ae11 Plowering Piaas Dicotyledones EMARYO. Two cotyledons (seed eaves) present. ‘endosperm present fot lacking In the seed, ROOTS: The primary reat atten per slate and trocomes 9 strong taprect, ‘with smaller secondary roots, GROWTH FORM May be either herbacacus or vaca POLLEN: Bascallyticolpate (having three furrows or pores) VASCULAR SYSTEM: Usually con- sists of aring of prmary bundles with ' camiblum and secondry growth in diamotor "of the stom stom i {orentisted Ino camtax and stale LEAVES. Usoalysat-vind (pinnate alate), usualy broad in. shape mm sheatng the ese (ak) commonly developed fd often beeing stipules. FLOWERS: Parts eve usualy in fours or fv, Morocotyladons EMBRYO One cotyledon (send ies, Present. andaspern” Weauently Present in the seed @ RUOTS: The primary woot i of shor ‘dwtion and. is soon replaced by fdvemiiious oa, which Torn fibrous root system or sametimes 3 bande st Meany roots GROWTH FORM: Mosty hetaceous: 9 faw ore arboroscont (tes. iks} POLLEN; Basically monocolpate {having one furrow or pore) VASCULAR SYSTEM. Consists of ‘numerous scattered bundles, without definite arrangement and In a ground prenchyis, caniblun only excep tionally "present: no” differentiation Into cortical and ‘ster regions in LEAVES: Usually cammmonly obiong ot free fant ofen sheathing at tho base: Dbatiole[staik) seldom developed and ‘stipules absent FLOWERS: Pert are usually tees ‘or mulioes of threw Plate Il Comparison of fastunee disgnetic of Dicetylesons end Monocotyiedons. assemblages containing hundreds of genera and thousends of species such as the Compositae, Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae. ‘Whilst there is a basic agreement between different authors as to the 200 ‘ors0 "core" families to be recognized, there isno such consensus as regards the next higher level, the order, and the different systems of classification differ widely not only in the mumber of orders (and even superorders) recognized but also in their names and content. Thus the same order may appear under different names in different systems, and different families may be included in the same order and the same family in different orders in different systems! Fortunately, orders are not widely used except in formal Presentations of classification systems, However they are occasionally referred to informally. Many botanists favor the use of informal groupings above the family level, There is general acceptance that there are two subclasses of flowering plants (dicotyledons and monocotyledons) which differ from each other on a number of characters (see Plate II). Current systems of classification of the flowering plants are concerned notFeeney Pine | so mach with wich sroup should be recognized and at which rank but with the relistiomsiens between the different families and how these relationships sesght best be cxpecssed im = scheme or arrangement. The relationships expend axe estended to bes reiiection of the phylogenetic or evolutionary Scones and crs of rhe famulies. In the absence of a satisfactory fossil second, sack evolutionary relationships have to be deduced from a compansos of the present-day representatives of the families and from ‘=EEmEpG tp etrapolste backwards what their past evolutionary history seghr seve been Versous principles have been suggested for evolutionary uecods i characters and for the relative degrees of advancement or ‘pemeseemess Os the basis of such arguments conclusions are drawn as to the eesissocary states and position of the families possessing such cesecters Unfortunately, whilethere is general agreement on sume of these pessopics, there is much dispute as to their application and much depends om tech characters are regarded as having greater phyletic importance. Msceower, thereis a steady stream of new information published every year, ‘pom Geids such as anatomy, embryology, palynology (the study of pollen), shexastry and morphology. all of which hasto be assessed and interpreted, Because of the complex nature of the task and the high degree of subpectivity involved, no fully documented, consistent system of classifi- wp has yet been produced. On the contrary. nearly every recent system ‘Ses been published with quite inadequate documentation. In addition there = the technical problems