MAJORSHIP MENTORSHIP

- MATHEMATICS –
Prepared by: tcsantos

Calculus C
Topics:

A. Basic Integration
B. Indefinite Integral
C. Definite Integral

Integral Calculus

Integration/ Antidifferentiation
is the procedure of finding the integral or antiderivative.

𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙/𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝑪 , where C is the constant of the integration
It can be read as “the antiderivative of g with respect to x is f(x) plus C”

A INTEGRAL or ANTIDERIVATIVE is the opposite of derivative

Constant Rule
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 , 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑘

Constant Multiple Rule

∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Power Rule 𝑥4
𝑥 𝑛+1 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ −1 4
𝑛+1

Log Rule
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶, 𝑥≠0
𝑥

Sum or Difference Rule 2

∫ 3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Try this !
∫(3𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Trigonometric Integrals

∫ sin(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑥) + 𝐶 ∫ cssc(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −ln | csc x + cot x | + 𝐶

∫ cos(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑥) + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑥) + 𝐶

∫ tan(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −ln | cos 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑥) = − cot(𝑥) + 𝐶

∫ cot(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ csc(𝑥) cot(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑥) + 𝐶

∫ sec(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec x + tan x | + 𝐶 ∫ sec(𝑥) tan(𝑥) = sec(𝑥) + 𝐶

Try these!

1. ∫ − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Indefinite Integral and Definite Integral

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
has no boundaries next to the integration sign. Its solution is the integral/ antiderivative.

DEFINITE INTEGRAL
has boundaries called limits of integration, next to the integration sign. Its solution is a
real number.

Indefinite Integral
Indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x.

∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Definite Integral
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

∫ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

𝑏 − 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
Special Properties of the Integral

𝑏 𝑎
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑎 > 𝑏
𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0

Try this! Try this!

5 7
∫ −3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 3𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥
2 7

Area of a Region Bounded by Two Graphs

Find the area of a region bounded by two graphs of two functions: y= f(x) and y= g(x)
Example:

Find the area of the area of the region bounded by the graphs of f(x)= 2x + 1 and g(x)= x 2 + 1.

To calculate the points of intersection, we set

f(x) equal to g(x) and solve

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0 ,𝑥 = 2

The graphs intersect at x=0 and x= 2

“Things grow stronger when you integrate”