MODULE IN CFLM 1 (Patriotism and Nationalism)

Course : B.S CRIMINOLOGY

Course Title : Patriotism and Nationalism
Course Credit : 3 Units
Contact Hours/week : 2X per week
Prerequisite : CFLM 1
Professor : Ronel V. Portugal,MAEd,Ed.D (CAND)
Consultation Time : Every Thursday and Friday 1:00-5:00 PM
Social Media Account

YM : ronelportugal@yahoo.com
GM :ronelportugal1003@gmail.com
Contact Number : 09100235431/09688901110

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the students are expected to:
1. Appreciate and respect their fellow citizens.
2. Instill in them a love for their country.
3. Teaches them to become selfless and do what is best for the country.
4. Becomes more of choice and less forced upon.
5. Will give them a sense of identity

INTRODUCTION

This course deals with concept of the social sciences particularly where anthropology,
psychology and sociology are concerned- along with the experiences, values as well as
fundamental and associated ideals, have been in existence for a little twenty.

This problem is exacerbated by the fact that much of social science literature in this
field, which tackle the core values and fundamental principles, have been assimilated
uncritically outside of their countries of origin, by students, lecturers, researchers and
planners. While the problem of irrelevance and its concomitant issues raised in the discourse
on indigenization had been recognized by non- Western scholars as early as the beginning
of this century, the term “Indigenization” has only become more popular since the 1970s.
It could be said that indigenization is a relatively new term, which addresses a problem that
has already been recognized quite some time ago (Van Bremen et. al.,2004).

On the concepts of “freedom,” “nationalism,” and “patriotism”, which are offered

through the Filipino lens, either weak or rare, present but not substantive. The sacrifices that
our ancestor had to make in the name of freedom, democracy and peace during the 333 years
of Spanish occupation serve as proof that, indeed, we are a nation of heroes’ great people
who cherish these values. The indomitable desire to liberate our country emanates from a
deep sense of “patriotism” and “nationalism”.
Patriotism

“Patriotism” is defined as “love of one’s country” or one’s “country of birth” because

it is the land of one’s forefathers. This concept includes the love of country of one’s
“naturalization” and a “devotion of one’s country”. It derives from the Greek word patriot,
which means “fellow countryman” and Patrice which means “fatherland” or “country”. The
term also derives from the word pater, which means “father”. A patriot is someone supports
and acts in defense of his/her country and the term generally refers to a concept of national
loyalty.

Historically, “patriotism” refers to one’s connection to the land of his/her origin. When
political ideologies emerged, the notion of what patriotism meant began to take on a political
connotation. Patriotism is considered to have different meanings according to the history,
context, and location.

Johnson (1990) views patriotism as a predisposition to behave altruistically on behalf

of the most comprehensive social system of which an individual is a member and emphasizes
its inborn nature and independence of short-term incentives and sanctions. In other words,
patriotism consists of acts and belief based on securing one’s identity or self-benefits. It is
one’s “civic devotion” to the state as a political entity while expressing commitment towards
it, thus emphasize processes of a political loyalty and political commitment to the state. Finally,
patriotism can be defined as a person’s “identification” with social values that are anchored in
the historical experience and, in the present, on the existence of a given country.

Patriotism is one of the most fundamental forces of nature-one that benefits people
across generations. On the one hand, Johnson (1997), presents three mechanism that help
explain patriotic behavior.

a. Association between familiarity and kinship:

b. Matching between genotype (kin selection and is a product of natural selection)

and phenotype (individuals who are not related but engage in altruistic
exchange); and

c. Connection between kinship and location.

The development of patriotism is not solely in terms of evolutionary forces, rather, it

also features socialization, which is an important instrument in forming feelings of “kinship”
and reciprocal altruism. As mentioned earlier, societies develop social responsibility through
such mechanism as language, customs, monuments, collective memory, literature, symbols
and ceremonies.

On the other hand, Nathanson, as cited by Staub and Bar-Tal (1997), elaborates that
patriotism is a combination of four attitudes.

a. A special affection for one’s country:

 b. A sense of personal identification with one’s country;

c. A special concern for the well-being of one’s country; and

d. A willingness to sacrifice in order to help to promote a country’s good.