of attempting to present multi-dimensional fationships in a two-dimensional arrangement, Farlier phylogenetic ‘ystems were often presented in the form of a tree but more recently the snctaphor ofa phylogenctic shrub, with aumcrous main stems and branches sing through geological time to the present, is yaining popularity, More realistic are two-dimensional transcctions of imaginary phylogenetic trees whose stems and branches are unknown, indicating in some cases the degree of specialization of the branches by their radial distance from the center of the diagram which is the position of the extinct ancestral complex. Such diagrams (Plate III} have the advantage that they can be interpreted as essentially a set of overall relationships without any necessary evolutionary implications. it would have been inappropriate to present « new system here although some system had to be followed for practical purposes. We have, therefore, followed the sequence of families and order given by G, L. Stebbins in his Flowering Plants — Evolution Above the Species Level (1974) because. though based largely on Cronquist’s The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Planes (1968), it combines, to some extent, views [rom several of the current systems It is used here mainly for convenience and its adoption in no way ‘ptance of ils correctness or otherwise. Indeed it is likely that ems may be radically different. In some cases we have departed stem by including small segregate fails i their nearest amily The family accounts have been weiticn by 4 team of scientists who are spesalists in the field of plant taxonomy, and who in many eases have spent considerable research time on the families they describe. Because of this, the odividual authors have been free to express their own comments on the relationships of the families they have contributed, within the restfaints of the nomenclature of the orders and families used in the Stebbins’ system. 1 have occasionally added further suggested relationships from recent liserature The overall classification may be seen by referring to the Classification section of this book (pages 14-15). It ras always our aim to reach as wide a public as possible, The difficulty with Botany is that, far more than Zoology, there existsa daunting array of unfamiliar technical terms which are essential to a precise description. Most ff these cannot, and should not be avoided and to help with the understanding of these, a fully illustrated glossary is included at the end of this Introduction. To further improve the readability and accessibility of thea mt ny atl Ny ot AF ill et Nei a iii ih ae oe. can Phi lt cl i ni) in i ii fT i ih fi Mn Wy "ae aD (ie Sal 13 Flowering Ptanes \ ann q " Om, =: (8 retain.) a iit eel Aili =e , \ il til Me ill bm " i al 5 [ae | ol NE) Si aie : eee A i fee geese lll cea NE Pie sey ina oui ia den tein ot nora information we have used popular name subtitles wherever it was practicable to do so. Family names have been treated as singular nouns throughout, and distribution maps and information summary panels have been included for every family, There can be no doubt about the uniqueness and beauty of the illustrations. Each subject has been carefully sclected by the three highly experienced botanical artists so that within each panel the main features of the family concerned are illustrated. The captions indicate many of the features of diagnostic interest, but the panels should also be studied in close conjunction with the text. Most panels illustrate a single family, but exceptionally, where families were particularly closely related, we have illustrated two together. Finally it isa pleasure to acknowledge the enormous help the publishers and I have received from the Director and Staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, MU, V.H. Heywood TAR vce ae i ell une ue al cle a itCLASSIFICATION = DILLENTDAE ——— _cocrtospermtccae Droseractae DICOTYLEDONS — HAMAMELIDAE DILLENTIDAE. Concerts Sore ol ona Ps MAGNOLIIDAE Trechoder sales . Dita Cistaseae ‘are valincone Magnotales esl chia Palen ond oe Bocryphinceae Magnotaccue Hamamtidates abet Derhly uch Hrciat wnt Tale Tee Cenidiphlaceae Sateaene Ancistrochadavene larumaceae Wikterscone Plauanaceae rath Frankeniveeas Rosaceue