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DRAWING PRESENTATION GEOMETRY22-06-2013 - Vol1
DRAWING PRESENTATION GEOMETRY22-06-2013 - Vol1
DRAWING PRESENTATION GEOMETRY22-06-2013 - Vol1
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Bello R S
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Technical Drawing
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Presentation & Practice
Dominion
Publishing Services
ISBN-13: 978-1481250122
10: 1481250124
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Dedication
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Acknowledgements
Glory be to God Almighty, the author of life and the giver of knowledge. I
acknowledged the several authors and researchers whose wealth of experiences
documented and made available in book and journal prints forms, as well as
numerous materials available of the web.
Many thanks to all students, past and present, that had passed through my tutelage as
instructor and teacher for their contributions, criticisms and feed-backs on the series of
classroom lectures and practical experiences which are documented in this book.
Special thanks go to my wife, who had always back-up the realization of God’s plan
for me. She is a virtuous woman in class of her own. I am grateful for her
understanding and tolerance in taking full responsibility of running our home during
the scripting and review of this works.
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Content
Dedication............................................................................................................................ v
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi
Preface................................................................................................................................ xi
SECTION 1 Drawing Presentation ................................................ xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Technical Drawing .................................................. 15
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 15
1.2 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 15
1.3 Drawing language and standards ...................................................................... 16
1.4 Aim of drawing ..................................................................................................... 17
1.5 Types of drawing and views ............................................................................... 17
1.6 Engineering drawing requirements .................................................................... 18
1.7 Professional application of technical drawing ................................................... 19
1.8 Technical drawing and agricultural development .............................................. 19
1.9 Steps to planning drawing .................................................................................. 20
Exercise ............................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter 2 Drafting and Drawing Presentation.................................................. 21
2.1 Introduction to drafting ........................................................................................ 21
2.2 Drafting tools........................................................................................................ 21
2.3 Importance of drafting ......................................................................................... 22
2.4 Drafting practices................................................................................................. 23
2.5 Drafting aids/instruments .................................................................................... 24
2.6 Using the instruments ......................................................................................... 36
2.7 Drawing reproduction .......................................................................................... 45
2.8 Scales in drawing ................................................................................................ 46
2.9 Components of drawing ...................................................................................... 53
Exercise ............................................................................................................................. 54
Chapter 3 Lettering Principles and Practice ..................................................... 58
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 58
3.2 Importance of lettering ........................................................................................ 58
3.3 Types of lettering ................................................................................................. 58
3.4 Style of lettering ................................................................................................... 59
3.5 Lettering fonts in drawing.................................................................................... 59
3.6 Lines in lettering .................................................................................................. 59
3.7 Lettering practice ................................................................................................. 60
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3.8 Drawing lettering lines ......................................................................................... 61
Exercise ............................................................................................................................. 62
Chapter 4 Principles of Dimensioning ................................................................ 64
4.1 Importance of dimensioning ................................................................................ 64
4.2 Guidelines for dimensioning................................................................................ 64
4.3 Types of dimensions............................................................................................ 64
4.4 Components of dimension .................................................................................. 65
4.5 Dimension placement .......................................................................................... 65
4.6 Rules of dimension .............................................................................................. 68
4.7 Types of dimensioning ........................................................................................ 70
4.8 Dimensioning best practices ............................................................................... 79
Exercise ............................................................................................................................. 80
SECTION 2 Drawing Geometry & Projections............................................. 83
Introduction......................................................................................................................... 85
Chapter 5 Geometrical Figures: Properties and Construction ................... 87
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 87
5.2 Point...................................................................................................................... 87
5.3 Lines, properties, application and construction ................................................. 88
5.3.1 Line styles ............................................................................................................ 89
5.3.2 Forms of lines ...................................................................................................... 90
5.3.3 Types of lines ....................................................................................................... 90
5.3.4 Line applications .................................................................................................. 92
5.3.5 Line drawing ......................................................................................................... 93
5.3.6 Line construction.................................................................................................. 94
5.3.7 Loci: Properties and construction ..................................................................... 101
5.4 Plane and solid loci............................................................................................ 104
5.5 Plane figures ...................................................................................................... 105
5.5.1 Angles and their properties ............................................................................... 106
5.5.2 Triangles, their properties and construction .................................................... 108
5.6 Quadrilaterals, their properties and construction ............................................ 114
5.7 Polygon, their properties and construction ...................................................... 117
5.8 Circles, their properties and construction ........................................................ 124
5.8.1 Circle geometry.................................................................................................. 127
5.8.2 Tangency and normalcy construction .............................................................. 134
Exercise ........................................................................................................................... 138
Chapter 6 Projections in Engineering Drawings ............................................. 143
6.1 Drawing presentation ........................................................................................ 143
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6.2 Features of projection ....................................................................................... 145
6.3 Projection of points ............................................................................................ 147
6.4 Projection of lines .............................................................................................. 147
Chapter 7 Descriptive Geometry............................................................... 154
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 154
7.2 Orthographic projection..................................................................................... 154
7.3 Multiview projection ........................................................................................... 156
