Music of Africa - Music has always play an important role in the daily lives of Africans.

It can be
for work, religion, ceremonies, or even communication.
● For the African ceremonies, singing, dancing, clapping, and beating of drums have
essential roles even in religious expressions and political events.
● The wide influence of African music spread throughout the world. It permeated
contemporary American, Latin American, and European styles.

African music is a result of the collective cultural and musical variety of more than 50 ethnic
divisions of the continent.

Afrobeat It is used to describe fusion of Western African with Black American music.
Apala (Akpala) It is a musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style. It used to wake-up
worshippers after fasting during Muslim holy feast of Ramadan.
Axe It is a popular genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. It fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of
marcha and reggae, and is played by carnival bands.
Jit It is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music played on drum with guitar
accompaniment, influenced by mbira-based guitar styles.
Jive It is a popular form of South African music featuring a lively and uninhibited variation of the
jitterbug. Jitter is a form of swing dance.
Juju It is a musical style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms, where
instruments are more Western in origin.
Kwassa kwassa It is a dance style that began in Zaire in the late 1980s, popularized by Kanda
Bongo Man. In this style, the hips move back and forth while arms follow the hip movements.
Marbi It is South African three-chord township music of the 1930s-1960s.
Soca It is also called as the "soul of calypso"
Were It is a Muslim music often performed as a wake-up call for the early breakfast and prayers
during Ramadan celebrations.
Zouk It is a carnival-like rhythm, from the creole slang word for "party".

Vocal Form of African Music

Maracatu It first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, combining the strong rhythm of
African percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies. The maracatu group called nacoes
(nations) who paraded with a drumming assemble numbering up to 100, are accompanied by
singer, a chorus, and coterie of dancers.
Blues musical form of the late 19th century that had deep roots in African-American
communities, located in the so called "Deep South" of the United States, where the slaves and
their descendants used to sing as they worked in the cotton and vegetable fields.
The noted performers are Ray Charles, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, and
John Lee Hooker.
Soul It was a popular music genre of the 1950s and 1960s. It originated in the United States,
and combined elements of African-American gospel music. rhythm and blues,
Spiritual It is associated with deeply religious person. It pertains to a song form, known as the
"Negro spiritual" sang by the African slaves in America who became enslaved by their white
communities.
Call and Response It is a method of a succession of two distinct musical phrases usually
rendered by different musicians, where the second phrase acts as a direct commentary on or
response to the first.

Classification of Traditional African Instruments

Musical Instruments of Africa
A. Idiophone
1. Balafon-It is a West African xylophone.
2. Rattles- These are vessels made of seashells, tin basketry, animal hoofs, horn, wood, metal,
cocoons, palm kernels or tortoise shells.
3. Agogo It is a single bell or multiple bells that had its origins in traditional Yoruba music as in
the samba bateria (percussion) ensembles.
4. Atingting kon-These are split gongs used to communicate between villages.
5. Slit drum-It is a hollow percussion instrument.
6. Djembe- shaped like a large goblet and played with bare hands.
7. Shekere It is a type of gourd and shell megaphone from West Africa, consisting of a dried
gourd with beads woven into a net covering the gourd.
8. Rasp or scraper-It is a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by scraping
the notches on a piece of curved wood with a stick, creating a series or rattling effects.