To better understand patriotism, two concepts are considered essential: civic virtue
and deeds for the fatherland. The citizen should have the proper disposition and also be
mindful when it comes to using his/her abilities for the state. Citizenship gave an obligation
to commitment and enthusiasm, whereas patriotism was contrasted to apathy and selfishness.
Thus, patriotism can be understood as an activity and one could not be passive and patriotic
at the same time. The citizens love of country could bring their influence to achieve fruition
and if government allows them to be actively engaged in the affairs of the state.

Nationalism and patriotism show the relationship of an individual towards his/her

nation. The two often confused and frequently believed to mean the same thing. However,
there is a vast difference between these concepts. For one “nationalism” means to give more
importance to unity by way of a cultural background, including language and heritage,
whereas “patriotism” pertains to the love for nation, with more emphasis on values and beliefs.

Patriotism and Nationalism

It is difficult to “teach an old dog with a new trick”. According to Bob Proctor a famous
inspirational speaker, the uneducated individuals in the twenty-first century are those who
cannot learn, unlearn, and re-learn. We have so much information that is available today, thus
causing information overload for the casual audience. However, what is lacking in us is
“wisdom”, which emanates from ourselves, in particular, from having a deep knowledge of
our identity. This is the essence of patriotism and nationalism.

A FRAMEWORK OF PHILIPPINE PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM

The Philippine Archipelago

Under the Archipelago Doctrine, the Philippine is composed pf group of islands forming
a state; it is the single unit with the islands and the water between the baselines are
considered as internal waters. Article 1 of 1987 Philippine constitution states, “the national
territory comprises the Philippine Archipelago, with all the islands and water embrace therein”
and “the water around, between, and connecting the island of the archipelago, regardless of
their dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.”

Article IV, Section o1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that the following are
considered citizens of the Philippines:

• Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
constitution:

• Those whose fathers or mother are citizen of the Philippines

 • Those born before January 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship
upon reaching the age of majority; and

• Those who are naturalized and accordance of law

Language as Major Tool in Discourse

From the beginning, a defining characteristic of SP has been the use of development
of the Filipino language for psychological research and writing. Proponents noted that (1) the
use of native language is consistent with the indigenization-from-within approach; (2) native
language are an important source of indigenous construct: (the development and
communication of an indigenous psychological science may benefit from the use of native
language; and (4) reports written in native languages can reach a wider audience and
contribute toward the development of national identity (Enriquez, 1994b; Enriquez &
Marcelino, 1984; Javier, 1996; Rood 1985; Salazar, 1982b, 1991; sibayan 1994).

Pagkataong Pilipino (Filipino Personhood)

Numerous publications have been written and many studies have been conducted with
the aim of identifying the true Filipino personality. In 1989, Virgilio Enriquez proposed the
theory Pagkataong Pilipino (Filipino Personhood), which describes the personality of the
Filipino, with its core values of kapwa, pakiramdam, and kagandahang loob.

Pagkataong Pilipino (The Value System of Philippines Psychology)

By: Virgilio Enriquez

SURFACE Colonial/ Hiya (propriety/ Utang Na Loob Pakikisama

Accommodative dignity (gratitude or (companionship)
Surface Value solidarity
SURFACE Associated Biro Lambing Tampo (Affective
Behavioral (Joke) (sweetness) Disappointment
Pattern
SURFACE Confrontative Bahala na Lakas ng loob Palilibaka
Surface Value (Determination) (guts) (resistance)
CORE Privotal Interpersonal Value Pakiramdam (Pakikipagkapwa-tao
(shared inner perception)
CORE CORE VALUE KAPWA
(shared identity)
Linking Socio-Personal Values Kagandahang-loob
(pagkamatao) (shared humanity)
SOCIETAL Associated Societal Karangalan Katarungan Kalayaan
Values (dingnity) (justice) (freedom)
Core Values

Kapwa. This is considered as the core of Filipino personhood. Most would think that
kapwa refers to the other person, but it actually means “fellow human being.” The “I,” which
refers to the person, extends to and includes the other or the other individual. According to
Enriquez, kapwa is the unity of the one-of-us-and -other,”. Kapwa, the recognition of a shared
identity or an inner self shared with others may also mean “togetherness”. This is the core
construct of SP, which is actually in conflict with the common individualist (kanya-kanya) self-
identity concept of the West.

