Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 472 – 479

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\LQ(QJLQHHULQJ,17(5(1*

(YDOXDWLRQRI([SHULPHQWDODQG1XPHULFDO6LPXODWLRQRI7ULD[LDO
*HRJULG5HLQIRUFHPHQWRQWKH6WUHQJWKRI5RDG6WUXFWXUHV
$QGRU&VRQJRU1DJ\D'RULQ9DVLOH0ROGRYDQD 0DGDOLQD&LRWODXVD/DYLQLD(OHQD
0XQWHDQE
a
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania
b
University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania

$EVWUDFW

7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVUHVHDUFKFRQVLVWVLQDQDO\]LQJWKHFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHEHDULQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHURDGVWUXFWXUHVDVEURXJKWE\
WULD[LDOULEJHRJULGV7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\OLHVLQGLPLQLVKLQJWKHHIIHFWVRIYRLGSURGXFWLRQXQGHUURDGVWUXFWXUHV
DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\LQILQGLQJQHZZD\VRILPSURYLQJWKHLUEHDULQJFDSDFLW\ZLWKWKHKHOSRIJHRV\QWKHWLFPDWHULDOVUHLQIRUFLQJWKH
VWUXFWXUHV7KHH[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\LQYROYHGSHUIRUPLQJDVHULHVRIODERUDWRU\WHVWVRQWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGDQGJHRJULGUHLQIRUFHG
PRGHOV7KHWHVWUHVXOWVGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHJHRJULGUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUHXQGHUJRHVWKUHHWLPHVVPDOOHUGHIRUPDWLRQVUHODWLYHO\
LQWRXQUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUH7KHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVZHUHDOVRFRPSDUHGWRWKHGDWDREWDLQHGE\XVLQJILQLWHHOHPHQWVPHWKRGV

© 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,17(5(1*
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of INTER-ENG 2016

Keywords:URDGVWUXFWXUHWULD[LDOJHRJULGEHDULQJFDSDFLW\IDLOXUHPRGH0()

,QWURGXFWLRQ

*HRV\QWKHWLFPDWHULDOVKDYHEHHQXVHGRYHUWKHODVWIHZGHFDGHVWRVWDELOL]HVXEJUDGHVRLOVLQPDQ\HQJLQHHULQJ
DSSOLFDWLRQVOHDGLQJWRLPSURYHGSHUIRUPDQFHVXFKDVEHDULQJFDSDFLW\DQGORQJHYLW\RISDYHGDQGXQSDYHGURDGV
>@*HRV\QWKHWLFVDUHGHILQHGDVSODQDUSURGXFWVPDQXIDFWXUHGIURPSRO\PHULFPDWHULDOV>@RIKLJKVWDELOLW\
DQG GHQVLW\ ZKLFK FDQ EH SURFHVVHG VR DV WR UHDFK WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK DQG VWUDLQ UHTXLUHPHQWV 7KH LPSURYHG
SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH SDYHPHQW GXH WR JHRV\QWKHWLF UHLQIRUFHPHQW KDV EHHQ DWWULEXWHG WR WKUHH PHFKDQLVPV ODWHUDO
UHVWUDLQWRUFRQILQHPHQWLQFUHDVHGEHDULQJFDSDFLW\DQGWHQVLRQHGPHPEUDQHHIIHFW+RZHYHUWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address: GRULQPROGRYDQ#GVWXWFOXMUR

1877-7058 © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of INTER-ENG 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.418
 Andor-Csongor Nagy et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 472 – 479 473