arenifviowod — Crosonomaticere rather ‘Sarre jimantandraceae oe rassulasate hie Coser itnch srs ond See nt ee Coplilouicene Anponsceae ons Foti Bling Sera Rock pare Sasi eresaey oman Ochnacexe Neate aliagaeeae ‘Susu ae Si Dats satiot Degeneacese Leitmeriales vorocarpazeae Cucurtiaceae Chysoilanaceae , Gainer a ae Miisiaes ened Fam Fabales Milisinceae Maroney App Leguminosae Schisandraceae sume Seteales “Thee amy Salicaceae Laarates Quinaceae “enol ad edenicaues Arstrctaile. Marvgraviaccae ita pelecaeske Lactoridaccie Mie Capparales ies Haloragales Goosen Tomes Seytopetaluceae Capparaceae eee. ee sie Elacocarpacene Cine Henares eee ‘che Oaks ond Seer snd and Toviriaceae aIOAAERE ay Calyeanthaesue osm “enna Custer ores Corte tpt mt Sot Tilaceae Th rd Fam xridaceae {hananata Balsnora ‘ne: ines Resolltcexe ects Chiorarthucsae Casuarinales Bronoode aati atgnomne : Lauraceae Casuarinacese Sterultasexe Monnguceac Myriates mt Be tanctand ed Rr Ch Cheated Ete Sonneratiaceae ams Bombacaeene Fricsles Tease Hemandiaceae “hat ond eo Cletiraceae Whe Chaos DAE Malvacese Linetibeniley tin gust Pinerates CARYOPHYLLIDAE — Malvacene Girubbiaceae “ape str nt iperaceae ° ales nibs Cysilucere He Perper an ave ceeeaik Sphacrosspalaceae ‘Lerroed ont Rhizophoraceae Saururacene CNS soi ‘Basan Toe Mego Peperomiacene oe om Eniaceae Penaeaccue Tipper des Maal — Urtiales Te Hea ay Thymelaeacene ene iimaveae Epacridaceae Myrtaceae arasaeteaie ad acter etre ier cet Arotoleshiaceae Casoptytacae wate Fimpetraceae Morles En recht Ara can Fo jonaeese rk Hompunlsstbries paren misiancege Nepenthacese perm nse ates roe fee Pins See Sine Mert Rani " Onsraene Namphocales NGuclacontvand Colin rapenies i Ceratophyllaceae Phytolaccaceae Leeythidales Shand Gels Oliniaceae Nomphrcaceae enralanttanbvery PCN CRE ae Waser dies Chenopodiaceae |) Mam Camu Ene fesieorimeaonas Reanuncelales Spach a See tcprchacad —Combrcianene Berberiéaceae Didiereaceae Violates Sept Fem, Comberton Bekirrsiced Bonk rence Mirena Bcconcl banaue ant Me Arve ‘teas ond Prd Valea Peter, creel tity Cormaten acincalatee Bascluceae Flacourtiveeae Styrienceac Nyvsiceae The Brey For aslacnn Chimes Civandiese — Stytveee, oc Lardizabalaceae flee Baton St ites Achasont oteelist —atateg Lacecunncad po Menispermacese Batilacene Passiflorsceae Primates Alingincene ony Sime Pasion Horan Prateulaceae lene Penerl teed Gremio Th Pr oh oemaceae apaverales olsgonales Turneraesae Papavericeae Polsgonaceae Maleboriuceie Proteales Fires Bik wba Fouyuienicese TT Elaeagnaceae Fumanisceae arervin’ Si cate lete a Seo frm airs = . ctl arise apo Cumoniaseae Proteaceae Saraceiles Plumbaginaccae Riciceae Pittesponsceae ‘Potato dente erchnerbar Gress Pier Plant Tete weenie *Santalakes Sintalace ‘Suns Medusaadracone Olucacese Loranthaceae Mattes Misodendraceae Cynomoriaceae Balanophoraceae Rafilesisles Raflesiaceae Hysnoravene Cotastrates Gessolomaracese Colastraceae Shinde Tee Saoknousiaceae Salvadoraccse Corynocarpacene eacinaesae Aquifokaceae Hollies ot Yerba a Dichapetalacene Euphortiales Buxacese Pandacene Eupharbiaeese he Spee Fh Rhumnales Rhamnuceae ack ate Vitaoeae pete nd Veit spindles ‘Staphyleacere Dodie Sus Mefianthuceae Conaaricene Zea Wood Spindavene The, Lith nd Rasta Sabiaceae Julianiaceae Hipposastaraceas ieyecheasant Aceraczae ‘ap Burseraceae Franken ob tere Anacasdiaceue then, Manto, Samer and Pasen Simarcubaweae (Quan Treva Coriariaceae Meliscene Cheorieeae Surge ive Rutaceue The ras i Fl Zygophyilacere “Fn Vine Juglandales hughundaceae "Walt cre and Geraniales Houmurisceae Basar Bait Fee Linaeeae Plc al anid Geraniacear ‘argos Oualiduccae nd Rete Barer Erythroxylaceae Coal Cicaine ‘Limnanthacese Paached Eas Fler Bulsaminacese Balu Uropacaiaccee reper Polygatates Malpighnacene Trigonisesae Teamandraccue Voenysinceae Polygalavsne Krameraceae Umbettates Aruliacene Umbellferac Toe Carer Pum ASTERIDAE Gentianales Asclepiadavene inde Pas on Olive. Aakey ond Laer Polemoaiates Nolanas Solanaceae he Pate Foil Convoliulaceae Sendverd Serie ln Menyanthaceae owe Lemoaceae Polemoniaecue hi Ehretiaceae Hydrophyllaceae Horaginaceae Forsetomenc and kot Lamiales Verbenaceae Teka roman Lubiatae The Ment Fai Tetrachondraceae Callitnetaceae Phrymaceae Plantaginales Planaginsceae Serophulariaes Columeltiacene Myoporaceae Tim