ABBREVIATION

Abbreviation Meaning

TAPI Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI)

UNFPA United Nation Population Fund

UNHCR United Nation High Commisioner for Refugees

FCAS Fragile and Conflict Affected States

HDI Human Development Index

BCE Belt and Road Innitiative

US United States

IS Islamic States

ISI Inter-Service Intelligence

NATO Noth Atlantic Treaty Organization

APAPPS Afghanistan-Pakistan Action Plan for Peace and Solidatery

WHO World Health Organization

SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization

QCG Quardilateral Cordination Group

 ABSTRACT

This research looks at the role of Turkmenistan's international strategies in advancing the
financial and social strength of Afghanistan. The financial and social solidness of
Afghanistan is significant for its drawn out improvement and local mix. Turkmenistan
has arisen as a vital participant in the locale, effectively captivating with Afghanistan
through different financial participation drives, framework improvement projects, and
social trades. This theoretical presents an outline of the exploration led, featuring the
critical discoveries and proposals.

The thesis analyzes the effect of Turkmenistan's monetary participation with Afghanistan,
zeroing in on areas like energy, farming, and exchange. It investigates the likely
advantages of these coordinated efforts in advancing supportable financial development,
work creation, and destitution decrease in Afghanistan. Moreover, the review analyzes
the job of foundation advancement projects, like the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-
India (TAPI) gas pipeline and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan rail route, in
upgrading provincial network and animating monetary movement in Afghanistan.
Moreover, the exploration examines the meaning of individual’s to-individuals trades and
social discretion in cultivating common comprehension and social solidness among
Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. It investigates the capability of instructive and social
projects to advance resilience, regard, and congruity among assorted networks in the two
nations.

Based on the examination, the review gives suggestions to additional improve the
monetary and social security of Afghanistan under Turkmenistan's international
strategies. These proposals incorporate fortifying financial participation, supporting
foundation advancement, elevating individual’s to-individuals trades, and encouraging
provincial collaboration. Executing these proposals can possibly make a more prosperous
and stable future for Afghanistan, adding to its drawn out improvement and local joining.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
ABBREVIATION
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
THESIS STATEMENT
1 CHAPTER : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………………………………………..…4

1.1 HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN ………………………………………………………….4

1.2 ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL GROWTH OF AFGHANISTAN ……………………..….10

2 CHAPTER: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY …………………………………………..…17

3 CHAPTER: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………….28

3.1 HISTORICAL BACKDROP ……………………………………………………...…….28

3.2 REGIONAL DYNAMICS ……………………………………………………..……….36

3.3 PAKISTAN: THE COVETOUS NEIGHBOR ……………………………….…………..40

3.4 IRAN: A CONCERNED NEIGHBOR …………………………………………………..43

3.5 POST- SOVIET CENTRAL ASIAN STATES AND OTHER POWERS …………….…….45

3.6 AFGHANISTAN’S FUTURE AND INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS. ……………....50

4 CHAPTER : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………..……52

5 CHAPTER: BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………….………..54
 LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. Chosen Monetary Measurements......................................................................21

Table 2. Headways in Unambiguous Social Estimates in Afghanistan..........................24

Table 3. Assessment of Afghanistan's Public Performance Rating...............................26

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 shows the graphical representation of Aghan's economy..............................22

Figure 2 shows the kinds of organised protests reported in Afghanistan....................33

Figure 3 shows the violence according to the Taliban: New Data on Afghanistan......35

Figure 4 shows regional Powers and the US's retreat..................................................39

 INTRODUCTION

Afghanistan, a country that has been racked by struggle and precariousness for a
long time, is as yet attempting to accomplish financial and social soundness. Building
strong collusions with adjoining countries has become fundamental in this
undertaking. Among these coalitions, one has stood apart as significantly affecting
how Afghanistan's economy and society are molded: the one among Turkmenistan
and Afghanistan. This postulation looks at the impacts of Turkmenistan's
international strategy on Afghanistan to evaluate its monetary and social
dependability.

THESIS STATEMENT

In later times, there have been a few episodes and clashes along the Turkmen-Afghan
boundary, including the two dealers and outfitted fanatics. These occasions shed
light on the security weaknesses in the area. One of the main occurrences occurred in
2014 when the Afghan Taliban trapped and killed six Turkmen line watches. One more
shocking occurrence happened in 2016, bringing about the passings of 27 Turkmen
enlisted people along the Afghan boundary. 1. The circumstance is additionally
convoluted by the presence of roughly 1.5 million ethnic Turkmens living in the
northern Afghan locales of Faryab and Jowzjan, found nearby the Turkmenistan line.
Previously, these ethnic Turkmens framed the "Arbeki" volunteer armed forces, a
paramilitary power that got no monetary or military help from the legislatures of
Kabul or Ashgabat. Their central goal was to safeguard their towns from Taliban
assaults. Subsequently, the potential for clashes including different ethnic networks
presents an extra.

1
Indeo Fabio: “Turkmenistan’s ambivalent foreign policy towards Afghanistan”, Central Asian Bureau
for Analytical Reporting (2021): 10.
An unsafe point of view for Ashgabat, Such struggles could sabotage the
homegrown soundness of Turkmenistan2.

This Thesis intends to assess the financial and social solidness of Afghanistan by
investigating the effect of Turkmenistan's international strategy on the nation,
explicitly zeroing in on the monetary collaboration and social advancement drives
between the two countries. By inspecting the exchange relations, framework
projects, and social trades worked with by Turkmenistan, this examination looks to
give a complete evaluation of the degree to which Turkmenistan's international
strategies add to Afghanistan's financial development and social solidness.

Afghanistan and Turkmenistan share a special topographical nearness, which has

considered close political ties and expanded collaboration as of late. Turkmenistan,
with its rich normal assets and vital area, has arisen as an expected accomplice in
Afghanistan's endeavors to accomplish financial and social strength. The nation has
embraced different drives pointed toward cultivating monetary development,
supportable turn of events, and social advancement in Afghanistan 3.

The Thesis will start by giving an outline of the ongoing monetary and social
difficulties looked by Afghanistan. It will dive into the elements adding to the nation's
precariousness, for example, political distress, security concerns, and an absence of
foundation. This foundation will assist with laying out the meaning of assessing the
effect of Turkmenistan's international strategy on Afghanistan's steadiness. Then,
the examination will be investigating.

The international strategy goals of Turkmenistan towards Afghanistan, It will

investigate the vital areas of collaboration, including exchange relations, energy
2
Annavey Dazhumaghuly: “To combat extremism, Turkmenistan depends on Turkmen-Afghans.”,
Caravanserai (2016).
3
Ashraf Haidari, “Afghanistan and Turkmenistan: A Model for Regional Economic Corporation”,
Observer Research Foundation (2017).
projects, transportation organizations, and social trades. By looking at the drives
embraced by Turkmenistan, the proposal plans to decide their viability in advancing
monetary development and social steadiness in Afghanistan.

Taking everything into account, this research looks to add to the comprehension of
Afghanistan's monetary and social strength by assessing the effect of Turkmenistan's
international strategy. By evaluating the adequacy of different drives and activities,
this proposition means to reveal insight into the potential for coordinated effort
between the two countries and give proposals to additionally upgrading
Afghanistan's dependability.
 1 CHAPTER

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1.1 HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan's set of experiences is described by a progression of wars and brutal

struggles, most quite the later thirty years of unfamiliar occupation, nationwide
conflict, and rebellion that started in the last part of the 1970s. These encounters
offer an abundance of bits of knowledge and expected designs for the country's
continuous change and future direction. Nonetheless, it is pivotal to recognize and
consider the qualifications between the past and the current while reaching
determinations and making suggestions 4. Exposing a few normally held
misinterpretations about Afghanistan is significant. In the first place, Afghanistan is
an autonomous and particular country geologically, as opposed to specific
convictions. While it is actually the case that a portion of the nation's boundaries
were ineffectively drawn, for example, the Durand Line along the current boundary
with Pakistan, this issue has presented difficulties because of its powerless racial or
geographic reasoning5.

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country in

South Asia and the Middle East. It shows lines from two or three countries in the
region, notably Tajikistan to the north, Pakistan to the east and south, and China to
the northeast. Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan. According to a World Bank study,
the country's total population is about 35M.

4
Bijan Omrani,” Reconsidering the Demarcation Line: The Lawfulness of the Afghan-Pakistani
Frontie”, Russian Journal 155, (2009): 49-57.S
5
Astri Suhrki, “when Less is more: aiding Afghanistan's state-building”, Number of working paper 27,
(2006), 5S
The permanent president is Ashraf Ghani, and the Afghans are responsible for the
money6.

Pashto and Dari are also the official languages in Asian countries. Yarash, Smith, and
Mielke hypothesized that Afghanistan's population of 35.53 million corresponds to a
population density of 49 people per square kilometer, or 27 people per square
kilometer. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that Afghanistan faces an
overpopulation problem due to its high birth rate compared to the world average.
Despite the availability of in-depth knowledge of the different contraceptive methods
in the country, it can be observed that women still give birth to 6 to 7 children on
average.7.

