Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly entering health care and serving major roles.

These
include automating routine tasks in medical practice and managing medical resources. As
developers create Al systems to take on these tasks, several risks and challenges emerge.
The most obvious risk is that Al systems will sometimes be wrong. This can result in patient
injury or other health-care problems. An Al system possibly recommends the wrong drug for
a patient or fails to notice a tumor on a radiological scan. Of course, many injuries occur due
to medical error in the health-care system today, even without the involvement of AI. Al
errors are potentially different for at least two reasons. First, patients and providers may react
differently to injuries resulting from software than from human error. Second, if Al systems
become widespread, an underlying problem in one Al system might result in injuries to
thousands of patients.
Moreover, training Al systems requires large amounts of data from sources. However, health
data are often problematic. Data are typically fragmented across many different systems.
Even aside from the variety just mentioned, patients typically see different providers and
switch insurance companies. This would lead lo data split in multiple systems and multiple
formats.
Another set of risks arise around privacy. The requirement of large datasets creates incentives
for developers to collect such data from many patients. Some patients may be concerned that
this collection may violate their privacy. In fact, lawsuits have been filed based on data-
sharing between large health systems and Al developers.
The integration of Al into the health system will undoubtedly change the role of health-care
providers. A hopeful vision is that providers will be enabled to provide more-personalized
and better care, freed to spend more time interacting with patients as humans. A less hopeful
vision would see providers struggling to weather monsoon of uninterpretable predictions and
recommendations from competing algorithms. In either case, medical education will need to
prepare providers to evaluate and interpret the Al systems they will encounter in the evolving
health- care environment.

251) UTBK 2023/TPS/LBE/GEL.1/13

How are ideas in paragraph 4 and paragraph 5 in the passage related?
A. Paragraph 4 presents the jobs of! Al developers, while paragraph 5 focuses on the
roles of health-care Providers.
B. Paragraph 4 explicates one of the risks of Al at present, while paragraph 5 makes
some future predictions.
C. Paragraph 4 details some problems regarding patients’ privacy over personal data, and
paragraph 5 gives solutions to overcome these.
D. Paragraph 5 projects a number of consequences if the privacy violations by Al
developers discussed in paragraph 4 continue.
E. Paragraph 5 explains the solution to misconducts of Al developers concealed in
paragraph 4.
252) UTBK 2023/TPS/LBE/GEL.1/14

The author holds the assumption about Al developers that......

A. their business practices could leak patients’ personal data A
B. Most of them have been jailed for wrongdoings in data-sharing
C. they often violate patients’ rights for privacy through forceful acts
D. They commercialize patients’ data to maximize profits of their business
E. They cooperate with large health-care centers in monetizing patients’ data