Baker Scrophulariaoene The Feo Fy Globulanacese Gesneri yn iad Orobunciacere room rapes a Trotter Rignoniacene Cains Acanthuceae wa Pedaliaceae Hycrnstachydacexe Mariyniaceae Lemtibulariuceae Biter Campanalates Campanulaceac The Beane ar Labeliaesie eben Suylidiaceae Tiger Mame sBrunoniacese ooeniceRe Rubles Rubiacene Tianna Cie ond amine Dipsacales ‘Adoxacene Caprifo Valerianaceae Dipsacaceae Fred Seohinus Calyeericeae Asterales Compositae Toe Sufowrr Fam MONO- COTYLEDONS SMATIDA Alismatales Butomaceae Fioaring Rak Limnocheritaecae iter Pop Wer Pls Hydrocharitales Hydiocharitaccue Conatan Wapeseedand Pra Ri Najadates Aponogstonaceae Water fle thar Scheuchzenaceae Arges Juncagimaceae Lilaeaceae Najadacene Potamogetonaceae Poubvcets Zannichelincese ‘Home Poneed Rupoiacene Dick Grater Zosteracese FelGrases Posidonisceue Cymodoceaceae ‘Triuriates Vsiundaceae al Yalan spe aser Rupateuccae Mayacaceae Commelnacene he Spin Fomds Ericcaulales Ericciulaceue Restionaies Flagellusiaceae Centrolepiduceue Restionaceae Poales Gramineae Te Gras Family Suncates Juncaceae Raikes Thurmiaceae yperales Cyperaccne Tet et Ses “Typhates Typhsceae “Erde Buta out Et 15 /Clusificaton Sparganiaceae polar Bromelisles Bromeliacese “he Pineapple Foy Lingiveeaes Musuceue ours ond Mand Hemp Steeltvaceae Biedt Paratee Bower Zingiberaccue Thing, Cardamom ond Cannaceae Dusen rows Marantaceae ARECIDAE Arecales Pumas The Pam Foi (Cyetanthales Cylanthacene Pana Mit Phe Pandunales Pandanaceae ‘Siren Pies ‘Aras Lemnaceae Arucere LILIDAE lias Pontederiaceae Wate vain Pacer! Weed Philydracese Tridaceae Theis Fol Liliaceae Ths Li Fos Amarylidaceae 7h Dao Fane Agavaceae ‘ial Hem. Pg on Dragon Tre Xanthorrhoeaceae Ga Test Velloziaceae Haemodoraceae Kangaroo Pw Taceaceae Ein afer and Haat, Stemonacere Cyansstraceae Smilacacene "Shi nd Sarena Dinscoreaceae Yor! Orchidales Burmunniacese Orchidaceae ‘The Oecd FaySUENLsrtsetd 46 © COMMON FORMS oF a * srt DICOTYLEDON FLOWER —— 1 a - _ = \.% eye NS oat / f - Ky fttals ve coralissypomorrhic (Hersey pian) Petals Fusee ‘stats (Suturum) — saletorn (Aijor) (uneeltor Ieee ar eovnion rors oF - onocor Eb0N POWER ein Fe “pte v . 4 we 3 cameanuiste| urceoiare = (Encl lar cers raguiar veseucartia) —(Zinglber) Feral (or Pariah) Fated HABIT (Ranunculus aris) * biabte 1a lamar sane «wietinnay, Iciohornah | ARRANGEMENT OF FLORAL PARTS Petals (er Paianth} Absent ‘Petals (or Petionth) Absent = if i a FEW sere: | ai aa } i AW TT sawrceu ieeceamenn Vis Plote IV, Structure of tho flowering plant and flower, alsa showing the main Hower formaGLOSSARY Abasial On the side facing away from the stent ais Acauleseent Sterless or nearly vo Achene A smull, dry, single-seeded that does not split open (Plas VD Acuminate Narrowing gradually (Plate TX, Acute Having # sharp point (Plate 1X). Aduial On the se fucmg the stom or axis, ‘Adnate Joined or attacked a; applied to unlike organs, ex stamens admate Wo the perianthsct connate, Adventitiows Ansng trom an unssuol postion, eg roots from 4 stem or leat Aerial root A root thit cngiastes above fru Q Q 20 Plate. The main types of setiation Acstivution The arrangement of the parts tofu lower within the bud. acually refersing to sepals and petals (Plate V) Altemate ot'iaves) One leat ar euch node ‘ofthe stem (Plate IX); (of stamens} between opous(of ovules) Attached near its ‘middle, hal-inverted (Pate 2) Anatrapoes (of ovules) Rent over through 180 degrees tole dlonpside its stlk(Fnicle) (Plate X, Androccium Al the male repron organs of a Gower; the stamens, < oecium (Plite XI). Anirgynophore A column on which sta mensand carpels are borne Anwiospern A plant producing seeds ene lin en oviry. A Hlowerine plant Anmual A pln thyt completes its lifesycle fom germihition (9 alcall Within one year Annular Riny-Hike Anther The terminal part of the male sirgans (stamen), usually home on» stalk Uilament) and developing to contain ptlen (Plate XD. Anthesis The perind oFfowering: trom the opening ofthe ower bute the serungof the seed Anthocyanin The pigment usually sponsible for pink, ced. purple, sinlet hue colors in flowering plate Antipetalous Ovcurring —epposiie the petals. on the stme radius, as distinct fromm ‘ltermating with the petal \ntisepalous Occurring opposite sens on the same radius, as distinet from