Kapwa has two categories, ibang tao (“other people”) and hindi ibang tao
(“not other people”)

Ibang tao “outsider” o “other people” – there are five domains n this construct:

• Pakikitungo (transaction/civility with) – right demeanor towards authorities (parents,

elders, etc.)
• Pakikisalamuha (interaction with) – a social value that is primarily communitarian and
espouses the ability to adapt.
• Pakikilahok (joining/participating) this translates to the participation of the entire
community to help the person.
• Pakikibagay (in conformity with/ in according with) – conformity with the demands of
those who are incharge.
• Pakikisama (being along with) – emphatizing with others.Hindi ibang tao (one of us”
or “not other people”) – there are three domains in this construct:
• Pakikipag lagayan ng loob (being in rapport/understanding /acceptance)
• Pakikisangkot (act of joining oyhers)
• Pakikipag kaisa (being one of the others)

Pakiramdam

This is the second core construct of SP. This steering emotion triggers the spontaneous
voluntary action that come with the sharing of the “self.”

Kagandahang loob

This is value Filipino value that nudges a person toward genuine acts of generosity
and towards a nurturing that has its origin in having genuine feelings for others (i.e., a sense
of emphaty)

Surface Values

The accommodative surface values including

• Hiya

• utang na loob

• pakikisama and;

• pakikipag kapwa.
Hiya (propriety)

Although it has been loosely translated as “shame” by most western psychology, “sense of
propriety” is actually more accurate way of defining this term.

Utang na loob (gratitude)

NORM OF RECIPROCITY

• Pakikisama and;

• Pakikipag kapwa (companionship)

Smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) in an attitude that is primarily guided by conformity

with the majority

Bahala na (determination)

Foreign and local describe this as a fatalistic expression that a person feels whenever
something does not turn out right or a feeling or resignation over something that you cannot
do something about.

Lakas ng loob (guts)

This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problem and uncertainties

Pakikibaka (resistance)

Literally means “concurrent clashes” this refers to the ability of the Filipino revolution and
undertake revolution and uprising against the common enemy.

Societal values

Karangalan (dignity)

Loosely translated to “dignity” this actually refers to what other people see in person and how
they use that information to make a stand or judgement that person’s worth.

Katarungan (justice)

This refers to the principle of equity in giving rewards to a person.

Kalayaan (freedom)

This is referring to both “freedom’” and “mobolity” and may clash with the less importance
value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).

In a communal way of life, our actions and ideals are guided by what we value most.
It is in this respect that we introduce several culturally intrinsic values, which in one way
or another, have influenced the interpersonal relationships of the Filipinos in a generic sense.

As cited by Manaut (1992,200), Jocano called this concept pamantayan which

means “behaving in line or in conformity with what is acceptable.” It is also used as a point
of reference or criteria for recognizing, expressing and evaluating social realities.
Pamantayan as a concept, covers the following core values:

• Evaluative core (halaga)

• Expressive core (asal), and;

• Spiritual core (diwa)

Halaga is an evaluative core value that means “importance” or “worth”. According to

Jocano, halaga influences the Filipino behavior of why we behave the way we do and not
otherwise. If one gives importance and worth to life, family, and country, therefore the person
will do his/her best in living life to the fullest, showing love to family and friends, promoting
local culture, and respecting the country and its symbols.

Asal, meanwhile, is the expressive core value that takes the form of proper behavior
(good manners and right conduct). As discussed by Jocano, asal is internalized in the process
of growing up and, therefore, becomes intrinsic in Filipino personalities. From the moment we
develop our consciousness in our childhood, we are socialized into thinking, behaving and
believing the way we are taught. A good Filipino is one who embodies good behavior ( asal).

Finally, diwa provides Filipinos with “inner strength and a sharper sense of
personhood.” It helps Filipinos develop their awareness of being alive and being human. With
diwa, “life vibrates with enthusiasm full of vigor, courage, determination, perseverance and
direction”. It is the source of goodness and strength of character. Diwa is the soul of the
Filipino people.

Heroes’ Quest for Freedom

“Isang malaking karangalan ang ipagtanggol and ating inang bayan. Ang mag
tagumpay o ang mamatay”

-Heneral Antonio Luna

As mentioned in this module “freedom is not free”. Throughout our history-from the
time of the Spaniards, Americans, and the Japanese-our ancestors sacrificed their live just to
obtain the very freedom that we are enjoying nowadays. We have to remember that force
can only be used as a last resort to attain an object. Some of our “heroes “as we call them,
used force to achieve their goals, but this did not really work in the end. In fact, even our
national hero, Jose Rizal, refuse to be rescued and opted instead to sacrifice his life because
he knew that peaceful means-not force-was better for our country.