7.4 Principles of first angle orthographic projection .............................................. 164
7.5 Principles of third angle orthographic projection ............................................. 169
7.6 Symbols for orthographic projection ................................................................ 172
7.7 Comparing 1st and 3rd angle projection ............................................................ 173
6.5 Auxiliary projection ............................................................................................ 173
Exercise ........................................................................................................................... 181
Chapter 8 Pictorial Drawing and Construction .............................................. 183
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 183
8.2 Projection of pictorial drawing........................................................................... 183
8.3 Isometric drawing .............................................................................................. 184
8.4 Oblique drawing................................................................................................. 189
8.5 Axonometric drawing......................................................................................... 191
8.6 Perspective drawing .......................................................................................... 192
8.7 Diametric drawing .............................................................................................. 197
8.8 Model building drawings ................................................................................... 197
8.9 Assembly drawings ........................................................................................... 199
8.10 Sketch drawings ................................................................................................ 201
8.11 Comparing projections ...................................................................................... 208
Exercise ........................................................................................................................... 209
SECTION 3 Conic Sections & Surface Development ............................. 212
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 214
Chapter 9 Conic Sections and Construction .............................................. 215
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 215
9.2 Construction of conic sections.......................................................................... 218
9.2.1 Ellipse and its construction ............................................................................... 218
9.2.2 Hyperbola and its construction ......................................................................... 232
9.2.3 Parabola and its construction ........................................................................... 236
Exercise ........................................................................................................................... 242
Chapter 10 Solid Sections and Development .......................................... 244
10.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 244
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10.2 Types of sections ............................................................................................... 247
10.3 Hatching ............................................................................................................. 251
10.4 Sections of solid................................................................................................. 254
10.5 Surface development ........................................................................................ 262
10.5.1 Full surface development of geometrical solids .......................................... 263
10.5.2 Development of lower surfaces of geometrical solids ................................ 265
10.5.3 Interpenetration of surfaces.......................................................................... 271
Exercise ........................................................................................................................... 277
References....................................................................................................................... 279
Notes ................................................................................................................................ 280
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Preface
This book is therefore designed to help students acquire requisite knowledge and
practical skills in engineering/technical drawing practices. The contents were
designed to prepare students for technical, diploma and degree examinations in
engineering, engineering technology and technical vocations in other professions in
the monotechnics, polytechnics and universities.
Therefore, when armed with this book, students should be able to;
At the end of each chapter are lists of practical exercises that will help students perfect
their skill and proficiency in technical works.
Segun R. Bello
480001, Nigeria
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SECTION 1
Drawing Presentation
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Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
One of the best ways to communicate one's ideas is through pictures, graphic
illustration or drawings. Details of engineering innovations and technical inventions
are hid in drawing for the purpose of safeguarding them. Technical/engineering
drawing is a means of communicating shapes, sizes, positions and proportion,
features and precision of physical objects.
1.2 Introduction
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information hence it is understandable that neatness and accuracy should play an
important part in its practice. Beautifully copied engineering drawings are of little
value if the principles behind the work are not fully understood and applied.
Engineering drawing is a form of language in its own right with rules and signs. Just
as it is applicable to any language, certain rules (or standards) must be followed in
producing any drawing. These rules/standards define how shapes and position of
object should be represented; for instance, the order of orthographic views and
different line types has rules and specific position in order to fully describe such
object. They also define how a part should be dimensioned or tolerance.
The governing agency responsible for setting the mechanical drawing standards and
practices used in creating technical drawings of mechanical parts and assemblies is
the American Society of Automotive Engineers (ASME).Considering the ASME
standards for example, there are a number of documents published by ASME that
cover various aspects of mechanical drawings, here are a few of them:
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It is important to follow these standards to ensure your drawings are interpreted
correctly by others. Always consult the standard when in doubt!
There are terms commonly associated with graphic and engineering design drawings
in various forms and are meant to express different ideas as indicated below:
Sketching: This generally refers to freehand drawing without the aid of drawing
instrument
Drawing: This term usually means using instruments or drawing aids ranging from
compasses to computers to bring precision to an expressed conception in
form of graphics.
Drawing list: This is the list of cross references drawings that all combined to produce
an single product
Parts list (bill of materials): Part listing in drawing shows material, number/quantity
and provides reference number of various components
Assembly drawing: This shows how an individual parts are combined, refers to parts
list
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Detail drawing: This is a single part drawing containing all information for fabrication.
When there is a great disparity between feature sizes, or views are
overcrowded with dimensions, a detail view can be used to capture the
feature(s) of interest and display them in a removed view of greater scale.
Engineering drawing requirement are conditions that a specific drawing must meet in
order to conform to global standards in such field. Such requirements include:
1. Unambiguity and clarity: All engineering drawings must be unambiguous and clear.
Only one interpretation is possible.
2. Completeness: Every drawing must provide all information for all stages of
manufacture. i.e., detailed drawings, assembly drawings, bill of materials
3. Suitability for duplication: Such drawing must be suitable for duplication. It must
have suitable scale and clarity such that the drawing can be copied – even micro
copied – without losing quality.
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4. Language independent: The drawing must be language or Words independent and
should only be used in the title block; words should be replaced by symbols.
5. Conformity to standards: Your drawing must be conformable to known standards.
Highest standards are ISO as numerous countries learn these rules.
Figure 1-2 below give a list (not limited to the displayed groups) of professional
groups that are directly linked to engineering graphics in the execution of their daily
routing assignment.
In the following areas, technical drawing plays very vital roles in agricultural
production practice.
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1. Farm planning and field layout: Technical drawing provides the knowledge of
mapping out and field measurements when laying out foundation of structures.
2. Surveying: The knowledge of the topography of an area help in the determination
of the type of farming system to adopt.
3. Employment opportunities are created for draughtsman in the farm due to their
knowledge of technical drawing.
4. Farm structures design and construction were gained through the basic knowledge
of technical drawing
5. Implement design: Preliminary sketch of farm implements and tools aids their
design and construction in the workshop.
6. Machinery repairs: Faults diagnosis and repairs on some machinery can only be
done by tracing the diagram of the design details on the machine layout.
Exercise
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