slteroatimg withthe sepals the Aperturate (of poliea) Having one or more apertures Apetalous Without petals Apex The tip of an organ; the prawing paint Apical Pertaining io the apes Apocurpows With csrpelx fey fiom each thor Plate VI, Apomixis (ad, apomictic) Reproduction by seed formed witht sexual fusio Aquatic Living in water. Anil A fleshy or sometimes. airy out tTowth from the hilum or fancle of « sad Asepalous Washout: cepals Auricl(ad)-ausiculits) Smllewrlikepro {tions ut the hase ofa fat or leaf bhide o¢ tact (Plate 1X), Awn A lif. bristl-like extension (0 an organ. usually st the tip. Axil ‘The upper angle formed by the union ‘ofa leaf with the stem: (Pate IV) Axle plucentation A typ> of placentation im whieh the ovules sre horne of placen as fm the central axis oan ovary thal has two ‘or mere locies (Plate Xb Axillary Perluining to the organs i the the bucls, flowers ar inflorescence. The main or central siem of 9 ber hhuccous plant or ofan inflorewence Baceate Mccty-ike Basal ome at or near she base Basal placentation Havang the plcent al the base of the ovary (Plats Xu) Basifixed (of unihers) Attached atthe base to the filament, and therefore tucking in dependent movement; ef dursitixed (Plate xn, Berry A fleshy fra without a stony aver usuully containing many soeds (Plate VI Hetalainy Red arid yellow slkaloid. prise sl preset in members of the Curyoplayl lates A prefix meaning 160 or twice Bicarpellate (oF ovaries) Derived from two carpal, Biennial 4 plant thay completes ats fife cele in more than one, hut less than wo seats and which usually flowersin the second Bifid Forked: havinga deep fissureneuethe Bilabiate Two-lipped (Pate IV) Bipinnate (of leaves) A pinnste Leal ith the primary leafety themselves divided ma pirate manner: ef pinmite (Mate 1X) Wiseriate [n gwo rows. Bisexual (offlowers) Containing both male tnd female reproductive argans in sing ower: ef unisexual (Pate LV) Biade The futened part of a ka the lamina (Plate 1X) Rastryx (of inflorescences) A eymase in orescence with successive braachs on one side only: normally coiled ike a spulng (Plate VD, Brat A leaf, often mottled or reanced ‘which sublends a flower or inflorescence in tssaxil(Plaxe VID, Himetoale A sinall kaltike orvan, occur fing along the length of a flower sialh, be- tween a true subeending brct and the calys (Plate VID) Bulb An underground o:gan comprising 3 ort disk-tike stom, heuting fleshy scale leaves, buds and surrounded by protective scale leaves: it acts as n perenauting ops and is mens of vegetative reproductions of teorm, tuber, Balbil A small bulb or bulb-like orgin often produced on above-ground organs Caluenus. Falling off prematurely or easly Caleieolo A plant that favors soll sontain. ing ume. Caleifige plant that ayoids sol oontaie ng Lime Calyeuiis — proup of leattike appendages below the calyx Calyx. Collective term forall the sepals of lower (Plate 1V). Combium A layer of ells that cours within she stem and soots which divides 10 form sscomdliry permanent tissues, ‘Catmpunutate — Bell-sbaped (Plate 1V) Compylotropaws (of ovules) Hest over tHhrough 9M degress so that the sa (func) appears to be attached to, the side oF the ovale (Plate X).. Copitate Hew-lke Capitulum An ealorescence consisting of head of closely packed stalkless tlowers (Plate VII), Capsule \ dey sruit whieh: normaly splits ‘open torelesse its seeds (Plate VI) Carnivorous plan) plant that is capable of catching std digesting seiall animals such Carpet One of the fower's female repro- ductive urgans, comprising an ovary and a stigma, and containing one of more ovules hate IV, ‘Carunete au), carurculate) red. ou A feeshy, some times owl aga the hilum of same seads Caryopsis A dry fruit tachene) typical of sghssses Plate VI) Catkin A° pendulous intlorescence of sim ple, usterlly unisexiial Mowers (Plate VIII)Glossary, 8 Citite (oF margins) Fringed with small baits (Plate 1X), Clnchanus A moaochssisl, eymoxe ine orescence with ranches altemating from one side af the vertical axis to the otber; ‘aorimalls curved to one side (Plate VIL) Circumscisile Opening all round by & transverse split (Plate VI) Cladede A flattened stem which hac us sumed the form and function of a leat oup of plas that have arisen sative reproduction from «single parent. and