RIWKHWKUHHIHDWXUHVLVWKHODWHUDOUHVWUDLQWFRQVLGHUHGWRKDYHDPD[LPXPFRQWULEXWLRQLQLPSURYLQJWKHSHUIRUPDQFH
RIJHRV\QWKHWLFUHLQIRUFHGSDYHPHQWV
*HRJULGSURYLGHWKHFRQILQHPHQWRIWKHILOOLQJPDWHULDODJJUHJDWHVWKURXJKVKHDUUHVLVWDQFHDQGIULFWLRQEHWZHHQ
WKHJHRJULGDQGVXUURXQGLQJPDWHULDO:KHQDQDJJUHJDWHOD\HULVVXEMHFWHGWRWUDIILFORDGLQJWKHDJJUHJDWHWHQGVWR
PRYHODWHUDOO\XQOHVVLWLVUHVWUDLQHGE\WKHVXEJUDGHRUE\JHRV\QWKHWLFUHLQIRUFHPHQW7KHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH
EDVHDJJUHJDWHDQGWKHJHRV\QWKHWLFDOORZVWKHWUDQVIHURIWKHVKHDULQJORDGIURPWKHEDVHOD\HUWRDWHQVLOHORDGLQ
WKHJHRV\QWKHWLF7KHWHQVLOHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHJHRV\QWKHWLFOLPLWVWKHODWHUDOVWUDLQVLQWKHEDVHOD\HU)XUWKHUPRUHD
JHRV\QWKHWLF OD\HU FRQILQHV WKH EDVH FRXUVH OD\HU WKHUHE\ LQFUHDVLQJ LWV PHDQ VWUHVV DQGOHDGLQJ WR DQ LQFUHDVH LQ
VKHDUVWUHQJWK%RWKIULFWLRQDODQGLQWHUORFNLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDWWKHLQWHUIDFHEHWZHHQWKHVRLODQGWKHJHRV\QWKHWLF
FRQWULEXWHWRWKLVPHFKDQLVP)RUDJHRJULGWKLVLPSOLHVWKDWWKHJHRJULGDSHUWXUHVDQGEDVHVRLOSDUWLFOHVPXVWEH
SURSHUO\VL]HG$JHRWH[WLOHZLWKJRRGIULFWLRQDOFDSDELOLWLHVFDQDOVRSURYLGHWHQVLOHUHVLVWDQFHWRODWHUDODJJUHJDWH
PRYHPHQW>@
7KH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH JHRJULG UHLQIRUFHPHQW LVKLJKO\ GHSHQGHQWRQ SK\VLFDO DQGPHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV LH
LQGH[ SURSHUWLHV RI WKH JHRJULG DQG RQ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH LQWHUIDFH EHWZHHQ WKH JHRJULG DQG WKH VXUURXQGLQJ
PDWHULDOV >@ 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ VSHFLILF W\SHV RI JHRV\QWKHWLF PDWHULDOV DYDLODEOH JHRWH[WLOHV ZRYHQ DQG QRQ
ZRYHQ JHRJULGVJHRFHOOVRUJHRZHEVJHRPHPEUDQHVJHRV\QWKHWLFFOD\OLQHUV *&/V JHRQHWVJHRFRPSRVLWHV
JHRIRDPDQGJHRSLSHV
*HRJULGVFRQVLVWRIKHDY\VWUDQGVRISODVWLFPDWHULDOVDUUDQJHGVRDVORQJLWXGLQDODQGWUDYHUVHHOHPHQWVKDYHD
XQLIRUPO\GLVWULEXWHGDUUD\RIDSHUWXUHVLQWKHUHVXOWLQJVKHHW7KHDSHUWXUHVZKLFKDUHJUHDWHUWKDQPPDOORZWKH
JHRJULGV WR LQWHUORFN ZLWK WKH EDFNILOO VRLO URFN HDUWK DQG RWKHU VXUURXQGLQJ PDWHULDOV WKHUHE\ SURYLGLQJ
FRQILQHPHQW WR WKH VXEJUDGH 7KHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ DUHDV DUH QRW RQO\ LQ KLJKZD\V EXW DOVR LQ DLUSRUW UXQZD\ JUDYHO
FRQVWUXFWLRQURDGVDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQRIHDUWKUHWDLQLQJZDOOV>@
*HRV\QWKHWLF PDWHULDOV KDYH EHHQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ XVHG IRU UHLQIRUFLQJ URDGV VXEJUDGH &KRXGKDU\ HW $O >@
LQYHVWLJDWHGWKH&%5YDOXHRIVRLOVUHLQIRUFHGZLWKPXOWLSOHOD\HUVRIJHRJULGVDQGMXWHJHRWH[WLOHDQGVKRZHGWKH
LQFUHDVH LQ &%5 YDOXH ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVH RI QXPEHU RI UHLQIRUFLQJ OD\HUV 7KH MXWH JHRWH[WLOH RIIHUV D EHWWHU
UHLQIRUFLQJHIILFLHQF\DVFRPSDUHGWRWKHJHRJULGDQGFDQEHXVHGIRUORZFRVWURDGSURMHFWVLQUXUDODUHDV>@6LQJK
HWDO>@LQGLFDWHGWKDWSODFLQJWKHJHRJULGUHLQIRUFHPHQWDW+IURPWKHWRSJLYHFRQVLGHUDEOHLPSURYHPHQWLQ
&%5YDOXHDQGVWUHVVVWUDLQEHKDYLRXURIVXEJUDGHVRLO>@6LUHHVKHW$O>@HYDOXDWHGWKHSRWHQWLDOEHQHILWVRI
SURYLGLQJ JHRFHOO UHLQIRUFHG VDQG PDWWUHVV RYHU FOD\ EHG ZLWK D FRQWLQXRXV FLUFXODU YRLG 7KH WHVW UHVXOWV FOHDUO\
VKRZHG WKDW JHRFHOO PDWWUHVV FDQ VXEVWDQWLDOO\ LQFUHDVH WKH EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ DQG UHGXFH VHWWOHPHQW RI WKH FOD\
VXEJUDGHZLWKYRLG
7KH REMHFWLYH RI WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ OLHV LQ GLPLQLVKLQJ WKH HIIHFWV RI YRLG SURGXFWLRQXQGHU URDG VWUXFWXUHV DQG
UHVSHFWLYHO\ LQ ILQGLQJ QHZ ZD\V RI LPSURYLQJ WKHLU EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ ZLWK WKH KHOS RI JHRV\QWKHWLF PDWHULDOV
UHLQIRUFLQJ WKH VWUXFWXUHV 7KH RFFXUUHQFH RI VXFK YRLGV FDQ DIIHFW WKH HPEDQNPHQW RI WKH ZKROH URDG V\VWHP
OHDGLQJWRVLJQLILFDQWORFDOVHWWOHPHQWV