B. Membranophone
1. Body Percussion-Aside from using their voices, since many of them are very good in
singing, they also clap their hands, slap their thighs, pound their upper arms or chests, or shuffle
and stomp their feet.
2. Talking drum- It is used to send messages to announce births, deaths, marriages, sporting
events, dances, initiation, or war, even sometimes gossips or jokes.
C. Lamellophone
lamellophone set of plucked tongues or keys mounted on the sound board.
Mbira (thumb piano or finger xylophone) It is composed of a wooden board with attached metal
tines
D. Chordophones
1. Musical bow-It is the ancestor of all string instruments. It is the oldest and one of the widely
used string instruments of Africa.
● The mouth bow consists of a single string attached to each end of a curved stick,
similar to a bow and arrow.
● The resonator bow is a form of the mouth bow with calabash resonator attached at its
mid-point
● The earth bow, also called ground bow or pit harp, consists of a flexible pole which is
planted in the ground.
2. Lute Originated from the Arabic states, its shape is like a modern guitar and played in similar
technique.
3. Kora The most sophisticated harp of Africa.
4. Zither It is a stringed instrument with varying sizes and shapes whose strings are stretched
along the body.
5. Zeze It is a fiddle from Sub-Saharan Africa that is played with bow, a small wooden stick, or
plucked with fingers.
E. Aerophone
1. Flute Panpipes It consists of cane pipes of different lengths tied in a row. They are blown
across the top, each producing a different note.
2. Horns
Kudu horn It is made from horn of kudu antelope
3. Reed pipes They are single-reed pipes made from hollow guinea corn or sorghum stem,
where the reed is flap partially cut from the stem near one end.
4. Whistles Short piece of horn serve as whistles, often with short tube
5. Trumpets It can be made of wood, animal horn, elephant tusks, and gourds, ornamented
with snake or crocodile skin or the hide of zebras, leopards, and other animals.

Musical Instruments of Latin America

Aztec and Mayan Instruments
Tlapitzalli A flute variety from the Aztec culture, it is made of clay with decorations of abstract
designs or images of their deities.
Teponaztli It is a slit drum hollowed out and carved from a piece of hardwood. It is used for both
religious and recreation purposes.
Concha It is usually made from the shell of the large sea snail.
Rasp It is a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by scraping a stick and has a
series of indentations or notches with another stick, creating rattling effects.
Huehueti It is made of wood opened at the bottom and standing on the three legs cut from the
base.
Whistles It can be made of natural elements such as bone from animals. The most common is
the eagle bone and it produces a high-pitched notes, similar to the cry of an eagle.

Incan Musical Instruments

1. Ocarina It is an ancient vessel flute made of clay or ceramic with four 12-finger holes and a
mouthpiece that projects from the body.
2. Zampońas - The typical feature includes bamboo tubes of different lengths tied together
either in pairs or more to create graduated pitches of sound. Andean Musical Instruments
3. Siku It is made from bamboo tubes, but can also be made from condor feather, bone, and
any materials.
4. Wooden Tarka It is a vertical duct flute with a mouthpiece similar to recorder.
5. Quena It is a vertical cane flute made from fragile bamboo. It has six finger holes and one
thumb hole.
6. Charango Its size is like ukulele and is a smaller version of mandolin, imitating the early
guitar and flute brought by the Spaniards. It can produce bright sounds and often used to
serenade in southern Peru.

Latin American as Influenced by African Music

Reggae It is a Jamaican musical style that was influenced by the island's traditional mento
music. Its offbeat rhythm and staccato chords are the most distinctive qualities of reggae.
Salsa It is dance music from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Colombia. It is composed of various
genres including the Cuban son montuno, guaracha, chachacha, mambo, and bolero.
Samba It is a Brazilian musical genre and style. Its roots can be traced to Afri- ca via the West
African slave trade and African religious tradition particularly in Angola and the Congo. It has
basic underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music. It is lively and has rhythmical beat
with three steps to every bar, making the samba feels like a timed dance

Music of Latin America - The Latin American music is the product of three major influences
of indigenous Spanish, Portuguese and Africa.
Indigenous Latin American Music It was largely functional in nature, being used for religious
worship. and ceremonies.
Mixed American Music This musical fusion, combining native. instruments with Europe
counterparts and musical theories, was further enriched by the instruments brought by the
African slaves.
Popular Latin American Music Latin American has produced several musical genres and
forms that had been influenced by European folk music, African traditional music, and native
source. Some of these Latin American popular music forms are the tango, bossa nova,
samba, son and salsa.
1. Samba It is a dance form of African origin which evolved into an African -Brazilian
favorite in the working class and slum districts of Riot de Janeiro.
2. Son It is a fusion of the popular music or canciones (songs) of Spain, the African
rumba rhythms of Bantu origin.
3. Salsa It is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba and Puerto Rico that
started in New York in the mid 1970s.