which therefore all have identi ‘olpate (of pollen) Having one oF more colpi(oblongeellipticapertures in the pollen wall) Colum (of « lower) The sombined sige and sigma. typically of orchids Compound Consisting of several parts eg leat with several eofets or an inforescence oth more than one group of flowers (Plates VIMT, 1X) Conmite Toived or attached to: applied to similar organs fused during development, e= Stamens fused into a tube adnate, Connective (of stamens) The tssue con sectiag the pollen sues of an anther (Plate XID. Contorted (of spalsand petals) Twist in ‘he had so that they overlap ote side only spirally twist, Couyolute Reited gether Cordate (of leaves) Heactshaped (Plate 1x) Corisceous Leathers Corm A bulbous, swollen, underground. stem bave. hearing see leaves and adven- tious roots, itacts as a perennating organ ‘a mans of vegeta propagation: of bulb, ser Corala All the peals ofa Hower, iLismor- sually colored (Plate IV) Corona sees of potal-lkestrusturesina Somer. cer outgrowth fom the petals, or ‘posi from the stamens, ep 2 daa Corym A rounded or fatstopped ine floresnce of racemose type, in Which The lower (outer) flower stalks (pediels) ure lonige than the uppe nner) ones, so tata the flowers are at about the same level (Plate VU) Corymbose Arranged in a corymbvlte Coryledon The first leat, or pat of leaves of an embryo within the seed. See Dicoryledon, Monneotsledoa. Crenate (of leat margine) iPlste 1X}, Crenstate Finely creme (Pate TX), ‘oss liaton Ses Fer- Ailzaiion, Pottinatien ory: Round-toothed Gupte (dj, cupulate) A sheath, surrounding some fruits ‘Cyme An infloresecace in which each ter= ‘minal growing point produces x lower. Sub- sequent growth is therefore from a lateral ‘erowing point, the oldest fowers being atthe ‘apex, or center, if lat (Plate VID). Cymose Arranged ina eyme; eymoike (Plate VILL Cypsela A sinylenseded fruit derived from ‘yunilocular, inferior ovary (Plate VD) Cystolith A erystal or depasit of lime. within a eel cup-thuned ecduous The shedding of leaves sonson- aly. Declinate (of stamens) Curving down wards. Decussate (of leaves) Arranged in opposite pairs on the stem, with eich pair at 9D de~ recs lo the preceding pair (Plate 1X) Dekiseence The metlod or uct of opening or splitting (Plates Vl, XU), Debiscent” Opesing io shed pollen or seeds Dehiscing In the act of shedding pollex or seeds. Demtate Having a (Plate DX) Denticulate Having a ‘margin (Plate TX) Derived Criginating from wo earlier form of group, Die A pretix meaning 1wo, Dichasium (of inflorescences) A form of eymose inforeseence with each branch ving rie 16 tun other beanches: f meno= hasium (Plate VIED, Dicogyledon One of swo subelasses of angiosperms: a plant whose embry bas 1wo cotyledons: ef monecotyledon (Plats 1). Didymous Tn pairs Didynsmous Having two stamens longer than others (Plate XID. Dimorphism (ul, dimorpic) Sistine! forms Dioecious Having male and female flowers borne on separate plants. Disk The leshy outgrowth developed from the receptacle at the bast of the ovary or from the stamens surrounding the ovary it often secretes nectar. Distichous Arranged in two vertical rows (Plate 1X), Dorsal Lipper. Dorsifised (of anthers) Attached at the back tothe lament; ef busiixed (Plate XU. Drepanium (of infloreseences) A cymose inflorescence with successive branches on fae side only; norvaally fattened in one pplune and eurved 10 one side (Plute VITD. Drupe A fleshy fruit comtaiming one oF more seeds, exch of which s surrounded by & stony layer (Plate VI) toothed margin Finely toothed Having wo) Elaiosome A fleshy ourgrowth on a sed. ‘with oily substances attractive 19 ant. Elliptic (of leaves) Ovalsshaped, with mar rowed ends (Plate IX), Embeyo ‘The rudimentary plant within the seed Embryo sue The central portion of te ovale; w thin-walled s2c within the mucslius containing the egg nucleus (Plate X). Endacarp. ‘The innermost ayerof the ovuey wall (peticamp) of uw frit, In seme fruits it hheomes hard and “stony: of leupe (Plate Vb), Endosperm Fleshy tissue. containing stored qutntive material. found in same seeds (Plate VI) Entire (of leaves) smargia (Plate IX’. Epiealys A whor! of sepa'likeuppendager resembling the calyx but outside the true calyx Epidermis Usually a single tayer of tiving cells