1RPHQFODWXUH

&%5 &DOLIRUQLD%HDULQJ5DWLR
( PRGXOXVRIHODVWLFLW\
ɶ VSHFLILFZHLJKW
FG GUDLQHGFRKHVLRQ
FX XQGUDLQHGFRKHVLRQ
ʔG GUDLQHGLQWHUQDOIULFWLRQDQJOH
ʔX XQGUDLQHGLQWHUQDOIULFWLRQDQJOH
(HFK WKHHTXLYDOHQWPRGXOXVRIGHIRUPDWLRQ
474 Andor-Csongor Nagy et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 472 – 479

([SHULPHQWDOGHVLJQ

2.1. Test materials

)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDSRO\SURS\OHQHPDWHULDOZLWKHTXLODWHUDOWULDQJXODUDSHUWXUHVRIVLGHPPZDV
XVHG7KHWULD[LDOULEJHRJULGXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\ZDVGHYHORSHGVSHFLDOO\IRUWUDIILFVWUHVVHV,WVWULDQJXODUJHRPHWU\
LQFUHDVHVVWLIIQHVVLQSODQH7KHWULDQJOHLVWKHJHRPHWULFDOVKDSHZLWKPRVWVWDELOLW\LQLWVSODQHDQGRQHRIWKHPRVW
IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQV GXH WR LWV UREXVWQHVV :KLOH D UHFWDQJOH FDQ GHIRUP LQWR D SDUDOOHORJUDP XQGHU
SUHVVXUHH[HUWHGDWRQHRILWVYHUWLFHVWKHWULDQJOHKDVDQLQWULQVLFVWUHQJWKWRODWHUDOIRUFHV7KHWULDQJXODURSHQLQJ
RULHQWHGLQPDQ\GLUHFWLRQVSURYLGHVIRUKLJKUDGLDOVWLIIQHVV7KHSURSHUWLHVFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHSHUIRUPDQFHLQFOXGH
WKH IROORZLQJ DSHUWXUH VKDSH DSHUWXUH VWDELOLW\ UDGLDO VWLIIQHVV DW ORZ VWUDLQ DQG MXQFWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ 7DEOH 
SUHVHQWVWKHJHRJULGSURSHUWLHVIURPWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU¶VFDWDORJXH

7DEOH*HRJULGSURSHUWLHV
7HFKQLFDOVSHFLILFDWLRQV 80 'DWH
$SHUWXUHVKDSH  7ULDQJXODU
&RORXU  %ODFN
5LEVKDSH  5HFWDQJXODU
5LESLWFK PP 
1RGDOWKLFNQHVV PP 
$SHUWXUHVWDELOLW\ 1PPGHJ 
5DGLDOVWLIIQHVVDWORZVWUDLQ N1P 
-XQFWLRQHIILFLHQW  