Vocal and Dance Form of Latin American Music

1. Cumbia It consists of varying rhythmic meters in different locations
2. Tango The word " tango" has been of African origin, meaning "African dance" or from the
Spanish word taner meaning "to play" an instrument.
3. Chacha It is a ballroom dance originated in Cuba. It was derived from the mambo
4. Rumba It is popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin
5. Bossa nova It originated in the late 1950s when a slower, gentler version of the classic
Cuban samba
6. Reggae- urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica in the mid-1960s.
7. Foxtrot- The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that originated after 1910 in the USA.
8. Paso Doble- It means double step.
Jazz Music The development of the jazz genre was an offshoot of the music of African slaves
who were brought to America.
1. Ragtime It is a popular American music style mainly for piano. It originated in the
Afro-American communities of St. Louis and New Orleans.
2. Big Band It refers to a large ensemble originated in the United States in the mid-1920s
closely associated with the Swing Era and its jazz elements.

Popular Music Popular music literally means "music of the populace".

Developed in the 20th century, pop music is generally comprised of music for entertainment of
large number of audience, whether on radio or in live performances.

Media-Based Art in the 21st Century: Media art is constantly expanding, and new
technologies are being used at a rapid pace.
Open-source software is popularized. It allows people to freely use and modify existing
software.
● Video games and web interfaces such as Flicker, Myspace, YouTube, Facebook, and
Second Life become new materials for artworks.
● Museums and other institutions begin to develop policies and procedures for
documentation and conservation strategies specific to media artworks.

Computer Generated Images

Examples of Programs:
Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw

Among such programs are:

Gimp, Paint.net, Inkscape, Xara Extreme, Artweaver, Draw Plus, Pencil, Picasa, Paint Star,
Smooth, Adobe Photoshop Express, Corel Paintshop Pro X5

Technology-Based Art
In the early 1960s, computer art or digital art first came on the scene. Understandably, this was
due to the technology that was constantly developing, and that became available at that time.
Thus, the early experimenters were not necessarily artists, but engineers and scientists who
had access to and experience with the hardware needed. It was they who began to recognize
the potential of artistic expression through the application of scientific and mathematical
principles.

Computer technology has now invaded every aspect of modern life. It was, therefore,
inevitable that it would develop into forms and devices that could be mass-produced,
mass-distributed, and therefore widely accessible to everyone. In other words, anyone with a
computer device from a desktop PC to a laptop, to a tablet or android phone-can now capture
and edit images and videos; create, manipulate, and share works of art; and even compose
music. You can be-and probably already are a digital artist in your own right.
TECHNOLGY BASED ART FORMS
1. Computer/digital arts make use of electronic and mechanical devices, rather than the
artist's own hand, to produce the desired images and effects.
2. Mobile Phone Art allows you to generate original works of art for an entire range of.
These could be personal photographs and videos that you can manipulate with myriad special
effects, both visual as well as sound and music.

Image Manipulation Programs and Applications on Mobile Devices

Pixlr a powerful, free online image editor

Pic Collage allows you to make collages incorporating photos, stickers, text, and frames
Photo Grid a downloadable application for android phones that allows you to make collages out
of images from your photo gallery
Doodle Booth an iPad application (with a free downloadable version) that enables you to
'doodle' on your images using available stickers
Photo Booth an application for taking photos and videos using an iPad or iPad mini (a version
for the iPhone, called Simple Booth, is also available)
Magic Mirror Booth an iPhone application that allows you to take amusing, distorted images,
simulating camera effects
Pic Monkey a free online photo editing tool that provides filters, frames, text, and effects to
manipulate your images
Flipagrama downloadable application that allows you to bring your photos to life' in short videos
set to the music of your choice
PicsArt free photo editor and drawing application, as well as a social network for you to share
your art with others
Snapseed a photo application that enables you to enhance, transform, and share your photos;
a free downloadable version for Android phones is available
Instagram a fast and fun way to share images with others; snap a photo, choose from among
the available filters, and share via Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and more
MEDIA-BASED ART - These phenomenal capabilities and possibilities of the electronic or
digital media available in today's technology-driven world have empowered incredibly
imaginative artistic expressions to advance traditional painting, sculpture, and architecture. As
quickly as technology can develop new devices, gadgets, and techniques, modern artists and
designers adapt them. to enhance their creative expression. The advanced procedures and
patterns in photography, film, print media, digital media, and product and industrial design will be
explored.