According to Graciano Lopez Jaena. This is the best quality a good citizen or leader
should possess. Let us take a look at some of these heroes.

Lapu-Lapu is considered to be the “first police” who made the first successful defense
of Filipino freedom. His victory was the first recorded triumph of Filipino resistance against
colonial power. Nothing is known of the life of Lapu-Lapu except that he used to be the chief
of the island of Mactan. He is the first Filipino to defy the Spanish authorities, defeating
Magellan in the Battle of Mactan on April 27,1521.

Francisco Dagohoy (Francisco Sendrijas 1724) was born in Bohol during the
eighteenth century. He is the best known for leading the longest revolt in the Philippine
history. Prompted by an incident in which the Spaniards refused to give a proper Christian
burial to his dead brother Dagohoy rallied 3,000 Boholanos to his side and immediately began
a campaign, which was characterized by victories overall Spanish forces sent against him. The
people of Bohol saw in Dagohoy the leadership that they sorely needed. Having entirely
cleared the islands of Spaniards, Dagohoy triumpathy announced the independence of Bohol.
The island remained independent 85 years after his death.

Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora. The execution of Father Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora
can be considered a major blunder on the part of colonial government. The Cavite Mutiny of
1872 nourished Filipino nationalism. In a sense, 1872 produced 1896 which then produced
June 12,1898. The three priests were executed because they were implicated in the Cavite
Mutiny that lasted from January 19-20, 1872. Even Dr. Jose Rizal dedicated his novel El
Filibusterismo in memory of the three priests. He wrote.

Jose P. Rizal (June 19, 1861- December 30,1896) was a Filipino nationalist, novelist,
poet, ophthalmologist, journalist and revolutionary. While in Europe, Jose Rizal became part
of the Propaganda Movement, through which he connected with other Filipinos who
wanted reform in the motherland. He also wrote his first novel, Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me
Not), a work that detailed the dark aspects of Spain’s colonial rule in the Philippines, with
particular focus on the role of Catholic friars. The book was eventually banned in the
Philippines, although copies were smuggled in. Through this novel, Rizal’s return to the
Philippines in 1887 was cut short when he was targeted by the Spanish forces.

After this treat, Rizal returned to Europe and continued to write, releasing his follow-
up novel, El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) in 1891. He also published articles in La
Solidaridad, a paper aligned with the Propaganda Movement. The reforms Rizal advocated for
did not include independence, instead, he called for the called for the equal treatment of
Filipinos, limiting the power of Spanish friars, and representation for the Philippines in the
Spanish Cortes (Spain’s parliament). He called for the peaceful reform of Spain’s colonial rule
in the Philippines. After his 1896 execution, he become an icon for the nationalist movement.
Spain’s control of the Philippines ended in 1898.
 Mi Ultimo Adios

(By: Jose Rizal)

Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida,

Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro perdido Eden!
A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida,
Y fuera más brillante más fresca, más florida,
Tambien por tí la diera, la diera por tu bien.
En campos de batalla, luchando con delirio
Otros te dan sus vidas sin dudas, sin pesar;
El sitio nada importa, ciprés, laurel ó lirio,
Cadalso ó campo abierto, combate ó cruel martirio,
Lo mismo es si lo piden la patria y el hogar.
Yo muero cuando veo que el cielo se colora
Y al fin anuncia el día trás lóbrego capuz;
Si grana necesitas para teñir tu aurora,
Vierte la sangre mía, derrámala en buen hora
Y dórela un reflejo de su naciente luz.

Mis sueños cuando apenas muchacho adolescente,

Mis sueños cuando joven ya lleno de vigor,
Fueron el verte un día, joya del mar de oriente
Secos los negros ojos, alta la tersa frente,
Sin ceño, sin arrugas, sin manchas de rubor.

Ensueño de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo anhelo,

Salud te grita el alma que pronto va á partir!
Salud! Ah que es hermoso caer por darte vuelo,
Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu cielo,
Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad dormir.

Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un dia

Entre la espesa yerba sencilla, humilde flor,
Acércala a tus labios y besa al alma mía,
Y sienta yo en mi frente bajo la tumba fría
De tu ternura el soplo, de tu hálito el calor.

Deja a la luna verme con luz tranquila y suave;

Deja que el alba envíe su resplandor fugaz,
Deja gemir al viento con su murmullo grave,
 Y si desciende y posa sobre mi cruz un ave,
Deja que el ave entone su cantico de paz.

