ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS

➢ Elevators: Planning and grouping of elevators.

• Elevator design parameters.
• Different types of elevators –
• passenger elevators,
• observation elevators,
• hospital elevators and
• freight elevators.
➢ Construction details – lift shaft, lift pit, machine room etc.
➢ Escalators: Planning and details of escalators and travelators
Drawings: Passenger lift, Capsule lift, Escalator.
ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR

➢ An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyer transport device for

carrying people between floors of a building.
➢ The device consists of a motor -driven chain of individual, linked steps
that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain
horizontal.
➢ Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in
places where elevators would be impractical.
➢ Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls,
airports, transit systems, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public buildings.
➢ The benefits of escalators are many.
➢ They have the capacity to move large numbers of people, and they can
be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase.
➢ They can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits,
and they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.
ESCALATOR LENGTH
With 30° escalator = 1.732 x storey height
With 35° escalator = 1.428 x storey height
Example: storey height 4.50 and angle 30°(note that 35° angle is not allowed in some
countries)
Length in plan : 1.732 x 4.5 = 7.794
Including landing top and bottom, total length is approximately 9m, allowing for about 20
people to stand in a row on the escalator.
ESCALATOR WIDTH
➢ In accordance with a worldwide standard,
the width of the step to be used is 60 cm
(for one person), 80cm (for one-to-two
people) and 100cm (for two people width).

ESCALATOR ANGLE
➢ Generally designed on an incline of 27.3, 30, 35 degrees.
➢ The 35 degree escalator is more economical, as it takes up less surface area if
viewed in plan.
➢ For large ascents, the 30 degree escalator is preferred both on psychological
as well as safety grounds.
➢ The transportation capacity is same.
➢ 35 degree escalator is most effective since it requires least amount of space.
➢ This incline is applicable to a total transportation height of 6m.
➢ If the height is more than 6m than incline of 27.3 should be given.
ESCALATOR CAPACITY

➢ Most escalators are designed with 1000mm wide steps which allow passengers to move
comfortably when carrying luggage and shopping bags.
➢ 600mm and 800mm wide steps are also available and generally used in low traffic areas
➢ Standard transportation speed ranges between 0.5 to 0.65m/s
➢ For a speed of 0.5m/s the theoretical capacity is:
▪ 600mm step width -4500 persons per hour
▪ 800mm step width -6750 persons per hour
▪ 1000mm step width -9000 persons/hour
➢ Whenever possible its best to install two or more parallel sets of escalators.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ESCALATOR AND ELEVATOR

▪ Elevators are closed cabins inside vertical shafts that are used to transport people between different
floors in high rise buildings.

▪ Escalators are moving stairways that allow people to move between floors in busy places such as shopping
malls, airports, and railway stations.

▪ Escalators are slow moving whereas elevators are fast and can move up or down at great speeds.
TYPES OF ESCALATORS

PARALLEL MULTIPLE PARALLEL

CRISSCROSS CURVED ESCALATORS

TYPES OF ESCALATOR
PARALLEL ESCALATOR :

• Parallel escalators are those types of escalators that face in the same
direction.
• These escalators use more floor space than other escalator arrangements,
which are found in impressive forms.
• On the others hand, it has been found that these are less efficient and
more expensive than other escalators.
• Parallel escalators can use either spiral or stacked parallel arrangements,
which also depends on the practical situation of the site.
• Parallel escalators also help the user to continue using it by simply turning
at the end of the ride.
• Parallel escalators are commonly used in places such as:
❖ Mall
❖ Metro station
❖ Public buildings
TYPES OF ESCALATOR
PARALLEL ESCALATOR :

PARALLEL: These type of escalator go up and down simultaneously.

i. Speed: 0.5m/s
ii. Inclination: 30, 35
iii. Step width: 800 / 1000
iv. Power: 50 Hz / 3p
v. Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel
vi. Step: stainless steel
vii. Landing plate: anti skid stainless steel.
viii. Operation: Emergency stop button/ Key switch / Inspection operation.
ix. Illumination: lighting under upper and lower landing steps.
x. Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet.
TYPES OF ESCALATOR

CRISSCROSS ESCALATOR
TYPES OF ESCALATOR
CRISSCROSS ESCALATOR

• It is the most popular arrangement of escalators that place the entry and exit at opposite ends of the Escalator
at its upper and lower ends.
• This arrangement is specifically known as a crisscross arrangement or a crisscross escalator.
• These escalators are commonly knowns as they can be installed at a comparatively low cost and can take up a
very small amount of floor space with minimal structural requirements.
• These escalators can be easily used up to five floors without any inconvenience.
• In these escalators, there is only one move up or down in one direction.
• Travel gets worse when the space between floors is kept insufficient. This leads to overcrowding, jostling, and
delays causing inconvenience to people, and the problem can get worse if passengers travel more than three
floors and do not have access to escalators.
• The places where you can easily find a crisscross lift are as follows:
➢ Cinema Hall
➢ Airport
➢ Department Store
TYPES OF ESCALATOR
CRISSCROSS ESCALATOR

CRISS-CROSS: They stacks the escalators that go in single direction and reduces structural
space requirement.

i. Step width: 600 / 800 / 1000

ii. Power: 300V / 50 Hz / 3p
iii. Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel.
iv. Step: stainless steel.
v. Landing plate: anti skid stainless steel.
vi. Operation: Emergency stop button / Key switch / Inspection operation.
vii. Illumination: lighting under upper and lower landing steps.
viii. Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet.
 TYPES OF ESCALATOR