Photography as an Art -From the Greek "photos" (meaning light) and "graphos" (meaning
writing). The Photographer as Artist Focusing a camera on a subject and clicking the shutter is
photography as a process.

Photography as Communication Being a modern art form means that photography is now
viewed as being more than just beautiful. It is also considered one of the most powerful means
of communication.
Digital Photography - Creating a unique picture is to capture it first as a digital file. In the case
of today's electronic technology, that would mean recording the image using a digital camera or
a device with a built-in camera, like your mobile phone, android device, or tablet.

Point-and-Shoot Camera - has been overtaken by the magic of digital photography.

automatically makes all the adjustments in lighting, focus, zoom-in, and zoom-out, and removal
of "red eye". The user is given some leeway for slight adjustments. Offers image enhancement
features like adjusting color and brightness. imbalances, as well as sharpening or blurring the
image. Offers unique effects like "fisheye" or filters that allow pre-setting of the photo to be taken
with a colored tint or a special texture. allows the user to immediately review the photos taken
without waiting for a complex developing process. Can delete any unsatisfactory images while
storing the good ones for future needs

Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) Camera - provides the filmless and instant review features
of a "point-and-shoot" type of digital camera. Gives the photographer much more artistic
freedom and control to select the camera settings to create the desired final image with the
preferred visual effects.

Basic Tips for Taking Good Photographs

1. Choose a good location.
2. Check that the available background is relatively simple and not too cluttered so that the
focus will be on your chosen subject.
3. Natural light in the outdoors or near a window is usually the most flattering or effective
for any kind of subject. Ideally, the best light for photos is within the first hour after
sunrise and the last hour before sunset
4. Avoid taking shots facing the light

P.E

Hip hop aerobics get your heart pumping and your body moving. Do some street style dancing
while you kick up your cardio with popping and locking, breaking, top rockin', jerking, freezing,
spinning, and sliding.

Aerobic exercise - a style of physical movement designed to increase heart rate and improve
oxygenation throughout the body

Glide Step
● Starting with the right foot, slide to the right, then slide to the left with left foot.
Box Step
● Cross right foot over left foot, cross left foot over right (cts. 1,2). Pull
Pump Step
● Starting with right foot, step side then close left foot to right foot with arms pumping at
chest level (cts. 1,2,3,4).
Pull Down
● Starting with the right foot, slide to the right and push down right arm and pull left leg up
(cts. 1,2).
The Turn Step
● Starting with the right foot, do a 3-step turn to the right and snap both fingers down (cts.
1,2,3,4)
Jumping Jack Changes
● Jump out, extend both arms sideward, jump in, extend both arms upward (repeat 2x)
(cts. 1,2,3,4)
Hip-hop Wave
● Wave right arm upper up moving to the right (cts. 1,2), repeat moving to the left (cts. 3,4)
Cool Walk
● Starting with the right foot, walk forward with knees slightly bouncing, swing left arm
forward (as if your walking); repeat with left swinging right arm foot (ets. 1,2,3,4)
Shoe Tap
● Start with a simple toe tap with the right foot moving forward closing left to right, then
moving backward (cts. 1,2,3,4).
Hip Roll
● Bend both knees and push hips to the right then cross step left (ball change) (cts.
1,2,3,4).
●
Eating disorders are illnesses that involve crucial disturbances in eating behaviors thought to
stem from some environmental pressures. These disorders are characterized by an intense fear
of becoming fat, which does not disappear even when the person is losing weight in extreme
amounts.

1. Anorexia nervosa - an eating disorder characterized by self-imposed starvation to lose

and maintain very low body weight due to a false/distorted perception of being fat.
2. Bulimia nervosa - an eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating and
purging in an attempt to lose weight and/or maintain low body weight
3. Binge-eating disorder - an eating disorder characterized by uncontrollable episodes of
eating excessive amounts of food within a relatively short time
4. Emotional eating - the consumption of large quantities of food to suppress negative
emotions

Key to weight management = The combination of diet and exercise leads to greater weight
loss.
Exercise - increases the rate of weight loss and is vital in maintaining the ideal weight. Not only
will exercise maintain lean tissue, but those who exercise and remain physically active for 60 or
more minutes per day are able to keep their weight off.
 CONCEPT DEFINITION

Leisure as time Leisure is time free from obligations, work, (paid and
unpaid), and tasks required for existing (sleeping,
eating)

Leisure as activity A set of activities that people engage in during free

time activities that are not work-oriented or that do not
involve life maintenance tasks such as housecleaning
or sleeping.