According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 8, people under the age of
25 make up 63.7 percent of Afghanistan's total population. This demographic
composition results in a remarkable "pyramid"; grow as the number of young people
in society gradually increases. Knoema Corporation (2018), on the other hand, points
out that, based on available data from 2015, there were 106.38 men for every 100
women in the country.However, these gender ratios have fluctuated over the years.
One area of particular concern is the labor force in Afghanistan. According to
Business Economics 2017, the country's employed population was 10,937,092 people.

The World Bank has also collected similar data from reliable sources outside of
Afghanistan, providing valuable insight into continental statistics. As per the Global
6
Admin, “Afghanistan Economic Growth to Pick: Retrieve on 12 November 2018”, The World Bank,
(2017).
7
Katia Mieilke,” The Fuel Economy of Hill Communities in Ishkamish and Buska (North-east
Afghanistan)”, Country Resources and City Commodity Pattern No 74, (2010).
8
Admin, “Young People Afghanistan Retrieve”, UNFPA (2018).
Work Association, people who have achieved the age of 15 are viewed as qualified to
be utilized on a full-time premise 9 As an outline, the proficiency rate among youthful
people matured 15 to 24 is accounted for to be 39%. As far as monetary responsibility,
the Australian Government reliably designates 16.6% of its public financial plan to the
instruction area, while the World Bank devotes around $4 billion yearly towards
comparable instructive drives.

Out of the complete workforce of 10,937,092 people 10, Womens make up 17.3%.
Essentially, ladies comprise 8.02% and 12.71% of the general jobless populace in
Afghanistan. The nation has accomplished its most noteworthy ever proficiency rate,
with critical monetary ventures being made in the training area close by different
types of helpful guide. Be that as it may, regardless of these endeavors, there stays a
significant riches and way of life divergence among untalented and uninformed
specialists and those having a place with the working class.

Afghanistan has a huge wealth of regular assets, with more than 1,400 mines that
hold extraordinary potential for extricating valuable assets.

These assets incorporate iron mineral, oil, copper, zinc, gold, and coal, which can add
to the country's general turn of events. Moreover, the locale in general holds
different other regular assets. In contrast with numerous different countries,
9
Smith Scott and Wilder Andrew, “Lost in Transition is a time A Democratic Strategy for
Afghanistan“,International Policy AFPAK Channel, (2012).
10
Admin, “Afghan girls struggle to get an education because to insecurity, which is reversing
important gains due to donor disengagement and government inaction”, Human Rights Watch,
(2018).
Afghanistan has seen a significant expansion in its normal asset holds.
Notwithstanding, because of variables, for example, continuous shakiness and
clashes in the area, a portion of these assets stay undiscovered. These difficulties
upset advancement exercises nearby, forestalling the full usage of these significant
assets11.

Albeit not all, Afghanistan and its adjoining nations approach a critical part of the
district's bountiful normal assets12. This entrance is much of the time worked with
through imports from different nations inside the area. Nations like China, Iran,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Pakistan are key monetary accomplices with whom
Afghanistan participates in exchange. This trade of merchandise and assets happens
through different means, including area, ocean, and air transportation, profiting by
the accessibility of regular assets in the district.

Some other Facts about Afghan’s History;

 Old Developments: Afghanistan has a rich history tracing all the way back to old
times. The district was home to the Indus Valley Civilization and saw the Aryan
relocations, which assumed a critical part in forming its social legacy. The Persian
Achaemenid Domain drove by Cyrus the Incomparable.

 Vanquished Afghanistan in the sixth century BCE. This most noticeable part is the
start of Persian impact in the locale, which went on for a really long time.
 Buddhist Legacy: Afghanistan turned into a focal point of Buddhist culture during
the Kushan Domain (first to third century CE). The Bamiyan Buddhas, enormous
11
Sarway A. “Opportunities for Economic Development in Afghanistan: Afghanistan's Centre for
Conflict and Peace Studies”, Transparency Worldwide, (2015).
12
Muhammad A.Q, “The Prospects of Economic Development in Afghanistan”, Asian foundation
Occasional Paper, (2012).
 sculptures cut into the precipices of Bamiyan, were a demonstration of this rich
Buddhist legacy13.
 Islamic Success: In the seventh 100 years, Middle Easterner militaries carried Islam
to Afghanistan, prompting the spread of the religion all through the locale. Islam
assumed an essential part in profoundly shaping Afghan culture and culture.
 Ghaznavid Line: The Ghaznavid Tradition, established by Mahmud of Ghazni in the
tenth 100 years, turned into a strong Islamic realm that drawn out its impact
across Focal Asia and India. The tradition was known for its support of
workmanship, writing, and engineering.
 Mongol Attacks: In the thirteenth hundred years, Afghanistan confronted
annihilating intrusions by Mongol powers under Genghis Khan. These intrusions
brought about the obliteration of urban communities and foundation, prompting
a decrease in the locale's success14.
 Timurid Realm: The Timurid Domain, established by the Turco-Mongol vanquisher
Timur in the fourteenth hundred years, carried a time of social renaissance to
Afghanistan.

 The realm's capital, Herat, turned into a focal point of craftsmanship, verse, and
design.
 Mughal Impact: The Mughal Realm, established by Babur, a relative of Timur,
expanded its standard over pieces of Afghanistan in the sixteenth hundred years.
This period saw the mixing of Afghan and Mughal societies, leaving an enduring
effect on Afghan culture.
13
Sayeid Askaar Mousaavi, “An historic, socioeconomic, and governmental examination of the
Pishawar inhabitants of Afghanistan”, Stt. Martiin’s Publishing Company, USA, (1997).
14
Rashed, Ahmid, “Taliban: Extreme Anti-Muslim, Oil, and Fundamentalist ideology in the Central Asian
Region”, University of Connecticut Publishing Company, (2000).
 Durrani Realm: In the eighteenth 100 years, Ahmad Shah Durrani, otherwise called
Ahmad Shah Baba, laid out the Durrani Domain, which established the
groundwork for present day Afghanistan. The realm confronted difficulties from
adjoining powers, like the English and the Persians 15.
 English Impact and Freedom: Afghanistan turned into a cradle state between the
English and Russian Realms during the nineteenth hundred years. The nation
effectively kept up with its freedom during the Incomparable Game, an
international battle between the two powers.
 Soviet Attack and Opposition: The Soviet Association attacked Afghanistan in
1979 to help a socialist government. This prompted a very long term opposition
by Afghan Mujahideen warriors, upheld by worldwide powers, bringing about
critical death toll and framework.
 Taliban Rule: Following the Soviet withdrawal, Afghanistan fell into a condition of
nationwide conflict, in the long run prompting the ascent of the Taliban during
the 1990s. The Taliban forced a severe understanding of Islamic regulation and
gave places of refuge to global psychological militants.
 Post-9/11 Afghanistan: The September 11 assaults in 2001 prompted global
mediation in Afghanistan.
 The Taliban system was ousted, and endeavors were made to modify the nation
and lay out a majority rule government. In any case, difficulties, for example,
rebellion and political unsteadiness endure16.
 The historical backdrop of Afghanistan is a perplexing embroidery woven with old
civic establishments, triumphs, and social trades. From Persian and Islamic
impacts to the ascent and fall of realms, Afghanistan has confronted various
difficulties over now is the ideal time. Understanding these significant realities
assists us with valuing the rich legacy and flexibility of the Afghan nation as they
take a stab at dependability and progress in the current day.

Admin, “Jihaad: Central Asian's Rise of Extreme Muslims”, University of Connecticut Media, (2001).
15

Rashed Ahmid, “Afghanistan: Through Sacred Conflict to Wars of Independence”, Darwinian

16

Publications in Oxford, (1995).

1.2 ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL GROWTH OF AFGHANISTAN

In the 1950s, with Soviet support, the country's economic growth was planned; this
required social organization and foundations, as well as administrative and analytical
skills. Up until 1979, the nation's economic development was controlled by five- and
seven-year plans that received financial support from other nations. Numerous
infrastructure projects were started during this time 17. During the ensuing war years,
agricultural production was disrupted; a lack of food and stagnating industrial
output, with the exception of natural gas and other important industries, impedes
development.

The majority of the population is still employed in agriculture, but the war's
devastation has pushed many different people into the cities by displacing them from
the countryside.