7KHILOOLQJPDWHULDOVXVHGIRUWKHH[SHULPHQWDOPRGHOFRQVLVWHGRIDFOD\OD\HUDQGDFUXVKHGVWRQHOD\HU,QWKLV
ZD\WKHURDGEHGZDVPDGHILUVWIURPFPWKLFNFRKHVLYHHDUWKLQZKLFKDYRLGRIVL]H[FPZDVDUUDQJHG
E\WDNLQJRXWDPRELOHWUD\7KHVHFRQGVWDJHRISURGXFLQJWKHUROOLQJOD\HUFRQVLVWHGLQOD\LQJWZROD\HUVRIFP
HDFKRISURSHUO\FRPSDFWHGFUXVKHGVWRQH

7DEOH*HRWHFKQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIPDWHULDOV
3URSHUWLHV 80 &OD\H\HDUWK &UXVKHGVWRQH
/D\HUWKLFNQHVV FP  
0RGXOXVRIHODVWLFLW\ N1P  
6SHFLILFZHLJKW N1P  

'UDLQHGFRKHVLRQ N1P  

8QGUDLQHGFRKHVLRQ N1P 
'UDLQHGLQWHUQDOIULFWLRQ JUDGH 
DQJOH

8QGUDLQHGLQWHUQDOIULFWLRQ JUDGH 
DQJOH


7KHPPRSWLPDOPL[WXUHRIFUXVKHGVWRQHDQGWKHFOD\PDWHULDOZHUHWDNHQIURPDJUDYHOERUURZSLWIRUD
FRQVWUXFWLRQVLWHQHDU&OXM1DSRFD7KHPDWHULDOVZHUHDLUGULHG7KHLUJHRWHFKQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH
7KHPDWHULDOZDVFRPSDFWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSURYLVLRQVLQ*(ZLWKDPHFKDQLFDOUDPPHULQWZRVWDJHV
IRUWKHFPOD\HUVHDFKZLWKPXOWLSOHVSDVVHVDQGPLQLPXPIRXUVWURNHVRQHDFKWUDFH7KHPDWHULDOZDVLQFOXGHG
LQ WKH FDWHJRU\ RI FOD\H\ HDUWK ,W ZDV VXEMHFWHG WR D 3URFWRU WHVW ZKLFK KLJKOLJKWHG WKH IROORZLQJ IHDWXUHV RI
FRPSDFWLRQKXPLGLW\ 7DEOH 
 Andor-Csongor Nagy et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 472 – 479 475

7DEOH5HVXOWVRI3URFWRUWHVW
3URFWRU7HVW
+XPLGLW\     
0DVVRIWKHHPSW\F\OLQGHU     
J
0DVVRIWKHF\OLQGHUILOOHG
    
ZLWKPDWHULDO J 
0DVVRIWKHPDWHULDO J      
&\OLQGHUKHLJKW PP      
&\OLQGHUGLDPHWHU PP      

2.2. Full scale laboratory experiment

$IXOOVFDOHPRGHO )LJ ZDVGHYHORSHGDW7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI&OXM1DSRFD)DFXOW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ

LQ WKH WHVWV ED\ EHLQJ EXLOW IURP ZRRG ZLWK SODQH GLPHQVLRQV RI  [  [ FP :[/[+  7R DQDO\VH WKH
EHKDYLRXURIWZRFUXVKHGVWRQHURDGVWUXFWXUHV ERWKUHLQIRUFHGDQGXQUHLQIRUFHG WZRVXFKVWUXFWXUHVZHUHEXLOWLQ
WKH ODERUDWRU\ DV VKRZQ LQ WKH GHWDLO LQ )LJXUH  $Q HODVWLF URDG V\VWHP ZDV DGRSWHG PDGH IURP D EDVH FRXUVH
FUXVKHGVWRQH DQGDVXEEDVH FOD\ RIFP

)LJ([SHULPHQWDOODERUDWRU\EXLOWPRGHO

)LJ'HIRUPDWLRQVRIWKHURDGV\VWHPRQH\HDUDIWHUWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIWKHURDGVHFWRU
476 Andor-Csongor Nagy et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 472 – 479