forming the protectve covermg to ‘many plint orsumns, particularly leaves, With an undivided FLESHY FRUITS (derived from # single flower) Barry Dupe tomate) (lum) are ine ‘7 &) = j Hep [tose) — Hesperidlum (orange? FLESHY MULTIPLE FRUITS (derived fom sn inilorescence) Goenozarpia ‘sorobs (mulberry)‘pezals, sepuls and herbaceous stems Epizynons (of owsrs) With the sepals, petals and stamens inserted near the tap of Se ovary (Plate IV}, Fpipetalows Attached corolla (Plate XI}, Fpiphyte A plant tha: grows on the curiave fof ancther. without deriving food feom its hor: Ezect (of an ove) ithe hase (Plate X). Exine The outer laver of the wall ofa pote En grain, the potly Upright, sinh ts stale Exoearp The outermost layer of the uit feall (Plate V1), Exserted Protaiding Exstipulate Without supules Extrone (of anthers) Opening ava’ from Pate Vi Themain ypes of fait and ther etucture, DRY DEHISCENT FRUITS Stigue Follele Legume (cabbage {oetpninium) (pe) “4 Porese capsule Cicurscissie (pony) capsule Anapatis) DRY INOEMISCENT FRUITS: (aanderon) (wrest) ey the axis of growth cowards the corolla «Phe NU} Faseiele A clustzror bundle Female fower A flower conainine func tonal earpes, but not stamens (Plate LV} Fertilization The fson a ree wr female reproductive cells (gametes) in the ovary after pollinition. Crussefetilizurion oecur between flowers irom separnte plants; w/f- fenitization oocars between flowers on Ihe same plint cf within the sume dower, Filament he amther-bearing stalk of a stamen (Phats Xt) Filform Threadelike Fimbriate (of margins) Fringed, usually swith his Flower The struccure concerted wilh Siheule Lemersum (shepherd's purse) (Sophera) i oculeidal eansute Seoicenl capsule nis) Valeate axgiove) tapsule (carmpion) Seman a) {alm} Prcrene nut Urnete (Geman) i) (Chenopodium) * Cypseia Ceryopsis | o* 19. Glossary sexual reproduction la the Avg! Essentially it womsists of the male orzins {annoeciim) commrisng the stamens, and the Female organs (eyvocsium) comprising the oviry, siyle(s) and stigmats). usual rounded by 1 whorl of petals (che anda whorl of sepals tthe salyx), The mate sand female parts raay be in the sams (bisexual) oF in Separate Mowers (unisex! (Plate TV) Follicle dry fruit which i derived froma single camel and which splits open along one side only (Plave VD. Free (of petals sepals: ste,) Not joinsal uch other of to any other organ (Plate I Plate IV) Free central placentution A type of placer: {ation yn yehich the ovules ure borne on ple (CROSS SECTION OF FRUITS Lh scurellum I pence sleurone lever cobopite “ff plumule \ radicle — | stoma Wy J sestellum ~ voce mesoca endoeany SCHIZOCARPIC FRUITS Scnizncarpic samaras ‘syeamore) Senvocarpie eronocaras (earetGlossary 20 APOCARPOUS (carpels tee) | Vi sews tapes She carpe! SYNCARPOUS (corpels fused) Fy Fie tes Singles wis sivas, stiame Single stv with ree | Piste VIlThe min types of gynoecium. ccomias on a free, central colume within an ovary that has only one Josue (Plate XD) Fruit Surictly the ripened ovary of a seed plant and its contents. Loosely, the whole srusturé containing ripe seeds, which may fnclide moce thay the ovary, ef achens. berms. capwule. drupe. follicle, nat, samara (Plate Vi) Fanicle The stulk of an ovate (Mute X), Gamopetalous With petalstused. ut least at the base Gamosepalous With sspalsfused, at stat Glabrous Without hairs or projections Glasd (adj, glandular) Scoreting ona oil resin, nectar, water, ees ef product A waxy. grayish-blue bloom. Globose Spherical, roanile. Gymobasie sisle A style thet arises near the bbase of a deepls-Iobed ovury (Plate XIV, Gynoecium All the female reproductive guns of a flower, comprising ane oc more free or fosed carpele (Pie VII). Gynophore Stalk of s carpe or gyncecium, Habit The characteristic mode of growth brescurrence, theformand shupe of a plac Halophyte A plant that tolerates salty con- ditions. Hardy Able to withitand evireme con ditions, usually of cold ‘Haustariam A pey-like fleshy outgrowth from parasitic plant. usually embedded in the host pluat aad raving nourishment from it Hend “A dense mfloreseence of smut, crowded. often stiles. Mowers — ean culum (Plate VIL), Hetico (of cymose inflorescences) lke aspring. Herb (ad) herbaceous) A plant that does sot develop persistent woody tissue