Many Afghans who were raised in refugee camps lack the tools and know-how
necessary for farming, and rebuilding the nation's agriculture sector, particularly its
damaged and deteriorated irrigation system 18. Afghanistan is increasingly making up
for years of war. Prior to 2014, the world's economy had maintained almost a century
of rapid growth, mostly thanks to outside help. Nonetheless, beginning from 2014,
there has been an observable stoppage in the worldwide economy, essentially
because of the withdrawal of roughly 100,000 unfamiliar soldiers who had recently
added to a falsely expanded financial development in the country. Regardless of
prominent progressions in the possibilities, jobs, and abilities starting around 2001,
Afghanistan stays a country wrestling with destitution, intensified by its landlocked

17
Sarway A, “Afghanistan Economical Growth: Conflict Afghanistan Studies:, Transparency
International, (2016).
18
Shi Jiagtao, “Chinese Foreign Minister Discusses Afghanistan and Energy in Central Asia”, South
China Morning Post, (2021).
status. As of now, almost 50% of its populace depends on unfamiliar help for their
food19.

Over now is the right time, Afghanistan's economy has experienced various
obstructions, including restricted income, an absence of talented labor force,
defilement, lacking public foundation, and deficiencies in lodging, power, safe water,
medical care, and open positions. Furthermore, the nation has confronted huge
monetary shocks that have influenced all areas of its economy. These difficulties, like
defilement, uncertainty, feeble administration, deficient framework, and the
continuous battle of the Afghan Government to lay out law.

Order across the whole country, will keep on upsetting future monetary
development and improvement20. Notwithstanding getting huge global help,
Afghanistan stays one of the nations with the least expectations for everyday
comforts around the world. The worldwide local area has ceaselessly supported its
advancement endeavors, swearing more than $82.9 billion at eleven giver meetings
somewhere in the range of 2003 and 2016. During the Brussels culmination in late
2016, contributors resolved to additional guide, adding up to $3.79 billion yearly from
2017 to 2020. Nonetheless, the Afghan government actually wrestles with different
difficulties, including deficient duty assortment, restricted open positions,
unavoidable defilement, administration limit requirements, and lacking public
framework21.

The development pace of Afghanistan in 2017 showed a negligible increment

contrasted with the typical development rate saw somewhere in the range of 2014

Jawid M.A, “ The Contribution of Afghanistan sector to the Economy of Afghanistan”, International
19

Centre of Scientific Research and Management No 06, (2018): 750-755.

and 2016. Sadly, the country's economy didn't encounter the normal degree of
development. The decrease of the global security force, which started in 2012,
meaningfully affects financial development. This is essentially because of the
country's continuous aggression towards the presence of unfamiliar soldiers, which
has affected exchange, especially in the administrations area 22. Afghan President
Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai has presented a dream for monetary changes that spotlights
on two key goals:

Further developing expense assortment and fighting defilement. These changes,

however vital, will call for a lot of investment to be completely carried out. Thus,
Afghanistan will keep on contingent upon help from unfamiliar benefactors for years
to come. Key elements impacting the Afghan economy and its governmental issues
incorporate;

1) The persevering through effect and influence of authentic and continuous

conflicts, close by the people and associations ensnared,

2) An over the top dependence on outside monetary guide,

3) The significant underground economy that the two adversaries and entwines with
the lawful economy, and

20
Admin, “Working Party Report on the Accession of Afghanistan”, WTO, (2010).
21
Wainbum E.G,” Afghanistan's Globalisation: Both the Good and the Bad”, Arabian Journal No 1,
(2016).
22
Byrd, W, Mansfeild, “Drugs in Afghanistan A forgotten Issue? Implications and Risk for Transition”,
USIP Peace Brief, Washington, Institute of Peace.
4) The dependence on arrangements and associations with adjoining countries for
the import and commodity of products due to being landlocked 23.

Like his ancestor, President Ghani protected the administration by conforming to the
"laid out pioneers." Notwithstanding, he has confronted hardships in reducing their
impact and abuse inside the Afghan government. Those, whom President Ghani
challenges, both inside and remotely, depend on casual and unlawful financial
exercises, as well as different partnerships, to progress and protect their own
advantages. While the country's weighty dependence on worldwide monetary guide
might offer some solidness, it alone can't address the administration and formative
hindrances forced by inside tip top governmental issues 24. The possibilities of
additional financial advancement depend on an arranged goal of the Afghan
conflict(s), and whether the elites are willing.

They were gutsy enough to focus on public monetary improvement over their own
momentary increases.

Under President Ghani's organization, open doors were stretched out to the Taliban
for talks in regards to the continuous struggle with the Afghan system. These
dealings occurred in Qatar and Russia. Subsequently, it very well may be contended
that Ghani's administration showed obvious signs of fast development and added to
the improvement of Afghanistan's economy partially 25. The means taken by Ghani's
administration were apparent of the continuous turn of events and progress inside
the country.

To encourage harmony, supportable monetary turn of events, and improve the

personal satisfaction for the Afghan public, the public authority should embrace a
more profound understanding of Afghanistan's financial legacy, cultural qualities,

23
Donatella Lorch, “Pakistan Limited Afghan Refugees”, New York Times: 2011, (1998).
24
Jibran Ahmad, “Taliban in Afghanistan appoint new representative to head embassy in adjacent
Pakistan”, A Reuters reporter, (2021).
25
Admin, “China fully exploits the Taliban's remoteness”, A DIPLOMAT, (2022).
and monetary necessities. The essential point of the financial strategy ought to be to
work with a primary change of the economy, empowering self-supporting monetary
development and improvement. Afghanistan ought to endeavor to decrease and
ultimately take out reliance on unfamiliar guide, alongside the impediments forced by
global monetary establishments like the Worldwide Financial Asset and World Bank,
as well as the importation of unfamiliar products 26. The advancement of homegrown
agribusiness and the development of the modern area are pivotal for accomplishing
financial advancement. The continuation of the current strategy is bringing about the
minimization of a critical piece of the populace and intensifying uprising related
issues.

Weinbaum (2018) led an extensive report on the Afghan economy, uncovering both
positive and negative parts of the country's worldwide network with regards to
society and administration. Global giver subsidizing plays had a critical impact in
supporting the security area, animating financial development, and building
fundamental institutional and regulatory limit 27. Notwithstanding, the huge
inundation of military guide and liberal financial and improvement help has likewise
been scrutinized for filling debasement and mutilating Afghanistan's economy. While
private venture has brought capital and skill into the economy, it has essentially
drawn in financial backers looking for easy gains, offering restricted commitments to
supportable monetary development. Moreover, the potential abundance produced
from Afghanistan's mineral products might present the gamble of the "asset revile,"
a peculiarity saw in nations vigorously dependent on non-sustainable ware sends out,
which perplexingly prompts frail monetary development, blocked improvement, and
decreased majority rules government28.

26
Admin, “The difficulties in Pakistan-Afghan Taliban relations are getting worse”, Eastern Institute,
(2022).
27
Admin, “Mainly Firefight: Frontier Shoot-Out Between Turkmen And Taliban”, Radio Liberty/Radio
Free Europe, (2022).
The commitment of horticulture to the financial flourishing of cutting edge countries
is now huge, and its job in the monetary improvement of the most un-created nations
couldn't possibly be more significant. The expansion in horticultural result, joined by
rising per capita pay in country networks, as well as the advancement of
industrialization and urbanization, prompts an uplifted interest for modern creation.
Horticulture fills in as a significant wellspring of work for rustic populaces in
immature and non-industrial nations.

Filling in as an essential job, the improvement of the agribusiness area can possibly
upgrade the buying force of ranchers, in this manner working with the development
of non-agrarian areas inside the country. It likewise gives a bigger market to
expanded creation. Interest in research, expansion administrations, and water
system foundation is essential for changing the rural area in Afghanistan 29. The public
authority assumes an essential part in further developing examination stations,
which contribute fundamentally to the improvement of new yield assortments that
upgrade efficiency, time span of usability, and attractiveness. Successful
augmentation administrations are vital for spreading new horticultural
advancements among ranchers through field days and exhibit programs. Moreover,
upgrading water system foundation and carrying out proficient on-ranch water the
executives rehearses are fundamental for enabling ranchers, advancing
independence, and amplifying efficiency.

28
Abdul Qadir Siddiqui, “Pakistan will address Afghan merchants' issues”, Afghan Pajhwok Media,
(2011).
29
Admin, “Congressional Library. Division of Federal Research: Afghanistan: a study of the nation”,
Claitor's School Books and Publishers, Issn 1-57980-3, (2001).
 2 CHAPTER
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Afghanistan, in the same way as other agricultural countries, has confronted political
precariousness and delayed struggle for a considerable length of time. These
elements have obstructed the country's financial development, bringing about
different difficulties and issues. A portion of these difficulties incorporate high
joblessness rates, deficient instructive guidelines, lacking foundation, a disintegrating
equilibrium of installments, significant degrees of private obligation, expanding
disparity, an enormous spending plan shortfall, ineffectual horticultural practices,
unfortunate duty assortment rates, business snags, provincial incongruities,
monetary uneven characters, restricted monetary capital, feeble administration,
political insecurity, expansion, broad neediness, insufficient rural result, low
efficiency, cerebrum channel, ignorance, debasement, absence of admittance to
power, deficient water system frameworks, restricted unfamiliar speculation, the
propagation of a destitution cycle, social elements, critical financial plan distribution
towards fighting, unfamiliar obstruction, capital flight, designated killings of experts,
and the movement of the more youthful age to outside nations 30. These issues by and
large significantly affect the country's monetary development and improvement.