7KH ILOOLQJ OD\HUV LQ WKH URDG EHG FRPPRQO\ XQGHUJR VHWWOHPHQW )LJ   EHFDXVH RI WKH WUDIILF YLEUDWLRQV
LPSURSHUFRPSDFWLRQRULQHIILFLHQWGUDLQDJH
7KH JHRJULG FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ DQG WKH IDLOXUH PRGH RI WKH WZR VWUXFWXUHV ZHUH VWXGLHG LQ D
VWDWLFWHVWZLWKDPPGLDPHWHUSODWH FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRDWUXFNWLUHWUDFHDORQJWKHGRXEOHZKHHOKDOID[LV XQWLO
HDFKLQGLYLGXDOVWUXFWXUHIDLOHG



)LJ6WDWLFWHVWZLWKWKHPPGLDPHWHUSODWH

7KHGHWHUPLQDWLRQUHTXLUHVVXFFHVVLYHDQGJUDGXDODSSOLFDWLRQRIORDGVVLPLODUWRWKHORDGVLQWUDIILFFRQVWDQWO\
LQFUHDVLQJWKHORDGXQWLOUHDFKLQJWKHIDLOXUHFROODSVHVWDWH7KHVWDWLFWHVWPHDQVWRUHDFKWKHFRQVROLGDWLRQVWDWH WKH
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWZRVXFFHVVLYHUHDGLQJVRIWKHVXUIDFHVHWWOHPHQWVKRXOGEHXQGHUPP LQWKHJURXQGEHIRUH
DSSO\LQJ WKH QH[W ORDGLQJ VWHS $FFRUGLQJ WR 67$6  IURP 5RPDQLD D ORDGLQJ LQFUHPHQW RI  N3D LV
UHTXLUHGWREHDSSOLHGDWPLQXWHVUHDGLQJLQWHUYDOVXQWLOFRQVROLGDWLRQLVIRXQGRXW

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ

3.1. Laboratory experiment

$IWHUGDWDUHFRUGLQJDQGSURFHVVLQJVHYHUDODVSHFWVZHUHIRXQGRXWDVGHILQLQJWKHGLIIHULQJEHKDYLRXURIWKHWZR
VWUXFWXUHVSUHVHQWHGLQWKHIRUFHGLVSODFHPHQW VHWWOHPHQW JUDSKVLQ)LJXUH$WORDGLQJVWHSVXQWLON3DWKH
PDLQ GLIIHUHQFH LV UHFRUGHG DW WKH FRQVROLGDWLRQ WLPHV WKH UHLQIRUFHG VWUXFWXUH EHLQJ VWDELOH DIWHU  PLQXWHV
LQWHUYDOVZKLOHWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUHQHHGVPLQXWHVIRUWKHVDPHSURFHVV7KHWHQGHQF\LVPRUHHPSKDVL]HG
XQGHUWKHVWHSRIN3DZKHQWKHUHLQIRUFHGPRGHOFRQVROLGDWHVLQPLQXWHVZKLOHWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUH
QHHGV  PLQXWHV ,Q WKH VDPH VWHS WKH DYHUDJH GHIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH UROOLQJ VXUIDFH LV  PP RSSRVLWH WR WKH
XQUHLQIRUFHGV\VWHPZKLFKH[KLELWVDGHIRUPDWLRQRIPP
$WWKHN3DVWHSVHYHUDOHDUWKOXPSVIDOOGRZQIURPWKHFHLOLQJRIWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUHIRUHFDVWLQJWKH
VWUXFWXUHIDLOXUH:KHQWKHORDGLQFUHDVHVDWN3DDWRWDOVHWWOHPHQWRIPPLVIRXQGLQWKHWULD[LDOJHRJULG
UHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUHFRPSDUHGWRWKHPPQRWHGLQWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUH7KHGLIIHUHQFHLVRYHUWKUHHWLPHVLQ
WKLVFDVH
7KHN3DORDGLQJVWHSLQGXFHVWKHFROODSVHRIWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGPRGHOLQVLGHWKHYRLGDQGWKHIDLOXUHRFFXUV
VXGGHQO\ 7KH UHLQIRUFHG VWUXFWXUHIDLOV XQGHU  N3D LQ D VORZ FROODSVH RI DERXW  PLQXWHV E\ GHIRUPLQJ DW D
FRQVWDQWVSHHG
$IWHUILQLVKLQJWKHWHVWWKHWULD[LDOJHRJULGZDVUHFRYHUHGDQGLQYHVWLJDWHG,WZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHIDLOXUHRFFXUUHG
EHFDXVHRIWKHEUHDNLQJRIULEVLQWKHSHULPHWHURIWKHSUHVVXUHFRQH,QWKHSRLQWVWKHUHWKHSODVWLFPDWHULDOUHDFKHG
WKHVWDJHRIWHUWLDU\EXFNOLQJIRUPLQXWHVDQGWKHILQDOIDLOXUHRFFXUUHG )LJ 