Deja que el sol ardiendo las lluvias evapore

Y al cielo tornen puras con mi clamor en pos,
Deja que un sér amigo mi fin temprano llore
Y en las serenas tardes cuando por mi alguien ore
Ora 11asuyu11, oh Patria, por mi 11asuyu1111 á Dios!

Ora por todos cuantos murieron sin ventura,

Por cuantos padecieron tormentos sin igual,
Por nuestras pobres madres que gimen su amargura;
Por huérfanos y viudas, por presos en tortura
Y ora por tí que veas tu redencion final.

Y cuando en noche oscura se envuelva el cementerio

Y solos 11asu 11asuyu11 queden velando allí,
No turbes su reposo, no turbes el misterio
Tal vez acordes oigas de citara ó salterio,
Soy yo, querida Patria, yo que te canto á ti.

Y cuando ya mi tumba de todos olvidada

No tenga cruz ni 11asuyu que marquen su lugar,
Deja que la are el hombre, la esparza con la azada,
Y mis cenizas antes que vuelvan á la nada,
El polvo de tu alfombra que vayan á formar.

Entonces nada importa me pongas en olvido,

Tu atmósfera, tu espacio, tus valles cruzaré,
Vibrante y limpia nota seré para tu oido,
Aroma, luz, colores, rumor, canto, gemido
Constante repitiendo la esencia de mi fé.

Mi patria idolatrada, dolor de mis dolores,

Querida Filipinas, oye el postrer adios.
Ahi te dejo todo, mis padres, mis amores.
Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos ni opresores,
Donde la fé no mata, donde el que reyna es Dios.

Adios, padres y hermanos, trozos del alma mía,

Amigos de la infancia en el perdido hogar,
Dad gracias que 12asuyu1212 del fatigoso día;
Adios, dulce extrangera, mi amiga, mi alegría,
Adios, queridos séres morir es descansar.

HULING PAALAM

(Translated by Andres Bonifacio)

Pinipintuho kong Bayan ay paalam,

Lupang iniirog ng sikat ng araw,
mutyang mahalaga sa dagat Silangan,
kaluwalhatiang sa ami’y pumanaw.
Masayang sa iyo’y aking idudulot
ang lanta kong buhay na lubhang malungkot;
maging maringal man at labis ang alindog
sa kagalingan mo ay akin ding handog.

Sa pakikidigma at pamimiyapis
ang alay ng iba’y ang buhay na kipkip,
walang agam-agam, maluwag sa dibdib,
matamis sa puso at di ikahahapis.

Saan man mautas ay di kailangan,

cipres o laurel, lirio ma’y patungan
pakikipaghamok, at ang bibitayan,
yaon ay gayon din kung hiling ng Bayan.

Ako’y mamamatay, ngayong namamalas

na sa Silanganan ay namamanaag
yaong maligayang araw na sisikat
sa likod ng luksang nagtabing na ulap.

Ang kulay na pula kung kinakailangan

na maitina sa iyong liwayway,
dugo ko’y isaboy at siyang ikikinang
ng kislap ng iyong maningning na ilaw.

Ang aking adhika sapul magkaisip

noong kasalukuyang bata pang maliit,
 ay ang tanghaling ka at minsang masilip
sa dagat Silangan hiyas na marikit.

Natuyo ang luhang sa mata’y nunukal,

taas na ang noo’t walang kapootan,
walang bakas kunot ng kapighatian
gabahid man dungis niyong kahihiyan.

Sa kabuhayan ko ang 13asuyu13 gunita

maningas na aking ninanasa-nasa
ay guminhawa ka ang hiyas ng diwa
paghingang papanaw ngayong biglang-bigla.

Ikaw’y guminhawa laking kagandahang

akoy malugmok, at ikaw ay matanghal,
hininga’y malagot, mabuhay ka lamang
bangkay ko’y maisilong sa iyong Kalangitan.

Kung sa libingan ko’y tumubong mamalas

sa malagong damo mahinhing bulaklak,
sa mga labi mo’y mangyayaring ilapat,
sa kaluluwa ko halik ay igawad.

At sa aking noo nawa’y iparamdam,

sa lamig ng lupa ng aking libingan,
ang init ng iyong paghingang dalisay
at simoy ng iyong paggiliw na tunay.

Bayaang ang buwan sa aki’y ititig

ang liwanag niyang lamlam at tahimik,
liwayway bayaang sa aki’y ihatid
magalaw na sinag at hanging hagibis.