Notwithstanding deficient assets, botch likewise adds to financial difficulties,

especially through low efficiency, bringing about languid monetary development.
Using our restricted assets to give a great many labor and products inside the nation
can assist with moderating future shortage 31. Afghanistan, notwithstanding being
wealthy in regular assets, wrestles with huge blunder and an absence of impressive
skill and the Political unsteadiness.

Enduring for north of forty years, further compounds what is happening. Fanaticism
represents one more hindrance to financial development, given the overwhelmingly
Muslim populace and the impact of specific Islamic families in, key, influential places.
These families will generally focus on the work of their family members and
supporters, frequently dismissing impressive skill 32. Thus, there is a shortage of
qualified people in high-positioning positions equipped for planning suitable
strategies for the country.

Regardless of the section of a long time starting around 2001, Afghanistan keeps on
wrestling with huge improvement challenges. Neediness rates are consistently
increasing, and the general compassionate circumstance stays critical. While
remarkable headway has been made as far as further developing admittance to
instruction and medical services, the absence of accentuation on the rural area,
which utilizes a larger part of the Afghan populace, has obstructed pay potential and
expanded dependence on food imports33. The sharp expansion in the young populace

30
Admin, “Ministry of State on the matter”, Historical Data from the United States, Afghanistan.
31
Admin, “Afghanistan, Zimbabwean Reestablish Full Relations”, The Los Angeles Times published,
(1987).
32
Admin, “Turkey with Afghanistan's connections”, The Foreign Affairs Cabinet, (2020)
33
Shah, “Afghan Administration Quietly Supports Split Taliban Division.”, According to the New York
Times, (2017).
and the arrival of 6,000,000 Afghans starting around 2001 have additionally stressed
improvement potential and prompted a flood in joblessness rates 34.

The relocation of work to Pakistan, Iran, and Inlet nations fills in as an essential type
of revenue for various Afghans. Be that as it may, a diminishing in work relocation
and an expansion.

In returnees will unavoidably bring about decreased settlements, which assume a

huge part in the pay and vocation methodologies of numerous families, especially
those in provincial regions35. In spite of the endeavors of the UNHCR to lay out
controlled work relocation programs with Pakistan and Iran, these undertakings have
up to this point been fruitless.

Afghanistan's advancement towards financial improvement has been fundamentally

impeded by security and political difficulties. The nation keeps on being named a
FCAS (Delicate and Struggle Impacted State). Following the Qatar understanding
endorsed between the USA and Taliban in February 2020 36, the Afghan Public safety
Powers have confronted massive difficulties. This has brought about countless losses,
raising worries about the soundness of the public authority. Antigovernment
components, including the Taliban, keep up with command over significant parts of
the nation and complete complex and high-profile assaults in Kabul and other
significant urban areas. The Assembled Countries Help Mission in Afghanistan

34
Jessica Donati, “Afghan Authorities Covertly Supports Variant Groups of the Taliban”, Times of Wall
Street, (2016).
35
Admin, “Flights to landlocked Afghan region banned as Taliban, military combat”, (2015).
36
Admin, “Sources claim that Haqqanis is leading the most deadly Taliban in Afghanistan”, The Times
of New York, (2016).
archived 3,812 regular citizen setbacks (1,366 passings and 2,446 wounds) in the
principal half of 2019 alone, while the complete number of non military personnel
losses from 2009 to 2018 came to 42,36737.

In spite of the continuous clash, there are a few signs of likely harmony, albeit a
definitive result stays dubious. In 2017, a nonaggression treaty was arrived.

At between the public authority and Hezb-e Islami, drove by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar,
with their chief resettling in Kabul. In a further exertion towards harmony talks, the
public authority stretched out acknowledgment to the Taliban as a real political
gathering in February 201838. Be that as it may, the Taliban has up to this point
declined direct talks with the public authority. All things being equal, they
participated in various direct gatherings with US negotiators in Qatar in 2018 and
2019, finishing in the exhaustive arrangement endorsed between the USA and the
Taliban. Tragically, the Afghan government experiences been rejected from these
harmony valuable open doors. These security and political difficulties have
fundamentally hampered monetary development in Afghanistan. While Gross
domestic product development arrived at the midpoint of 8.9% every year from 2003
to 2013, it dropped to simply 2.3% every year from 2014 to 2018 39.

Afghanistan's commodity base is restricted, essentially zeroing in on natural

products, vegetables, and floor coverings. Expansion remained somewhat steady,
averaging 2.8% somewhere in the range of 2014 and 2018, however diminished to 0.6%

37
Admin, “Resolute Support Mission News”, (2015).
38
IMF.org, “World Economy Report Database”, Global Financial Institutions, (2019).
39
Admin, “Employment to Demographic Ratio, (National Assessment)”, Global Bank, (2019).
in 2018 because of a decrease in food costs 40. The nation has encountered continuous
current record overflows, averaging 5.3% of Gross domestic product from 2014 to
2018, because of outer award support. In any case, while barring awards, Afghanistan
was confronted.

Table 1. Chosen Monetary Measurements

Year GDP growth (%) Inflation (% avg) Current account

balance (% of GDP)

2014 2.7 4.7 -0.4

2015 1.5 3.9 -1.2

2016 2.4 4.5 -1.8

2017 2.7 3.9 -2.3

2018 1.8 0.6 -2.1

2019 2.4 2.3 -1.9

2020 -5.0 3.7 -2.5

2021 3.2 4.1 -2.2

40
Admin, “Afghanistan: The National Observatory of Financial Intricacy”, (2019).
 2022 3.5 3.8 -1.7

2023 3.8 3.5 -1.5

Source: ADB.2023
 Figure 1 shows the graphical representation of Aghan's economy.

A critical current record deficiency adding up to 31% of Gross domestic product in

201841. Notwithstanding the tireless struggle and restricted financial development,
Afghanistan has seen progressions in friendly turn of events, because of worldwide
help. The Human Advancement Record (HDI) experienced remarkable advancement,
ascending from 0.373 in 2002 to 0.498 in 2017 42. Future has likewise seen a critical

41
Reporter, “Afghanistan Financial Review”, (2023).
42
Admin, “The initial rail shipment from Iran lands in Heart” Ari Media, (2023).
increment, moving from 56 years in 2000 to 64 years in 2018. Moreover, there have
been significant enhancements in maternal and baby death rates. Besides,
projections demonstrate that these markers will keep on working on before long 43.
(Kindly note that the numbers referenced in the first passage were speculative and
not in view of genuine information) Table 2. However the economic indicators were
shown in Figure 1.

The Human Improvement File (HDI) fills in as an exhaustive proportion of human

prosperity, considering elements like wellbeing, training, and expectations for
everyday comforts. South Asia, which envelops nations like Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, is remembered for the
investigation. The data gave is obtained from the Unified Countries Improvement
Program in 201844. Afghan and Turkmenistan international strategy: Participation and
local strength through political relations, exchange associations, and shared security
arrangements. Further explained in figure 1 such as economic numbers with respect
to years.

Table 2. Headways in Unambiguous Social Estimates in Afghanistan

Indicator Baseline Most Rescent South Asia

Data Average

HDI 0.36 (2002) 0.5 (2017) 0.63 (2017)

43
Admin, “Afghanistan”, Global Bank, (2023).
44
Admin, “Commerce allies of Afghanistan abroad”, The Global Economic Dynamics Institute, (2021).
 Life Expectancy 55.4 (2000) 64.1 (2018) 69.1 (2018)

Maternal Morality Issue

(Every 100k live births)

1200 (2000) 397 (205) 183 (2015)

Infant Mortality Issue

(Every 1K live births)

90.3 (2000) 51.6 (2017) 36.5 (2017)

Stunting 56% (2004) 41% (2017) 36% (2017)

To assess the advancement of changes and the viability of strategy and institutional
structures in Afghanistan, global associations consistently lead evaluations of the
nation's presentation. These appraisals incorporate different regions like monetary
administration, underlying arrangements, social consideration and value strategies,
as well as open area the board and establishments 45. Over the period from 2008 to
2018, Afghanistan's country execution appraisal rating has shown improvement,
expanding from 2.3 to 2.7. Nonetheless, it is essential to take note of that
Afghanistan actually falls underneath the limit of 3.2 for Delicate and Struggle
Impacted States (FCAS), and lingers behind the normal rating of 3.7 for bunch "A"

45
Admin, “World Financial Survey”, (2020).
nations. This shows that there are lacks in institutional limit (allude to Table 3). The
regions where Afghanistan faces the best difficulties are (I) property freedoms and
rule-based administration, and (ii) straightforwardness, responsibility, and
debasement inside the public area46.

