What Is A Structure?

The structure is a collection of elements linked together in such a way that serves a meaningful purpose.
Thus, a structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in an object or system, with
the load affecting structural components vertically or laterally.

Different types of structures like concrete, framed, shell, membrane, truss, cables and arches, surface
structure, etc., can be viewed in many models.

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Members or components of a building can take on a variety of shapes or forms depending on their
functional requirements. Buildings, bridges, towers, arches, and cables are all examples of civil
engineering constructions.

Types Of Structure

They are primarily categorized based on geometry since they can withstand various loads, as the
geometric configuration of the structure determines its load-bearing capacity. Some other types are –

A structure comprises several components that are connected to one another and function to transfer the
loads to the soil successfully.

Modern structural engineering offers a broad and in-depth body of knowledge that can precisely predict
the performance of various forms and materials used in structures to withstand loads and stresses.

In civil engineering, structures are broadly classified into eight different types:
1. Load-bearing structures
2. Truss structures
3. Frame structures
4. Cable and arch structures
5. Pre-engineered structures
6. Mass structures
7. Tensile structures
8. Composite structures

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1. Load-Bearing Structure

A load-bearing structure is a type of structure that contains the parts of a building that safely carries and
distributes the load to the ground. As a result of the roof and floor being directly supported in a load-
bearing structure, the structure's weight is transferred to the walls.

Fig 1: Load-Bearing Structure

Wall footings are suitable and inexpensive for 2-4 stories, where the walls transfer their weight to the soil
beneath them.

Nowadays, only temporary or small-scale construction is supported by load-bearing structures.

Advantages of Load-bearing Structures

1. The structure built is extremely sturdy and solid.

2. These buildings are highly fire-resistant.

3. Masonry pieces come in various colors and textures, allowing endless creativity.

4. These structures do not require a lot of planning.

5. They have a pleasing appearance.

6. Tools and equipment for masonry buildings are affordable.

Disadvantages of Load-bearing structures

1. These structures perform badly during earthquakes.

2. They involve extensive use of masonry units. Their construction demands more work.

3. Due to the expensive masonry units used to construct these buildings, they are unreliable.

4. These types of structures are heavier.

5. These structures have very low thermal insulating capabilities.

2. Truss Structure

Structures having a large span and little depth are known as trusses. A truss is made up of thin, triangle-
shaped components that are placed in a certain sequence. A planar truss, often used for bridges, has all of
its parts in the same plane.

There are three-dimensional components that make up a space truss. The truss converts weights into
tension and compression forces, which bend the truss. Due to these benefits, the truss comprises long
and thin segments and utilizes less material than the beam.

Fig 2: Truss Structure

Using a truss, one can build structures that span areas as large as 122 meters (400ft) or 9 meters (30 ft).
The application of loads at the joints and the assumption that the members are joined at the joints using
frictionless connections are also features of truss analysis.
3. Frame Structure

A beam and a column are joined by a pin or other fixed connection to form a frame. The structure is
indeterminate for stiff joint connections, and frames may be stretched into two or three dimensions.

Types of Framed Structure in civil engineering.

3.1 Rigid Frame Structure

On-site construction takes place for these frames. They increase stability and effectively resist rotation for
many types of building structures.

Fig 3: Rigid Steel Frame Structure

3.2 Braced Frame Structure

By bracing the diagonal members used to resist sideways forces, this frame structure resists lateral forces.
The structure is braced by inserting diagonal structural members into the rectangular areas of a structural
frame.
Fig 4: Braced Frame Structure

4. Cable and Arch Structure

In situations when trusses are not feasible, long spans are supported by cables, which significantly
increase the cost and scale of the structure. These structures are utilized for spans greater than 46 meters
(150ft) and can bear weights in tension. These are used in bridge structures, and the use of cables is
limited by their weight, sag, and anchorage method.

Fig 5: Cable and Arch Structure

Arches are composed of curvilinear members that rest on supports. They are used for large-span
structures and other construction with wide spans, including aircraft hangars.

5. Pre-Engineered Structure
Pre-engineered buildings (PEBs) are designed by a supplier or manufacturer using a single design that can
be constructed using various materials and fabrication techniques to meet various structural and
aesthetic design requirements.

Fig 6: Pre-engineered Structure

Pre-engineered structures have the advantage of being simple to assemble, sturdy, and easily adaptable.
Unfortunately, they are far more expensive than other building types, and the design must be square or
rectangular.

6. Mass Structure

A mass structure is made by assembling similar materials into a certain form or pattern. Despite being
constructed using low-quality materials, they are often quite thick. They are formed by piling materials in
a certain pattern or shape.

Fig 7: Mass Structure

Examples of artificial mass structures are sandcastles, dams, pyramids, and other man-made structures,
while examples of natural mass structures include coral reefs, mountains, and other natural mass
structures.

7. Tensile Structure

A structure with only tension and no compression or bending is known as a tensile structure. The most
common type of thin-shell structure is tensile. Using membranes like PTFE-coated fiberglass or PVC, these
structures provide designers and end users with various aesthetically appealing free-form canopy designs.
Fig 8: Tensile Structure

Examples of tensile membrane structures are sports facilities, warehousing and storage structures, and
exhibition halls.