Play imaginative, intrinsically motivated, non-serious, freely

chosen, and actively engaging activity

Recreation activity that people engage in during their free time,

that people enjoy, and that people recognize as having
socially redeeming values and generates a general
sense of well- being

Having fun is not the ONLY reason to engage in recreational activities! Understanding the recreation
benefits is an essential component in building your character and personality.

Benefits of Recreational Activities:

1. enhances personal growth 2. helps to build self-esteem and confidence
3. reduces tension and anxiety 4. encourages spiritual renewal and personal growth
5. increases mental relaxation 6. generates a general sense of well being
7. teaches positive conflict resolution skills 8. provides alternatives to self-destructive behaviors

The Good Dose of Exercise

You should increase the dose or amount of physical activity or exercise to see changes in your
fitness level. This is the overload principle, which is guided by the FITT Principle that is
composed of the following:
a. Frequency refers to how often you involve yourself in regular physical activity or exercise.
b. Intensity refers to how hard you should exercise or the level of difficulty of your physical
activity.
c. Time refers to how long you should engage in a specific physical activity.
d. Type refers to the kind of exercise or physical activity you should engage in.

Fitness Walking
Walking is generally considered as a moderate physicall activity, but it is effective in promoting
metabolic fitness and overall health. To achieve cardiovascular fitness, walking must be done
intensely enough to elevate the heart rate to target zone levels.
20 Benefits of Walking
1. helps with weight management 2. accessible to everyone 3. doesn't require special equipment
4. one of the easiest ways to get more active 5. reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety
6. a low impact exercise 7. lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol)
8. raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol)
9. lowers blood pressure 10. reduces the risk of some cancers
11. helps reduce risk and/or aids with the management of type 2 diabetes
12. helps maintains strong bones 13. reduces the risk of heart attack
14. less likely to lead to injuries 15. reduces stress 16. reduces the risk of heart disease
17. you don't have to pay for it 18. builds aerobic fitness 19. helps maintain lean muscle tissue

How does walking compare to running?

Walking can provide you the same benefits as a running program. General health benefits are
acquired from walking. For cardiovascular benefits, the key is walking fast enough to get your
heart rate up.
What should I look for in walking shoes?
1. low heels 2. flexible solle 3. lightweight and breathable fabric 4. great fit
How can I prevent shin pain?
Painful or aching shins are very common for new walkers. It can also be a problem when
increasing speed or distance.
To avoid aching shins:
1. increase speed and distance gradually
2. wear good, flexible, walking shoes with a low heel
3. perform ankle circles and toe points before and after your walks
4. stretch your calves and shins well after your walk.
How many calories are burned when walking one mile?
An average 100 calories per mile. It varies depending on the individual, speed, terrain, etc.
What should I eat before doing a walking activity?
Eat something high in carbohydrates, whole grain cereal, whole wheat bread, and banana. Do not eat anything
heavy, fatty, or that might upset your stomach (this will be different for each individual). Whatever you eat should be
something you have previously tried so you know how you react to it. Be sure to drink water during and after the walk.

HEALTH
7394: Consumer Act of the Philippines
8423: Traditional and Alternative Medicine
Acupuncture: inserting needles
Reflexology: application of pressure on feet hands
Acupressure applicaion of pressure on specific areas
Ventosa Cupping
8504: AIDS Prevention
10354: Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act.
1. Responsible Parenthood
2. Birth Control
3. Informed Choice
4. Respect for Life
9165: Drugs 9512: Environmental/Education
9211: Tobacco 8750: Seatbelts
10175: Cybercime 10586: Drunk and Drugged Driving
9775: Anti Child Porn
8949: Hazing
7719: Blood