MULTIPLE PARALLEL ESCALATORS

• Multiples parallel two or more Escalators that

travel in the same direction simultaneously next
to one or two escalators that travel in the other
direction.
• Escalators must have a moving handrail to keep
pace with the speed of the stairs.
• The direction of motion remains the same, which
a person can control as per the requirement or
even automatically.
TYPES OF ESCALATOR
MULTI PARALLEL:
MULTIPLE PARALLEL ESCALATORS

i. Speed: 0.5m/s
ii. Inclinations: 30, 35
iii. Step widths: 800 / 1000
iv. Power: 50 Hz / 3p
v. Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel
vi. Step: stainless steel
vii. Landing plate: anti skid stainless steel
viii. Operation: Emergency stop button/ Key switch / Inspection operation.
ix. Illumination: lighting under upper and lower landing steps.
x. Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet.
TYPES OF ESCALATOR
SPIRAL PARALLEL ESCALATOR
TYPES OF ESCALATOR
SPIRAL PARALLEL ESCALATOR

• Spiral parallel escalators are the arrangement that forces

the users to move because they are installed in places
where the walking area is very long.
• The roaming feature saves the user from being disturbed.
• Other types of parallel escalators are stacked parallel
escalators, which are mostly used in places like malls,
metro stations and are limited to only two stories.
• At the same time, they are easily found in public buildings
or any other heavy traffic areas, which all run in the same
direction.
• Stacked parallel escalators provide an option to reverse a
specified direction during rush hours when everyone is
traveling in a particular direction.
TYPES OF ESCALATOR
SPIRAL PARALLEL ESCALATOR

SPIRAL TYPE ESCALATORS:

These are used to enhance the architectural beauty and to save the space.

i. Inclined Angle : 30
ii. Number of Persons : 6300 per hour
iii. Rated Speed (mtrs./sec.) :25 m/ min.
iv. Vertical Rise ( m ) : 3500 ~ 6600
TYPES OF ESCALATOR
HORIZONTAL MOVING WALK ESCALATORS
COMPONENTS ESCALATORS

1. Landing platforms

2. Truss

3. Tracks

4. Steps

5. Handrail
COMPONENTS ESCALATORS

1. LANDING PLATFORM

➢ These two platforms house the curved sections of the

tracks, as well as the gears and motors that drive the
stairs.
➢ The top platform contains the motor assembly and the
main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step
return idler sprockets.
➢ Platform contain a floor and comb plate.
COMPONENTS ESCALATORS
FLOOR PLATE
➢ The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to stand before
they step onto the moving stairs.
➢ This plate is flushes with the finished floor and is either hinged or
removable to allow easy access to the machinery below.
COMB PLATE
➢ The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and
the moving step.
➢ It is so named because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble
the teeth of a comb.
➢ These teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edges of the steps.
➢ This design is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and
the landing, which helps prevent objects from getting caught in the
gap.
COMPONENTS ESCALATORS
2. TRUSS
➢ The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower
and upper landings.
➢ It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross
braces across the bottom and just below the top .
➢ The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom
landing platforms via steel or concrete supports.
➢ The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the
upper and lower sections.
COMPONENTS ESCALATORS
3. TRACKS
➢ The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the
bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop.
➢ There are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps (called the step-wheel track) and one for
the back wheels of the steps (called the trailer- wheel track).
➢ The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the
comb plate.
COMPONENTS ESCALATORS
4. STEPS
➢ The steps are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminum or
steel.
➢ Rubber mats may be affixed to their surface to
reduce slippage, and yellow demarcation lines may
be added to clearly indicate their edges.
➢ Yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly
indicate their edges.
➢ The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain so they form a closed loop with each step able to bend in
relation to its neighbors.
➢ The front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels.
➢ The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit into
the narrower front track.
➢ The position of the tracks controls the orientation of the steps
COMPONENTS ESCALATORS

HANDRAIL

➢ The handrail provides a convenient handhold for

passengers while they are riding the escalator.
WORKING

➢ An escalator is a continuously moving

staircase.
➢ Each stair has a pair of wheels on each
side, one at the front of the step and
one at the rear.
➢ The wheels run on two rails.
➢ At the top and bottom of the escalator,
the inner rail dips beneath the outer
rail, so that the bottom of the stair
flattens, making it easier for riders to
get on and off.
ESCALATOR STANDARD
DIMENSIONS
BENEFITS

➢ It helps a large no. of people in moving from one place to another at the same time and they
reduce the need of elevator because people would not have to wait for elevator.
➢ Escalator can carry a large no. of people at the same time.
➢ It provide comfort to the people.
➢ Can be placed in the same physical space as stairs.
➢ Have no waiting interval, except during very heavy traffic.
➢ Their speed can be adjusted which is helpful in managing the crowd.
➢ Used to guide people towards main exits or special exhibits.
➢ When turned off they can be used a staircase.
SAFETY MOMENT

Escalator safety is a big concern, especially for children.

Each year, escalator accidents are responsible for numerous trips to the emergency room.
These accidents can occur due to:

USE care when stepping on and off.

ATTEND small children at all times.
HOLD the handrail.
DO NOT run up or down the steps.
KEEP FEET AWAY FROM THE SIDE EDGES OF STEPS.
TIE all shoelaces.
WIDTH OF ESCALATOR CROSS – SECTION OF AN ESCALATOR