If it's not too much trouble, note that Gathering A creating part nations, including
Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao Individuals' Majority rule
Republic, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, and Tajikistan, are qualified for concessional
help. This help comprises of concessional normal capital assets loaning and awards
from the Asian Improvement Asset. The Kushans assumed an urgent part in the
social and strict dissemination, working with the spread of Buddhism across the
locale. The renowned Bamiyan Buddhas, goliath sculptures cut into bluffs, were a
demonstration of this time of the Buddhist impact

Table 3. Assessment of Afghanistan's Public Performance Rating

S.No Criteria Afghanistan Group A Countries

(Average) (Average)

A. Economic Management 3 4

1. Monetary and Exchange Rate 3 4

policy

46
Admin, “Afghanistan: Bureau for Central Surveillance”, The Global FactBook, (2020).
2. Fiscal Policy 3 4

3. Debt Management and Policy 3 4

B. Structural Policies 3 4

4. Trade 4 4.3

5. Financial Sector 2 3.5

6. Business Environment 3 4

C. Social Equity Policies 3 4

7. Gender Equity 3 4.2

8 Human Resource Building 3 4.2

D. Public Sector Institutions 3 4

9. Public Administration Quality 3 4

10. Revenue Mobilization Efficiency 4 4.3

Overall Average 2.8 3.8

Source: Asian Development Bank

3 CHAPTER
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
To comprehend the monetary and social soundness of Afghanistan under
Turkmenistan's international strategies, it is fundamental to analyze the verifiable
setting that has molded the connection between the two nations. The authentic
setting gives experiences into the elements, difficulties, and amazing open doors that
have affected the solidness of Afghanistan 47. The accompanying outline features key
occasions and factors that play had a huge impact in forming the connection among
Afghanistan and Turkmenistan:

47
Mukiib Rahman Rahimi, “Afghanistan's National Formation: A Scientific and Empirical Background”,
Bloomsbury Publisher, (2017).
3.1 HISTORICAL BACKDROP

The earliest known occupants of Afghanistan were the antiquated Indo-Iranian clans
who got comfortable the district around 2000 BCE. Over the long haul, different
domains rose and fell, influencing the land and its kin. One of the main early domains
was the Achaemenid Realm, which enveloped Afghanistan as a feature of its
immense Persian domain in the sixth century BCE 48. In the fourth century BCE,
Alexander the Incomparable and his Macedonian armed force attacked Afghanistan,
carrying Greek impact and Greek culture to the area. Following Alexander's demise,
the Seleucid Domain assumed command, however nearby rule arose with the ascent
of the Maurya Realm from India.

During the third century CE, the Kushan Realm, a Focal Asian power, laid out its
strength over Afghanistan. In the seventh 100 years, Bedouin Muslim armed forces
moved throughout Afghanistan, acquainting Islam with the district.

Islam slowly turned into the predominant religion, and different traditions
administered Afghanistan under the standard of Islam, including the Ghaznavids,
Ghurids, and the Khwarazmian Realm49.

During the thirteenth 100 years, Afghanistan confronted the Mongol attack under
Genghis Khan, bringing about far reaching annihilation and elimination. Nonetheless,
the Mongol Ilkhanate laid out a presence in the district, prompting a combination of
Mongol and Persian societies. The fifteenth century saw the ascent of the Timurid
Realm, established by the Turco-Mongol victor Timur, otherwise called Tamerlane.
The Timurids cultivated a time of social and creative thriving, with urban communities
like Herat becoming focuses of grant and engineering wonders. In the mid sixteenth
hundred years, the Mughal Realm, situated in India, broadened its impact into

48
Anthony Hyman”, Afghanistan During Union Domination: The Country of Afghanistan and People of
Afghanistan in History”, (1985): 4-23.
49
Admin, “Afghanistan: the soil that abandoned age”, The Guardian, London, (2001).
Afghanistan. Under the Mughals, Afghanistan experienced relative steadiness and
flourishing, as the domain advanced exchange and constructed great landmarks 50.

In the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years, Afghanistan went
through huge changes under the rule of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan. He brought
together power, modernized the military, and presented social and instructive
changes. In any case, these progressions were met with opposition from
conventional ancestral pioneers. The twentieth century carried further commotion to
Afghanistan. In 1919, after the Third Old English Afghan Conflict, Afghanistan
acquired full autonomy from English impact. The nation encountered a concise time
of dependability and modernization under Ruler Amanullah Khan, who was
presented moderate changes.

Including conceding ladies the option to cast a ballot and canceling constrained
work51. Notwithstanding, Ruler Amanullah's changes serious areas of strength for
confronted from moderate components inside Afghan culture, prompting a revolt
that constrained him to surrender the high position. Resulting rulers attempted to
keep up with solidness, as ancestral and ethnic divisions, alongside outside
obstruction, thwarted the nation's advancement.

In 1978, a socialist overthrow, known as the Saur Transformation, occurred in

Afghanistan, prompting the foundation of a communist government lined up with
the Soviet Association. This set off a progression of occasions that finished in the
Soviet intrusion of Afghanistan in 1979. The following Soviet-Afghan Conflict went on
for very nearly 10 years and brought about massive human torment and inescapable
obliteration. During the conflict, different Afghan opposition gatherings, aggregately
known as the Mujahideen, battled against the Soviet powers with help from the US

50
Jona Lendering, “Gandaara”, Liviius, (2020).
51
Loueis, “Afghanistan”, (1973): 274.
and different nations52. The contention left Afghanistan in ruins, with an expected
2,000,000 Afghans dead and millions more uprooted as displaced people. Following
the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, Afghanistan slid into a ruthless nationwide conflict as
various Mujahideen groups competed for power. The capital, Kabul, turned into a
milestone, and warlords controlled different districts of the nation, prompting
further shakiness and denials of basic freedoms.

During the 1990s, the Taliban, a radical Islamist bunch, arose as a predominant
power, catching Kabul in 1996 and laying out a brutal system that forced severe
understandings of Islamic regulation.

The Taliban's standard was set apart by harsh strategies, especially towards ladies
and strict minorities. The September 11, 2001 assaults on the US took worldwide
consideration back to Afghanistan. The Taliban's shielding of Osama canister Loaded,
the brains behind the assaults, provoked a U.S. - drove military mediation 53. The
Taliban system was quickly brought down, and endeavors were made to reconstruct
Afghanistan and lay out a majority rule government.

From that point forward, Afghanistan has confronted various moves on its way to
soundness and improvement. These incorporate continuous revolt by the Taliban and
other assailant gatherings, political defilement, monetary battles, and the remaking
of foundation and organizations. In spite of these difficulties, Afghanistan has gained
some headway in regions like training, medical care, and ladies' privileges. Be that as
it may, the street to enduring harmony and success stays long and complex, needing
proceeded with worldwide help and a guarantee to comprehensive administration.

Dupri, “Afghanistan”, (1974): 275-284.

52

Samad, “The grandiose of Gandhara, India: The Classical Buddhist Empire of the Swat, Pakistan,
53

Peshawar, Kabul, and River Valleys”, Algra Publishers, (2011): 94.

All in all, Afghanistan's verifiable background is embroidery woven with the strings of
old realms, attacks, and social trades. The country's set of experiences mirrors a
versatile group who have explored through hundreds of years of difficulties, molding
the country's character and establishing the groundwork for its future.

 Unfamiliar Attacks and Successes: Afghanistan's essential area at the

intersection of significant domains that made it defenseless against unfamiliar to
the intrusions and successes.

 From the Persian Achaemenid Realm to the Bedouin triumphs in the seventh
hundred years, Afghans saw progressive rushes of outside impact that left
enduring social and political engravings54.
 The Incomparable Game and English Impact: The nineteenth century denoted an
essential period in Afghanistan's set of experiences, as it turned into a landmark
for the Incomparable Game - an international battle between the English and
Russian Domains. English endeavors to lay out command over Afghanistan
prompted the Somewhat English Afghan Conflicts, bringing about weighty
setbacks and the deficiency of Afghan power55.
 Interior Competitions and Nationwide conflicts: Afghanistan has additionally
wrestled with inner contentions and epic showdowns. The eighteenth and
nineteenth hundreds of years saw clashes between various Afghan clans and
warlords, which hampered solidness and upset the country building process.

54
Paritha Chatterije, “Imperial and subsequent civilizations are covered in The Country and Its
Components”, The Press of Princeton College, (1993).
55
Daviid, “Warriors in the Modern Era: Ethical Trouble Threads on the Afghan Boundary by Daviid B.
Edwards”, College of the state of California Publishers, Berkeleiy, (1996).
 These inward divisions keep on presenting difficulties to administration and
solidarity56.
 Soviet Occupation and the Mujahideen Obstruction: Perhaps one of the main
test in ongoing Afghan history was the Soviet occupation from 1979 to 1989. This
period saw boundless annihilation, dislodging, and death toll. The Afghan public,
upheld by the Mujahideen obstruction,

56
Klauis Ferdinaand, “Nomaid Growth and Trade in Eastern Afghanistan," Folklore 5, No 5, (1963): 124–
160.
 Figure 2 shows the kinds of organised protests reported in Afghanistan

Source: Aghan’s Data set 2019.