above ground and either dies at the end of the rowing seman oF overwinters hy ments of nderground organs. eg bulbs, sirms, thie Heterophylly Having leaves of more than foe type onthe same plimt. Weterostviy Having stvies (and usally stumens) of two or more lengths in diffrent flowers within » species Hilum “The scar ett om a seed marking the point OF uituchinent te the stalk of the vale Hiryete | Covered in roa, coarse hain. Honey guide | Murkings{ex ines or dos) on the peciunth whieh ditect insects to the nee- Hydathode A specialized gland, smally (ound in aves that exude water Hiydrophyte An aguatis plant Hypanthium —\ cup-shaped enlargement of the floral receptacle or the bases ofthe Nora parts, which often enlarges and surrounds the frais, eg the fleshy tisse in rose-hins. Hypka The thresdsiike unit of con saruetion of fing Hypogynous (of flowers) With the sepals petulsandstumenssttucted to thereespticle or ais, below and free from the ovary (Plate 1), Coiled Imbricate tof sepals and petals) Over lapping. asin tiled rool Imparipinmate (of leaves) A. pinnate lea ‘will un unpaired tecminal ele oecurring sentrally (Plate IX) Inaperturate (of pollen grains) Withont an sperture: without any pores er furrows Insel (of leaves) Sturply and deeply eu (Plate TN) Incompatible Of planis between which hybrds cannot be tormed Indefinite (of fower parts) OF a number large enough 10 make # prease coum difficult Indecent Fruits not opening tw release seeds: of dchisosnt. Indunentum A covering, usually of baits. Inferior (of ovanes) An ovary with the ‘epi, petils and stamens atthe! o its apex (Plate TY), ‘ Inlorsceaee Any arrangement of grove than one flower. ep bosteyx, sapitulum, coryaib, cyme, dickasium. faelle, panicle racer. rhipidium, spadhs. spike shyrse wn uumbe (Platz VI Infructescence A cluster of fruits, derived {roman infloresoence. Inserted Growing nut of another ongin Integimest (of ovules) The ater pro testive covering of the ovules sully two are found in engiosperms (Plate X). Interaode The length of sea that hes between two leu-joints (nodes) (Plate 1), Introrse Direcied and opening inwards toward the comer of the flows: cf exteorse (Plate XU Tnvolucel ale Tnvolucre | whorl of bracts beneath an ine fiocesconce: ef beact Irregular (of fowers) Not regular: not div- Isible into halves by an indefinite number oF Jongitudimal planes: ypomarphic A whorl of tracteales: ef bract- Lucerate (of leaves) frregultrly cut (Plate TO, Lamina The thin, fat bhude of » lew! or petal (Phite 1V) Laneeotate Navtow, as a lanee, with taper ing ends (Plate 1X) Lateral Arising from the side of the parent axis orattached to the side of another organ Latex A cnithy and usually iis uid thar isproduced hy the cells of various plants and is the source of eg rubber, gutta percha, ehicleand bala. Latleiferous Producing a (loves Leaf An aerial and lateral outgrowth from sastem which makes up the foliage of w plant. Itspprime fonction isthe mmnuficture of food by photosynthesis. It ryprclly consists of 9 stalk (petioey mal fattened ade lamina) (Plate TX. Leallet Each separate amin of w come pound leaf (Plate IX) Liana A wood, stibing vine Ligulate Strapshaped ot tongue-shuped (Plate 1V) Ligule (of leaves). A scatecike membrane con thesurfive ofa lea. (of lowers} the strap shaped corolla in some Compositae Limb The upper. expanded portion of a calyx or corolla with fused pars; cf tube Linear (of leaves) Elongated, ind. vith parallel sides (Plate IX) Tithophyte plant which grows on stones tind not in the soi milky Juice Lobe (ot lives or peranths) \ eurved oF rounded part Lobed (of leaves) With curved or rounded eyes (Plate 1X), cule The chamber or cavity of an ovary ‘which contains the ovules, of of an anther ‘which contains the pollen (Plane XD, Loculicidal Spiiting open longiadinally along the dorsal suture (mid-rib) of each se tnent of the wall Plate VI) Male omer 4 ower sontaining fime- tional stamens, bul mo ears Marginal plicestation type of placen~ tation in which the ovules are bore along the fused cmutgins of u single carpel, ee pea sted in a pod ¢Plite XU, Membranoms Resembling membrane thin, ey snl semi-transparent. Mericarp A one-secded portion of & fruit ‘which splits up when the fruit is mature, the fruits ofthe Umbeliferne (Plate V1),