Kung sakasakaling bumabang humantong

sa krus ko’y dumapo kahit isang ibon,
doon ay 13asuy humuning hinahon
at dalitin niya payapang panahon.

Bayaan ang ningas ng sikat ng araw

ula’y pasingawin noong kainitan,
 magbalik sa langit ng buong dalisay
kalakip ng aking pagdaing na hiyaw.

Bayaang sino man sa katotong giliw

tangisang maagang sa buhay pagkitil;
kung tungkol sa akin ay may manalangin
idalangin, Bayan, yaring pagkahimbing.

Idalanging lahat yaong nangamatay,

Nangag-tiis hirap na walang kapantay;
mga ina naming walang kapalaran
na inihihibik ay kapighatian.

Ang mga balo’t pinapangulila,

ang mga bilanggong nagsisipagdusa;
dalanginin 14asuyu kanilang 14asuyu
ang 14asuyu1414 mong ikagiginhawa.

At kung ang madilim na gabing mapanglaw

ay lumaganap na doon sa libinga’t
tanging mga patay ang nangaglalamay,
huwag bagabagin ang katahimikan.

Ang kanyang hiwaga’y huwag gambalain;

kaipala’y marinig doon ang taginting,
tunog ng gitara’t salterio’y magsaliw,
ako, Bayan yao’t kita’y aawitan.

Kung ang libingan ko’y limot na ng lahat

at wala ng kurus at batong mabakas,
bayaang linangin ng taong masipag,
lupa’y asarolin at kahuya’y ikalat.

Ang mga buto ko ay bago matunaw,

mauwi 14asuyu14 at kusang maparam,
alabok na iyong latag ay bayaang
siya ang babalang doo’y makipisan.

Kung magkagayon ma’y, alintanahin

na ako sa limot iyong ihabilin,
 pagka’t himpapawid at ang panganorin,
mga lansangan mo’y aking lilibutin.

Matining na tunog ako sa dinig mo,

ilaw, mga kulay, masamyong pabango,
ang ugong at awit, paghibik ko sa iyo,
pag-asang dalisay ng pananalig ko.

Bayang iniirog, sakit niyaring hirap,

Katagalugan kong pinakaliliyag,
dinggin mo ang aking pagpapahimakas;
diya’y iiwan ko sa iyo ang lahat.

Ako’y patutungo sa walang busabos,

walang umiinis at berdugong hayop;
pananalig doo’y di nakasasalot,
si Bathala lamang doo’y haring lubos.

Paalam, magulang at mga kapatid

kapilas ng aking kaluluwa’t dibdib
mga kaibigan, bata pang maliit,
sa aking tahanan di na masisilip.

Pag-papasalamat at napahinga rin,

paalam estranherang 15asuyu ko’t aliw,
paalam sa inyo, mga ginigiliw;
mamatay ay siyang pagkakagupiling!

Dr. Jose Rizal is considered our national hero because of his significant contributions
to our country. It was the American Governor in the person of William Howard Taft who
suggested to name Rizal as the national hero. He also ordered the Rizal’s statues be built in
different parts of the country, along with the establishment of the Rizal as a national hero not
only because they wanted to win the sympathy of the Filipino people but also because what
Rizal did was similar to what their “founding fathers” did. America was once a colony under
Great Britain. But they were able to obtain freedom and sustain it because of their strong
foundation of “nationalism.”

Andres Bonifacio (November 30, 1863- May 10, 1897) was a Filipino nationalist and
revolutionary leader who founded the Katipunan, a secret society that spearheaded the
coordinated uprisings against the Spanish and laid the groundwork for the first Philippine
Republic. He grew up in the slums and knew from practical experience the actual conditions
of the class struggle in his society. He did not have formal education, much less any kind of
military training, but he supplemented the meager knowledge he had acquired from private
tutors (his aunt) by self-study. Among his favorite reading materials were books about the
French and American Revolutions, which no doubt influenced and guided his thinking and
actuations during the Philippine Revolution.

Bonifacio organized the K.K.K. or Kataas Taasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng

mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan on the day of the “Cry of Balintawak”. Bonifacio together
with Katipunero, attacked the Spanish garrison at San Mateo, Rizal. The Spaniards were
quickly driven from the town but when enemy reinforcement came, the insurgents were forced
to retreat. Andres Bonifacio was an able organizer and courageous leader. His fighting spirit
prompted him personally lead men in battle. However, his bold and resolute conviction in his
actions led him and his men to suffer many defeats.