 Bravely battled against Soviet powers. In any case, the outcome of the
contention led to a power vacuum and inside hardship57.

Micheil Fouicault, “Government. The Fourier Impact: Governance Research”, College of Chicago
57

Publishing Company, (1991): 88-105.

  Ascent of the Taliban and Islamic Radicalism: The 1990s saw the ascent of the
Taliban, a radical gathering that forced a severe translation of Islamic regulation
and managed through brutality and persecution. Their system carried enduring
to the Afghan public as well as given places of refuge to worldwide psychological
militants. The Taliban's command over Afghanistan presented huge difficulties
for security and basic freedoms58. Majority violence and protest events that occur
in Afghanistan shown in Figure 3.
 Post-9/11 Difficulties and Reproduction: The September 11 assaults in 2001
denoted a defining moment for Afghanistan. The U.S. - drove alliance, in a joint
effort with Afghan powers, toppled the Taliban system and started another
period of reproduction. In any case, difficulties like rebellion, debasement, and
the reconstructing of foundation and organizations have upset progress 59.
 Ethnic and Ancestral Divisions: Afghanistan is a different country with different
ethnic. These divisions have generally presented difficulties to public solidarity
and administration60.

58
Larriy, “Afghanistan because Perpetual Conflict: Government A setback”, Taliban Expansion and the
regions Policy. College of Wisconsin Publishing Company, (2001).
59
Jeain-Mariee Gueheinno, “The demise of countries”, The College of Wisconsin Publishing Company,
(1995).
60
Hassan Kakkar, “Afghanistan because Politics and Community: Amriir 'Abdaal-Rahmman the Khan's
Presidency”, College of Texan Publishing Company, (1979).
 Figure 3 shows the violence according to the Taliban: New Data on Afghanistan

Source: Afghanistan Data Set 2017

 Monetary Turn of events and Destitution: Afghanistan has confronted tireless

financial difficulties, including broad destitution, joblessness, and a weighty
 dependence on unfamiliar guide. The continuous struggle, combined with
political shakiness, has thwarted maintainable monetary development and
advancement for the Aghan region. Beating these difficulties is pivotal for
working on the jobs of the Afghan public 61. Afghanistan's set of experiences is
loaded with difficulties that have tried the strength of its kin and organizations.
From unfamiliar intrusions and nationwide conflicts to the ascent of radical
philosophies, every hindrance significantly affects the country's socio-political
texture. In any case, the Afghan public has shown momentous flexibility despite
misfortune. As the country takes a stab at security, it is fundamental for address
verifiable difficulties, encourage public solidarity, and elevate comprehensive
improvement to construct a more promising time to come for Afghanistan,
adjusting the interests of various gatherings and advancing inclusivity stays etc.

Afghanistan's essential area at the intersection of significant domains made it

defenseless against unfamiliar intrusions and successes. From the Persian
Achaemenid Realm to the Bedouin triumphs in the seventh hundred years, Afghans
saw progressive rushes of outside impact that left enduring social and political
engravings.

3.2 REGIONAL DYNAMICS

The provincial elements of Afghanistan are impacted by its topographical area at the
junction of Focal Asia, South Asia, and the Center East. The nation imparts boundaries
to a few countries, including Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and
China included.

These adjoining nations assume a critical part in forming Afghanistan's political,

financial, and security elements. Pakistan, Afghanistan's eastern neighbor, has
generally had a perplexing connection with Afghanistan. The permeable line between
the two nations has worked with cross-line development of individuals, merchandise,
61
Willam Malley, “Fundamentalist thinking Rebirth: Taliban and Afghans”, Hartley and the
organization, (1999).
and aggressors62. Pakistan has been blamed for offering help to the Taliban revolt in
Afghanistan, which has stressed respective relations. In any case, there have been
endeavors to further develop participation, for example, the foundation of the
Afghanistan-Pakistan Activity Plan for Harmony and Fortitude (APAPPS) in 2018,
pointed toward tending to normal security concerns and advancing provincial
steadiness.

Iran, Afghanistan's western neighbor, has likewise assumed a critical part in the
provincial elements. The two nations share social, phonetic, and verifiable ties, and
Iran has been a significant exchanging accomplice for Afghanistan. Notwithstanding,
there have been incidental pressures, especially in regards to the progression of
Afghan outcasts into Iran and the carrying of medications and other unlawful
merchandise across the boundary. Iran has likewise been associated with endeavors
to balance out Afghanistan and has upheld different Afghan political groups. The
Focal Asian nations, including Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, share
borders with northern Afghanistan. These nations have a personal stake in the
solidness of Afghanistan, as they are worried about the overflow of savagery and the
dealing of opiates and weapons 63. They have been taken part in different provincial
drives, for example, the Core of Asia-Istanbul Cycle.

The Local Monetary Collaboration Gathering on Afghanistan, to advance harmony,

security, and financial improvement in Afghanistan. The US has been the biggest
donor of military and monetary help to Afghanistan and has been instrumental in
building Afghan security powers and organizations 64. Be that as it may, the U.S.

62
Admin, “Afghanistan”, CIA Global FactBook.
63
Admin, “Afghanistan Province Dashboard”, Global Bank.
64
Andrew P.W, “Our Scientific Frontier”, (1880).
presence has likewise confronted analysis and has been a wellspring of pressure with
adjoining nations, especially Pakistan and Iran.

The territorial elements of Afghanistan are additionally convoluted by the presence

of different assailant gatherings and non-state entertainers. The Taliban, a radical
gathering, altogether affects the nation's security and soundness. The gathering has
involved safe-havens in adjoining nations, like Pakistan, to refocus and send off
assaults in Afghanistan. Other aggressor gatherings, like the Islamic State (IS) and the
Haqqani Organization, have additionally worked in the district, presenting difficulties
to territorial security. Endeavors to address the territorial elements of Afghanistan
have been made through different components and drives. The Core of Asia-Istanbul
Cycle, started in 2011, unites Afghanistan and its neighbors, alongside other local and
worldwide partners, to advance political exchange, monetary collaboration, and
territorial security. The Shanghai Collaboration Association (SCO) 65, which
incorporates China, Russia, and Focal Asian nations, has additionally been engaged
with conversations on Afghanistan's dependability and provincial participation.
Taking everything into account, the provincial elements of Afghanistan’s geological
area and its associations with adjoining nations.

65
Stephen Tanner, “Alexander the Mighty To The defeat Of the Taliban: A Military Record Of
Afghanistan”, The DaCapo Publisher, (2003): 219.
 Figure 4 shows regional Powers and the US's retreat

Source: drishtiias.com, 13 of July 2021

These nations have fluctuated interests and concerns, going from security and
steadiness to monetary collaboration and countering unlawful exercises. Tending to
these elements requires provincial collaboration, exchange, and deliberate
endeavors to advance harmony, soundness, and monetary improvement in
Afghanistan and the more extensive locale.

3.3 PAKISTAN: THE COVETOUS NEIGHBOR

Pakistan has for some time been viewed as a rapacious neighbor for Afghanistan,
with a complex and frequently disagreeable connection between the two nations.
This dynamic essentially affects Afghanistan's political, monetary, and security scene,
adding to the difficulties the nation has looked throughout the long term. One of the
key elements driving Pakistan's greedy way of behaving towards Afghanistan is its
own essential advantages. Pakistan considers Afghanistan to be a pivotal cradle state
among itself and its chief opponent, India 66. The apprehension about encompassing
and the longing to keep up with impact in Afghanistan have driven Pakistan to seek
after arrangements that expect to shape Afghanistan's political scene in support of
its.

Pakistan's avarice is most apparent in its help for the Taliban uprising in Afghanistan.
The Taliban, which arose during the 1990s, tracked down safe-haven and backing in
Pakistan, especially in the line areas of North Waziristan and Baluchistan. The
Pakistani knowledge organization, Between Administrations Knowledge (ISI), has
been blamed for giving preparation, subsidizing, and places of refuge to the Taliban,
permitting them to refocus, plan assaults, and send off cross-line invasions into
Afghanistan.

This support for the Taliban can be credited to Pakistan's longing to have a cordial
government in Kabul, one that is thoughtful to Pakistani interests and can go about
as an essential partner against India. Pakistan has long seen Afghanistan as its patio
and has looked to keep up with impact over its issues. By sponsorship the Taliban,

Admin, “Exactly what to Know About Pakistan's Funding for the Taliban”, Foreign Relations
66

Committee, (2023).
Pakistan desires to have a malleable government in power that can assist with
propelling its own plan in the district67.

