JOHN DALTON- proposed the most simple model of atom

JOHN THOMSON- proposed the plum pudding model of atom

ERNEST RUTHERFORD: proposed the nuclear model of an atom, gold foil experiment, got nothing

NEILS BOHR- he modified Rutherford’s model by including concentric circles

VALENCE ELECTRON`

– the outermost level of energy of an atom

– Comes from the latin word valentia which means capacity

IONIC FORMATION

- When neutral atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes charges particle called ion
- Cation, positive charged
- Anion, negative charged

IONIC BOND FORMATION- The opposing charges of the ions creates an attractive force that binds the
atoms together, becomes ionic bond.

IONIC COMPOUNDS

- Substances results from ionic bonding are called ionic compound.

- Compounds that conduct electricity are called electrolytes.
- They have a high melting and boiling point

COVALENT BOND - A covalent bond is another type of chemical bond that exists between two nonmetal
atoms.

COVALENT BOND FORMATION

- Nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration. Because of this,
the nonmetals do not give but instead they share.
- Covalent bond can exist between dissimilar or similar atoms.
- Diatomic bond (2 atom bonds)

TYPES OF COVALENT BOND

- Single covalent bonds- when A pair of electrons is shared.

- Double covalent bonds- when 2 pairs of electrons are shared.
- Triple covalent bonds- when 3 pairs of electrons are shared.

POLAR AND NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND- The higher the electronegativity value, the greater the
tendency of atom to attract shared electrons.

POLARITY OF MOLECULE

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COVALENT COMPOUNDS

- Compounds that results in covalent bonding are covalent compound

- They are generally soft because the atoms are attracted by relatively weak covalent bonds.
- Compared to ionic compounds, they have lower boiling and melting point.

CHPATER 6

HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES- hydrocarbons that contains atleast one hydrogen atom replaced by
another type of atom or groups of atom

FUNCTIONAL GROUP- the replacement atom or groups of atom

Compounds containing NITROGEN

- Alcohol- HYDROXYL- Methanol (simplest alcohol) Ethanol (primary alcohol, fuel additive,
industrial solvent)
- Ether- -O- GROUP- (used as solvents, incase of diethyl ether, anesthetic agents)
- Aldehyde- CARBONYL- (used as an insecticide, formaldehyde)
- Ketone- CARBONYL- (paints and lacquers, nail polish remover or acetone)
- Carboxylic Acid- CARBOXYL- (acetic acid or vinegar, methanoic acid, in ants)
- Ester- R-COO- (pleasant smell of fruits)

Hydrocarbons, only oxygen and carbon

 Hydrocarbons- oxygen and carbon

 Alkane-single bond- CNH2n=2-
 Alkene- double bond- CnH2n-
 Alkynes- triple bond-CnH2n-2-
 Cycloalkanes- carbon atoms in a ring-cyclopropane, butane, pentane, hexane
 Aromatic hydrocarbon- arenes- 6 membered carbon- smell of fuels

Compounds containing NITROGEN

 Amines- production of dyes, PALATANDAAN TIE DYE

 Amides- plastic, rubber industry, paper industry, sewage.