The life of Bonifacio-from start to end-sadly demonstrates the lack of unity in our country,
which still happens today. Unfortunately, he died not in the hands of the enemy but in the
hands of a fellow Filipino. When the leader of the Katipunan passed away, Emilio Jacinto
carried out the wishes of Bonifacio. The Katipunan, at this time, had many factions and not
all of them operated in the same way as they waged their efforts to gain independence from
Spain. In fact, as with his predecessor before him, Jacinto refused to join Magdalo faction of
the Katipunan under the leadership Emilio Aguinaldo.

` Apolinario Mabini (July 23, 1864-May 13, 1903) was a Filipino revolutionary leader,
educator, lawyer and statesman who served as the first Prime Minister of the Philippines,
serving first under the Revolutionary Government and then under the First Philippine Republic.
He started to study at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in 1881 and at the University of
Santo Thomas, where he received his law degree in 1894. During this time, he earned his
living by teaching Latin and then serving as a copyist in the Court of First Instance in Manila.

Mabini’s chief work, La Revolution Filipina, a reasoned analysis and cogent argument
concerning the ideological implications of the revolution against Spain as well as the resistance
to the American invaders, reveals the progressive and democratic impulse behind his thinking.
As a selfless and dedicated patriot, Mabini has always tried to mediate between the people’s
will and the decisions of their leaders.

Revolts against Spanish tyranny (1500s to 1800s)

• Dagami Revolt (1565-1567)
• Lakandula and Soliman/ Sulayman Revolt (1574)
• Pampanga Revolt (1585)
• Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (1587-1588)
• Revolts Against the Tribute (1589)
• Magalat Revolt (1596)
• Igorot Revolt (1601)
• The Chinese Revolt of 1603
• Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622)
• Bancao Revolt (1621-1622)
 • Itneg Revolt (1625-1627)
• Ladia Revolt (1643)
• Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50)
• Maniago/Pampanga Revolt (1660-1661)
• Almazan Revolt (January 1661)
• Panay Revolt (1663)
• Zambal Revolt (1681-1683)
• Agrarian Revolt of 1745
• Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1829)
• Silang Revolt (1762-1763)
• Palaris Revolt (1762-1764)
• Basi Revolt (1807)
• Novales Revolt (1823)
• Palmero Conspiracy (1828)
• Pule Revolt (1840-1843)
• Cavite Mutiny (1872)

Japanese Occupation

The Philippines occupies a strategic position in Southeast Asia, and for this reason, it
has become the favorite target of foreign aggressors. Thus, throughout its history, the
preservation of the country’s independence through the exercise of positive nationalism and
the defense of our sovereignty against external threats has become very vital. During World
War II, as the threat of war inched closer to the Philippines, the United States decided to call
our army reserve sto active duty through the United States Armed Forces in the Far East
(USAFFE) under the command of Gen. Douglas MacArthur. Most of our reserve units were still
under training or being organized when Japan suddenly attacked the Philippines on December
8, 1941.

Japan’s first aim was to destroy our air force units so that she could be free to land its
ground force. Thus, its first action was to bomb Clark Field, Nicholas Field, Zablan Field, and
other landing fields where our airplanes were stationed. The effects of the Japanese air attack
were devastating.

The Resistance Movement was conceived before the Japanese invaded the Visayan
Islands. Presse by the problem of lack of arms and ammunition and profiting from the
experience of the USAFFE forces in Luzon, our USAFFE troops in Visayas immediately saw the
wisdom of engaging in guerilla warfare. However, this plan was temporarily disrupted by
the desire of the American to put up an organized resistance and by Gen. Wainwright’s order
of surrender. Soon after, a good number of USAFFE officers and soldiers immediately formed
their respective guerilla outfits in all the big Islands in the Visayas.

In general, the resistance movement during Japanese occupation proved to the whole
world not only the Filipinos desire and determination to remain free, but also their steadfast
loyalty to the ideals of democracy. Due to the successful guerilla operations, they were able
to turn away a considerable number of Japanese troops, which could have been used against
Gen. MacArthur. Through their demonstrated capacity for endurance, courage and optimism
under Japanese occupation, our guerilla soldiers won for our country the admiration of all
freedom-loving people in the world.