 Andor-Csongor Nagy et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 472 – 479 477


)LJ3(HFKGLDJUDPVIRUWKHUHLQIRUFHGDQGXQUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUH


)LJ7ULD[LDOJHRJULGULEVIDLOHGDURXQGWKHSHULPHWHURIWKHSUHVVXUHFRQH

3.2. Numerical simulation

7KH QXPHULFDO PRGHOOLQJ ZDV SHUIRUPHG ZLWK WKH *)$6 VRIWZDUH LQ ZKLFK WZR ELGLPHQVLRQDO PRGHOV ZHUH
GHYHORSHG )LJ D DQG E WRFRPSDUHGDQGYDOLGDWHWKHUHVXOWV
7KHIDLOXUHRIWKHWZRVWUXFWXUHVZDVVKRZQLQ)LJ D  E  F  G 2QHFDQQRWLFHWKDWWKHUHVXOWVDUHFORVH
WRWKRVHIRXQGDWWKHVFDOHEXWLQQXPHULFDODQDO\VLVIDLOXUHRFFXUUHGDWYDOXHVWKDWZHUHVPDOOHUWKDQN3D
7KLVGLIIHUHQFHLVGXHWRWKHFROODSVHRIWKHPDWHULDOIURPWKHYRLGVXUIDFHPHWLQODERUDWRU\PRGHOVWKDWFDQQRWEH
UHQGHUHG WKURXJK WKH )LQLWH (OHPHQW 0HWKRG LQ ZKLFK RQH RI WKH EDVLF HOHPHQWV UHJDUGV WKH FRQWLQXRXV FRQWDFW
EHWZHHQWKHFRPSRQHQWV$VIRUWKHVWDWHRIVWUHVVLQVLGHWKHVWUXFWXUHPD[LPDOYDOXHVRIN3DZHUHPHWLQWKH
478 Andor-Csongor Nagy et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 472 – 479

XQUHLQIRUFHG VWUXFWXUH DQG  N3D LQ WKH UHLQIRUFHG FDVH VR WKDW WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH JHRJULG ZLWK WULDQJXODU
DSHUWXUHVWULSOHVUHFRUGHGPDJQLWXGHV

D E

 
)LJ D 7KHGHIRUPHGVKDSHRIWKHUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUHZLWKWULD[LDOJHRJULGV E 7KHGHIRUPHGVKDSHRIWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUH

D E

 
   
F G

 
)LJ D )DLOXUHPRGHRIWKHUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUHODERUDWRU\PRGHO E )DLOXUHPRGHRIWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUHODERUDWRU\PRGHO F 
)DLOXUHPRGHRIWKHUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUH)(0PRGHO G )DLOXUHPRGHRIWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUH)(0PRGHO

&RQFOXVLRQV

7KHUHVHDUFKDLPHGDWPDNLQJDTXDQWLWDWLYHDQGTXDOLWDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIWKHDGGLWLRQDOEHDULQJFDSDFLW\EURXJKW
E\WKHLQVHUWLRQRISRO\SURS\OHQHJULGZLWKWULDQJXODUDSHUWXUHVLQVLGHWKHURDGVWUXFWXUHVWKDWDUHVXVFHSWLEOHWRWKH
RFFXUUHQFHRIYRLGV7KHWULD[LDOJHRJULGEULQJVDQDGGLWLRQDOWRWKHVWUXFWXUHEHDULQJZKLFKLVVLJQLILFDQWIRU
WKHURDGVWUXFWXUHV
7KHJHRJULGUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUHXQGHUJRHVWKUHHWLPHVVPDOOHUGHIRUPDWLRQVWKDQWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOXQUHLQIRUFHG
VWUXFWXUH%\LQVHUWLQJWKHJHRJULGWKHURDGVWUXFWXUHGHIRUPVDWDVPDOOFRQVWDQWVSHHGDQGWKLVDVSHFWFRXOGDOORZ
IRUPDNLQJGHFLVLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQPDQQHUDQGWLPH
7KHUHVXOWVIRXQGLQWKHVFDOHPRGHOFRQILUPWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGLQWKHQXPHULFDOPRGHOOLQJZLWKWKH)LQLWH
(OHPHQW 0HWKRG )(0  DQG WKLV DOORZV IRU WKH YDOLGDWLRQ RI WKH UHVXOWV IRXQG ZLWK WKH *)$6 VRIWZDUH WKDW
UHFRPPHQGVWKHXVHRIWKHPHQWLRQHGVRIWZDUHLQRWKHUDQGIXUWKHUVLPLODUVWXGLHV
 Andor-Csongor Nagy et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 472 – 479 479