8. Composite Structures

A load-bearing structure and a frame structure combine to form a composite structure. While internal
column and beam structures may support floors and ceilings, exterior walls can be load-bearing
structures.

Fig 9: Composite Structure

These structures are often used as industrial sheds or warehouses with long spans.
Advantages of Composite Structures

1. Heat and electricity are not a concern for composite buildings.

2. Composite structures are lighter than conventional ones, making them simpler to carry and erect.

3. Engineers may design buildings to suit their demands since these structures are versatile.

Disadvantages of Composite Structures

1. High raw material costs and usually high fabrication and assembly costs, poor strength in the out-
of-plane direction where the matrix carries the primary load.

2. Composite structures are susceptible to impact damage and have greater difficulty repairing them
than metallic structures.

FAQs

What are the types of structures in civil engineering?

The different types of structures in civil engineering are:

1. Load-Bearing Structure
2. Truss Structure
3. Frame Structure
4. Cable and Arch Structure
5. Pre-Engineered Structure
6. Mass Structure
7. Tensile Structure
8. Composite Structure

What are the types of frame structures?

The two types of framed structures are:

1. Rigid Frame Structure
On-site construction takes place for these frames. They increase stability and effectively resist rotation for
many types of building structures.
2. Braced Frame Structure
By bracing the diagonal members used to resist sideways forces, this frame structure resists lateral forces.
The structure is braced by inserting diagonal structural members into the rectangular areas of a structural
frame.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of composite structure?

The advantages of composite structures are:

1. Heat and electricity are not a concern for composite buildings.
2. Composite structures are lighter than conventional ones, making them simpler to carry and erect.
3. Engineers may design buildings to suit their demands since these structures are versatile.
The disadvantages of composite structures are:
1. High raw material costs and usually high fabrication and assembly costs, poor strength in the out-of-
plane direction where the matrix carries the primary load.
2. Composite structures are susceptible to impact damage and have greater difficulty repairing them than
metallic structures.
Relationship between Structural and Architectural aesthetics.

to explore the fascinating relationship between structural and architectural aesthetics. Both
structural engineering and architecture are integral parts of the built environment, and their
interplay is crucial in creating visually appealing and functional structures. By understanding
the connection between the two disciplines, we can gain insights into how form and function
converge to create remarkable buildings and spaces.
Structural aesthetics refer to the visual appeal and beauty of the structural elements of a
building or structure. These elements include columns, beams, arches, trusses, and other load-
bearing components that provide support and stability. While the primary purpose of these
structural elements is to resist forces and ensure the integrity of the building, they can also
contribute to the overall aesthetic quality of the architecture.
Architecture, on the other hand, encompasses the design and construction of buildings and
spaces. It involves the thoughtful integration of various elements, including form, function,
materials, and aesthetics, to create structures that meet human needs and evoke a sense of
beauty. Architecture considers aspects such as spatial arrangement, light, materials, scale, and
proportion to shape the experience of occupants and visitors.

1. Synergy of Form and Function: Both structural and architectural elements are guided by
their respective functions. Structural elements must be designed to support the loads
imposed on them, ensuring safety and stability. Similarly, architectural elements must
serve functional purposes, providing appropriate spaces for various activities. However,
when form and function are harmoniously integrated, they give rise to structures that
are not only safe and functional but also visually appealing.
2. Visual Expression of Structure: In many cases, structural elements are exposed and
celebrated as visual features of a building. Architects often incorporate structural
elements into their designs, highlighting their strength and elegance. For example,
soaring arches or cantilevered structures can create a sense of drama and awe. By
showcasing the structural components, architects can elevate the aesthetic value of a
building, creating memorable and iconic structures.
3. Material Selection and Aesthetics: The choice of materials in both structural
engineering and architecture significantly influences the aesthetic qualities of a
building. Architects consider the visual properties of materials such as concrete, steel,
glass, wood, and stone, and select them based on their aesthetic appeal and ability to
fulfill functional requirements. Structural engineers work closely with architects to
ensure that the selected materials can withstand the forces acting upon them while
maintaining the desired architectural aesthetic.
4. Integration of Light and Space: Light plays a vital role in both structural and
architectural aesthetics. Architects use light strategically to create visual interest,
 highlight structural features, and shape the experience of spaces. Structural engineers
collaborate with architects to design openings, windows, skylights, and other
transparent elements that allow natural light to penetrate the building, enhancing its
aesthetic qualities.
5. Balance and Proportion: Achieving a sense of balance and proportion is essential in
both structural and architectural design. Structural engineers ensure that the
proportions of load-bearing elements are visually pleasing and harmonize with the
overall architectural composition. Architects, on the other hand, consider the scale and
proportion of architectural elements in relation to human perception and the
surrounding environment.
In conclusion, the relationship between structural and architectural aesthetics is one of
interdependence and collaboration. Both disciplines contribute their expertise to create
structures that are not only functional and safe but also visually striking and emotionally
engaging. The successful integration of structural and architectural elements results in
buildings and spaces that captivate our senses and enrich our lives.