Causal

Relationship
Prepeared by:
Kalmuratova Akzhibek
Mizamadin Assem
Nurgali Rabiga
Khibadat Nazym
Sagat Yermek
Causal relationships in real-world settings
are complex, and statistical interactions of
variables are assumed to be pervasive .

This means that the strength of a causal relationship is assumed

to vary with the population, setting, or time represented within
any given study, and with the researcher's choices about
treatments and measurement of outcomes.
Relationships:
circumstantial and causal
01 Causal relationship.
Caused the changes in the human
responses that were observed and
measured.

02 Circumstantial.
They exist, and they can be observed,
measured, and quantified.
 The following criteria must be
met for a correlation to be
considered causal:
The two variables must vary together.
The relationship must be plausible.
The cause must precede the effect in time.
The relationship must be nonspurious (not due to a third
variable).
 Direct and Indirect Causal
Relationships

Direct causal effects are effects that go directly

from one variable to another.

Indirect effects occur when the relationship

between two variables is mediated by one or more
variables.
 Internal and External
Validity

Internal validity refers to the robustness of the

relationship of a concept to another internal to the
research question under study.

External validity refers to the greater generalizability of

the relationship between two concepts under study.
An idiographic causal

explanation means that you will attempt to explain or

describe your phenomenon exhaustively, based on the
subjective understandings of your participants.
A spurious
relationship is
one in which an association
between two variables
appears to be causal but could
be explained by a third variable
 References:

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Babbie, E. (2010). The practice of social research (12th ed.).
Belmont, CA
Huff, D. & Geis, I. (1993). How to lie with statistics. New York,
NY: W. W. Norton
Frankfort-Nachmias, C. & Leon-Guerrero, A. (2011). Social
statistics for a diverse society. Washington, DC: Pine Forge
Press.
Thank you
for your attention!