7KLVSDSHUUDLVHVDZDUHQHVVRIGHWHUPLQLQJGHVLJQHUVDQGEXLOGHUVRIWUDQVSRUWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHWREHPRUHDZDUHRI
WKHEHQHILWVRIWKHXVHRIJHRWH[WLOHPDWHULDOVLQURDGVWUXFWXUHVXSRQHQYLURQPHQWDVWKH\UHTXLUHDVPDOOHUDPRXQW
RIPDWHULDOVWREHSXWWRZRUN

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KHDXWKRUVKHUHE\DFNQRZOHGJHWKHVXSSRUWRIIHUHGE\,5,'(;*URXS3ODVWLF5RPDQLD9LDURP&RQVWUXFWDQG
*HRVWUX5RPDQLDWKURXJKWKHSURYLVLRQRIVDPSOHVIRUWKHODERUDWRU\WHVWVDQGVRIWZDUHOLFHQVHIRUWKHQXPHULFDO
FDOFXODWLRQ

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ +0RD\HGL6.D]HPLDQ$3UDVDG%%.+XDW(IIHFWRI*HRJULG5HLQIRUFHPHQW/RFDWLRQLQ3DYHG5RDG,PSURYHPHQW(OHFWULF
-RXUQDORI*HRWHFKQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ  ±
>@ $$%RKDJU)LQLWHHOHPHQWPRGHOLQJRIJHRV\QWHKHWLFUHLQIRUFHGSDYHPHQWVXEJUDGHV7KHVLVRIPDVWHURIVFLHQFHLQFLYLOHQJLQHHULQJ
:DVKLQJWRQ6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\
>@ &$$GDPV($SUDNX52SRNX%RDKHQ(IIHFWRIWULD[LDOJHRJULGUHLQIRUFHPHQWRQ&%5VWUHQJWKRIQDWXUDOJUDYHOVRLOIRUURDG
SDYHPHQW-RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK  ±
>@ $670'
>@ -*=RUQEHUJ$GYDQFHVLQWKHXVHRIJHRV\QWKHWLFVLQSDYHPHQWGHVLJQ3URFRIWKH6HFRQG1DWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ*HRV\QWKHWLFV
 
>@ ;7DQJ*5&KHKDE$3DORPLQR(YDOXDWLRQRIJHRJULGVIRUVWDELOLVLQJZHDNSDYHPHQWVXEJUDGH,QWHU-RI3DYHPHQW(QJ  

>@ $.&KRXGKDU\.6*LOODQG-1-KD,PSURYHPHQWLQ&%5YDOXHVRIH[SDQVLYHVRLOVXEJUDGHVXVLQJJHRV\QWKHWLFV3URFRI,QGLDQ
*HRWHFK&RQIHUHQFH-  
>@ $.&KRXGKDU\.6*LOODQG-1-KD6.6KXNOD,PSURYHPHQWLQ&%5RIWKHH[SDQVLYHVRLOVXEJUDGHVZLWKDVLQJOHUHLQIRUFHPHQW
OD\HU3URFRI,QGLDQ*HRWHFK&RQIHUHQFH%  
>@ 36LQJK.6*LOO&%5,PSURYHPHQWRIFOD\H\VRLOZLWK*HRJULG5HLQIRUFHPHQW,QWHU-RI(PHUJ7HFKDQG$GY(QJ  

>@1%5DPWHNH$6D[HQD75$URUD$5HYLHZ(IIHFWRI*HRJULGUHLQIRUFHPHQWRQVRLO,QWHU-RI&RUH(QJDQG0DQDJ  
>@66LUHHVK7*6LWKDUDP6.'DVK%HDULQJFDSDFLW\RIFLUFXODUIRRWLQJRQJHRFHOOVDQGPDWWUHVVRYHUO\LQJFOD\EHGZLWKYRLG
*HRWH[WLOHVDQG*HRPHPEUDQHV