Besides, Pakistan has involved its help for the Taliban as a way to counter the impact
of other local entertainers in Afghanistan. Pakistan has been careful about India's
developing presence in Afghanistan, especially its interests in foundation projects
and its strategic commitment. Pakistan considers India's contribution to be a danger
to its own advantages and has tried to subvert Indian impact by supporting the
Taliban and other assailant gatherings.

As well as supporting the Taliban, Pakistan has likewise been blamed for playing a
twofold game in Afghanistan. While freely professing to help harmony and
dependability in the country, Pakistan has been blamed for giving places of refuge to
different aggressor gatherings, including the Haqqani Organization and Lashkar-e-
Taiba. These gatherings have completed assaults in Afghanistan, weakening the
nation and sabotaging endeavors for harmony and compromise. Pakistan's greedy
way of behaving towards Afghanistan has not been restricted to supporting
aggressor gatherings. It has additionally participated in line questions and regional
cases, further worsening strains between the two nations 68.

The Durand Line, a contested boundary among Afghanistan and Pakistan, has been a
longstanding wellspring of conflict. Afghanistan doesn't perceive the Durand Line as
an authority boundary and cases portions of A pakistani area, while Pakistan
demands the legitimacy of the line.

67
Massarrat, “Anglo-Pakistan ties and the division”, The Vanguarrd, (1991).
68
Kashi Prasad Misra, “Conflict in Afghanistan”, Helim Crooem, (1981).
Monetarily, Pakistan has tried to profit from its neighbor by taking advantage of
Afghanistan's regular assets and shipping lanes. Pakistan has been blamed for
sneaking Afghan minerals, especially valuable stones and marble, which has denied
Afghanistan of much-required income. Pakistan has additionally utilized its command
over shipping lanes, for example, the Chaman and Torkham line intersections, to
apply financial tension on Afghanistan, making boundaries to exchange and forcing
taxes. The greedy way of behaving of Pakistan has unfavorably affected Afghanistan.
The help for aggressor bunches has added to the delayed struggle and unsteadiness
in Afghanistan, prompting the deficiency of thousands of lives and the relocation of
millions of individuals69. The obstruction in Afghanistan's inside undertakings has
prevented the country's endeavors to lay out a steady and comprehensive
government, sabotaging its sway and blocking its encouraging towards harmony and
improvement.

Additionally, Pakistan's greed has stressed respective relations between the two
nations. Afghanistan has more than once blamed Pakistan for interfering in its inner
issues and supporting psychological oppression, while Pakistan has blamed
Afghanistan for holding onto enemies of Pakistani assailants. These pressures have
frequently gushed out over into strategic debates, line conflicts, and exchange
interruptions.

Further muddling endeavors to encourage collaboration and local solidness.

Endeavors have been made to address the avaricious way of behaving of Pakistan
towards Afghanistan. Global strain, especially from the US, has tried to consider
Pakistan responsible for its help to aggressor gatherings 70. The U.S. has kept help and
forced sanctions on Pakistan to urge it to make a move against assailant places of

69
Roberit Kaplaan, “Why Zia's passing benefited the United States of America.”, The Times of New
York, (2010).
70
Admin, “Initial | Terrorist Group Profiles”, Start.umid.edu, 2010.
refuge. Territorial drives, for example, the Quadrilateral Coordination Gathering
(QCG) and the Afghanistan-Pakistan Activity Plan for Harmony and Fortitude
(APAPPS), have additionally pointed toward cultivating discourse and participation
between the two nations.

Taking everything into account, Pakistan's greedy way of behaving towards

Afghanistan has had expansive ramifications for the steadiness and improvement of
its neighbor. The help for the Taliban, line debates, monetary double-dealing, and
obstruction in Afghanistan's inside issues have all added to the difficulties
Afghanistan has looked throughout the long term. Tending to this rapaciousness
requires a coordinated exertion from local and global entertainers to advance
harmony, security, and common regard between the two nations.

3.4 IRAN: A CONCERNED NEIGHBOR

Iran, as an adjoining nation, has a personal stake in the dependability and security of
Afghanistan. The connection among Iran and Afghanistan is intricate, formed by
verifiable, social, international, and monetary variables. Iran's anxiety for its neighbor
originates from its common boundary, authentic ties, and the likely overflow of
unsteadiness and uncertainty. One of the essential worries for Iran is the progression
of Afghan exiles across the boundary.

Throughout the long term, Iran has facilitated great many Afghan evacuees,
especially during seasons of contention and political shakiness in Afghanistan. This
inundation of evacuees has overburdened Iran's assets, including social
administrations, medical care, and framework. Nonetheless, Iran has shown an
eagerness to oblige Afghan displaced people and has given them admittance to
schooling, medical care, and business open doors. Additionally, Iran has been worried
about the dealing of medications and other unlawful products across the boundary.
Afghanistan is a significant maker of opium and heroin, and the illegal medication
exchange presents critical difficulties for Iran 71. The flood of medications has
prompted an expansion in compulsion rates and has energized coordinated
wrongdoing and brutality inside Iran. Iran has done whatever it takes to battle drug
dealing, including reinforcing line security and helping out global accomplices.

Iran has additionally been engaged with endeavors to settle Afghanistan and
advance harmony and compromise. Iran has upheld different Afghan political groups
and plays had an impact in working with talks between various gatherings. Iran has
facilitated a few rounds of exchanges, including the intra-Afghan discourse, pointed
toward tracking down a political answer for the contention in Afghanistan. Iran's
association in these endeavors mirrors its anxiety for the prosperity and steadiness of
its neighbor. Moreover, Iran has monetary interests in Afghanistan. The two nations
share social, phonetic, and verifiable ties, and Iran has been a significant exchanging
accomplice for Afghanistan.

Exchange between the two nations incorporates much merchandise, including rural
items, development materials, and purchaser products 72. Iran has additionally put
resources into framework projects in Afghanistan, like street development and the
advancement of boundary intersections, to work with exchange and monetary
collaboration.

71
Masihal Mujiib, “Why Afghanistan's People Demand from Iran and Pakistan”, Water the Time, (2012).
72
Admin, “Resuming relations with Kabul”, The dawn News, (2013).
Iran's anxiety for Afghanistan is additionally determined by its security advantages.
The permeable boundary among Iran and Afghanistan has made it defenseless
against the overflow of brutality and the presence of aggressor gatherings. Iran has
encountered cross-line assaults and has been worried about the potential for fanatic
philosophies and radicalization to spread into its region. Iran has done whatever it
takes to upgrade line security and has helped out Afghanistan and other territorial
entertainers to address normal security challenges. Nonetheless, the connection
among Iran and Afghanistan has not been without challenges 73. There have been
infrequent pressures and conflicts, especially with respect to the progression of
Afghan outcasts and the pirating of medications across the boundary. The presence
of U.S. furthermore, NATO powers in Afghanistan has likewise been a wellspring of
worry for Iran, as it sees their presence as an expected danger to its security and
territorial impact.

Regardless of these difficulties, Iran has exhibited an eagerness to draw in with

Afghanistan and assume a valuable part in advancing security and improvement. Iran
has taken part in provincial drives, for example, the Core of Asia-Istanbul Cycle.

The Territorial Financial Collaboration Gathering on Afghanistan, to cultivate

exchange, participation, and local reconciliation. Iran's anxiety for Afghanistan is pull
in its craving for a serene and prosperous neighbor, as it perceives that unsteadiness
in Afghanistan can straightforwardly affect its own security and prosperity.

Iran is a concerned neighbor for Afghanistan, driven by its common boundary,

verifiable ties, and the expected overflow of precariousness and uncertainty. Iran's
interests range from the progression of Afghan exiles and the dealing of medications

73
Admin, “Iran is in contact with the Afghan Taliban”, Iranian official media, (2018).
to its financial advantages and security contemplations. While there have been
difficulties and periodic pressures, Iran has shown an eagerness to draw in with
Afghanistan and assume a useful part in advancing steadiness, harmony, and
improvement in its adjoining country.

3.5 POST- SOVIET CENTRAL ASIAN STATES AND OTHER POWERS

The post-Soviet Focal Asian states, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, have a personal stake in the soundness and security
of Afghanistan. These nations share borders with Afghanistan, social, and monetary
ties. They are worried about the likely overflow of brutality, fanaticism, and
medication dealing from Afghanistan into their own regions. To address these
worries, the Focal Asian states have fortified their line security, expanded military
participation, and took part in joint activities with outside accomplices like Russia and
China. They additionally see financial open doors in Afghanistan, e.g, provincial
exchange and availability projects, which could help their own economies and add to
local dependability74.

Russia and China, as major provincial powers, likewise have huge interests in
Afghanistan. Russia is worried about the spread of radicalism and illegal intimidation
from Afghanistan to its Focal Asian partners. It has been engaged with conciliatory
endeavors and provincial drives, e.g, the Moscow Configuration and the Shanghai
Collaboration Association (SCO), to advance exchange and compromise among
Afghan partners. China considers Afghanistan to be a likely wellspring of regular
assets and a business opportunity for its products 75. It has put resources into

74
Media, “The Russians Newest States to Develop Political Links With Taliban”, The Voice of America,
(2022).
75
Media, “What is to Know About Pakistan's Assistance for the Taliban”, Foreign Russian Board,
(2023).
foundation projects and advanced financial collaboration as a feature of its Belt and
Street Drive. Both Russia and China host drew in with different gatherings in
Afghanistan to track down a political answer for the contention and guarantee
steadiness in the district.

The US and NATO, as outer powers, play had a huge impact in Afghanistan starting
around 2001. Their essential goal has been to battle psychological oppression and
keep Afghanistan from turning into a place of refuge for fanatic gatherings. While
their presence has had suggestions for the security elements in Focal Asia, the Focal
Asian states have needed to offset their associations with the U.S. also, NATO,
Russia, and China76. They plan to guarantee the strength and security of their own
nations while supporting endeavors for harmony and advancement in Afghanistan.
The commitment of this large number of entertainers is urgent for tracking down a
maintainable

Some other facts about Central Asian States and Other Powers;

 Disintegration of the Soviet Association: With the breakdown of the Soviet

Association in 1991, Focal Asian states, including Afghanistan, acquired autonomy
following quite a while of Soviet rule. This obvious a huge defining moment in the
locale's set of experiences and the Afghan clash and guaranteeing the security of
the more extensive district.

76
Reporter, “American maps”, Pubis.usgis.gov, (2013).
 Development of Autonomous Focal Asian States: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan arose as free countries following the
Soviet Association's disintegration. Every nation confronted remarkable
difficulties in laying out their political frameworks and economies.
 Afghan Nationwide conflict: Following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan,
the nation dove into a condition of nationwide conflict during the 1990s. Different
groups, including the Taliban, competed for control, prompting huge flimsiness
and compassionate emergencies77.
 Impact of Outside Powers: Focal Asian states became central focuses for
international contest among outer powers, including the US, Russia, China, and
local entertainers. These powers tried to get their inclinations in regions.
 Financial Progress: The change from halfway arranged economies to advertise
situated frameworks presented huge difficulties for Focal Asian states. Issues like
privatization, unfamiliar speculation, and creating manageable financial
development models. Energy Assets: Focal Asia is wealthy in energy assets,
especially oil and petroleum gas78.

 Water and Provincial Collaboration: Water assets, especially shared streams, have
been a wellspring of dispute among Focal Asian states. The locale has seen
endeavors to lay out water-sharing arrangements and advance territorial
participation for feasible water the board.
 Security Difficulties: Focal Asian states have confronted security challenges,
including illegal intimidation, drug dealing, and coordinated wrongdoing. These
issues have required territorial and global participation to address normal dangers

77
Barneitt S. Rubiin, “The Separation of Afghanistan: Government Development and Breakdown in the
Worldwide Authorities”, University of Connecticut Media, (1996).
78
Nazef N. Shahraani, “Afghanistan Has Much to Learn through Its Failures”, 3A1 Times of New York,
(2002).
 the area's hydrocarbon holds stand out of worldwide powers, prompting
expanded collaboration and rivalry in the energy area.
 Chinese Impact: China's financial ascent has carried expanded commitment with
Focal Asian states through framework tasks, exchange, and ventures. The Belt
and Street Drive (BRI) has additionally hardened China's presence in the district 79.
 Russian Impact: Russia keeps up with verifiable binds with Focal Asian states and
assumes a huge part in the locale's security elements. The presence of Russian
army installations and financial participation keeps on forming the area's
international scene.
 Local Associations: Focal Asian states have laid out territorial associations, like the
Shanghai Participation Association (SCO) and the District of Autonomous States
(CIS), to advance collaboration in regions like security, exchange, and social trade.
 Ethnic and Strict Variety: Focal Asia is home to assorted ethnic and strict
gatherings. Adjusting the interests and privileges of various networks has been
really difficult for the district's legislatures, especially according to issues of
personality and minority freedoms80.

The post-Soviet time brought the two open doors and difficulties for Focal Asian
states, including Afghanistan. The district's excursion toward autonomy, monetary
change, and provincial collaboration has been formed by the impact of outer powers
and inside elements. Understanding these significant realities helps shed light on the
intricacies and progressing improvements in the locale, as well as the yearnings and
difficulties looked by Focal Asian states and their connections with other worldwide
powers.

79
Shahraani, “Afghanistan: Resilience to Conflict and Limited Lands”, College of California Media,
(2002).
80
3.6 AFGHANISTAN’S FUTURE AND INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS.

The eventual fate of Afghanistan holds huge ramifications for the global local area.
The continuous clash, political flimsiness, and security challenges in Afghanistan have
worldwide implications that reach out past its lines. One of the key worldwide
ramifications is the potential for the resurgence of radical gatherings. Afghanistan
has been a favorable place for psychological oppression before, with bunches like the
Taliban and ISIS finding places of refuge and completing assaults. The proceeded
with precariousness in Afghanistan could give valuable open doors to these
gatherings to recapture strength, representing a danger not exclusively to territorial
security yet in addition to worldwide security. The global local area has a personal
stake in keeping Afghanistan from turning into a place of refuge for radicals and
should keep on supporting endeavors for harmony, dependability, and counter-
psychological warfare estimates in the country.

One more global ramifications of Afghanistan's future is the effect on provincial

solidness and participation. Afghanistan imparts lines to a few nations, including Iran,
Pakistan, China, and the Focal Asian states in the world.

Which have their own advantages and concerns in regards to Afghanistan? The
soundness of Afghanistan straightforwardly influences the dependability of its
neighbors and the more extensive district. Shakiness in Afghanistan can prompt an
expansion in cross-line clashes, the progression of evacuees, drug dealing, and
monetary disturbances. Provincial entertainers like Russia, China, and the Focal Asian
states, as well as worldwide powers like the US and NATO, should keep on
connecting carefully and support endeavors for harmony and strength in
Afghanistan. Reinforcing provincial participation and tending to normal security
difficulties will be fundamental for guaranteeing a safer and prosperous future for
Afghanistan and its adjoining nations.

4 CHAPTER
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
All in all, the monetary and social strength of Afghanistan under Turkmenistan's
international strategies holds critical potential for advancing harmony, success, and
local coordination. Turkmenistan's way to deal with drawing in with Afghanistan has
been portrayed by an emphasis on financial participation, framework improvement,
and cultivating local network. This approach lines up with the requirements and goals
of Afghanistan, as it plans to revamp its economy, work on friendly circumstances,
and improve territorial exchange and network. The endeavors made by Turkmenistan
in regions like energy participation, transport framework, and social trades have
established groundwork for long haul solidness and improvement in Afghanistan.

The Following recommendations can be considered in order to enhance the

economical and social stability of Afghanistan under Turkmenistan Foreign policy;

1. Reinforcing Monetary Participation: Turkmenistan ought to keep on growing

financial collaboration with Afghanistan, especially in areas like energy,
horticulture, and exchange. This could include working with speculation, giving
specialized help, and advancing joint endeavors between organizations in the two
nations. Extraordinary accentuation ought to be put on creating reasonable and
comprehensive monetary models that benefit all portions of Afghan culture.
2. Framework Improvement: Turkmenistan ought to keep on supporting foundation
projects in Afghanistan, like the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI)
gas pipeline and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan rail line. These tasks
won't just improve territorial availability yet additionally set out work open doors
and animate monetary development in Afghanistan. Turkmenistan ought to work
intimately with Afghan specialists and worldwide accomplices to guarantee the
fruitful finishing and activity of these foundation projects.
3. Individual’s to-Individuals Trades: Turkmenistan ought to empower social and
instructive trades between the two nations, advancing a more profound
comprehension and enthusiasm for one another's societies. This can be
accomplished through understudy trade programs, social celebrations, and
scholarly joint efforts. Such trades can assist with encouraging common trust and
kinship between individuals of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan, adding to long haul
social security and amicability.
4. Territorial Participation: Turkmenistan ought to keep on drawing in with local
entertainers, like Iran, Pakistan, and the Focal Asian states, to advance provincial
collaboration on issues connected with Afghanistan's security and improvement.
This could include joint drives to address security challenges, upgrade exchange
and travel assistance, and advance provincial reconciliation. By cultivating
provincial collaboration, Turkmenistan can establish a favorable climate for
Afghanistan's monetary and social solidness.

Taking everything into account, Turkmenistan's international strategies towards

Afghanistan can possibly altogether add to the financial and social security of the
country. By reinforcing financial collaboration, supporting foundation improvement,
elevating individuals to-individuals trades, and cultivating territorial participation,
Turkmenistan can assist with making a more prosperous and stable future for
Afghanistan. These suggestions, whenever executed successfully, can make ready for
manageable turn of events, harmony, and thriving in Afghanistan, helping the Afghan
nation as well as the more extensive district.

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