PATRIOTIC SYMBOLS

The Philippine Flag is a symbol of the nation's independence. It serves as the rallying
point for people who want to demonstrate their unity and common aspirations. In marches,
be in it battle or in formal parades. The flag is a borne ahead to signify the subservience and
loyalty of the marchers to the country represented by the flag

The need to have a unifying Filipino flag was recognized by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and
his associates during their exile in Hongkong. In the impending fight for independence, they
realized that they needed a flag to manifest their desire for national freedom and to serve
their battle standard. The task of making the first Filipino flag was given to Marcela De Agon-
cillo, who was then residing with his husband in HongKong.

Designed by the Junta Patriotica, a council of exiled Filipino Leaders in

HongKong, our flag first graced the Philippine skies when Philippine independence was de-
clared. Since then the colors red, white and blue, and the sun and the stars have all served
as important symbols representing the defense of our country and the pursuit of national ob-
jectives. It symbolizes the underlying spirit of the people from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
and the ideal of freedom, justice, loyalty, courage, and honor, which Filipinos uphold.

In the Philippine flag he suns in the triangle symbolizes liberty, unity, and autonomy. The
eight rays of the sun represent the first eight provinces (Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Nueva Ecija,
Laguna, Batangas, Tarlac, Pampanga) that revolted against Spain. The three yellow stars
stand for the primary island groups in the country (Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao). The upper blue
stripe represents peace, truth, justice, and universality, whereas the lower red stripe signifies
bravery, patriotism and the willingness of the Filipinos to sacrifice their lives to defend their
country

The guidelines or the Flag code are indicated under RA 8491, which is also known as the
“Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippine”

Hoisting and Proper Display of the National Flag. The Flag shall be displayed in all public
buildings, official residences, public plazas, ans institutions of learning everyday throughout
the year (SEC.5). The Flag shall be permanently hoisted, day and night, throughout the year,
in front of the following
• Malacanang Palace;
• The Congress of the Philippines building;
• Supreme Court building;
• The Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila;
• Capital Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite;
 • Barasoain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan;
• The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Libingan ng mga Bayani;
• Mausoleo de los Veteranos de la Revolución; and
• All International Ports of Entry and all other places as maybe designated by the Insti-
tute (SEC 6.)

The flag shall be properly illuminated at night. The flag shall also be displayed in private
buildings and residences or raised and open in the open on flagstaffs in front of said buildings
on the following dates;

A. April 9 (Araw ng Kagitingan);

B. May 1 (Labor Day);
C. May 28 (National Flag Day) to June 12;
D. June 12 (Independence Day);
E. August 9 (NATIONAL HEROES DAY);
F. November 30 (Bonifacio Day):
G. December 30 (Rizal Day); and
H. On such other days as maybe declared by the president and local chief executive
(SEC 7.).

The Flag may also be displayed throughout the year in private buildings or offices or
raised in the open on flagstaffs in front of private buildings, provided that day observe flag-
raising ceremonies in accordance with the rules and regulations issued by the Office of the
President.

All Government Agencies and Instrumentalities as well as local government offices,

government-owned corporations, and local government units are enjoined to observe flag day
with the appropriate ceremonies. Socio-civic groups, non-government organizations (NGOs)
and the private sector are exhorted to cooperate in making the celebrations as success. (SEC
8.).

The Flag shall be flown on merchant ships of Philippine registry of more than one
thousand (1,000) grows tons and on all naval vessel (SEC 9.).

On board naval vessel, the flag shall be displayed on the flagstaffs at the stern when
the ship is at anchor. The flag shall be hoisted to the gaff at the after most when the ship is
at the sea.

The flag, if flown from flagpole, shall have its blue field on top in time of peace and
red field on top in time of war; if in a hanging position, the blue field shall be to the right (left
of the observer) in time of peace, and the red field to the right (left of the observer) in time
of war (SEC. 10).
 The flagpole staff must be straight and slightly tapering at the top.

If planted on the ground, the flagpole shall be at a prominent place and shall be of
such height as would give the flag a commanding position in relation to the buildings in the
vicinity (SEC 11.).

If attached to a building, the flagpole shall be on the top of its roof or anchored on a
sill projecting at an upward angle.

If on stage or platform or government office, the flag shall be at the left (facing the
stage) or the left of the office upon entering.

When displayed with another flag, the Philippine flag shall be on the right of the other
flag. If there is a line of other flags, the Philippine flag shall be in the middle of the middle of
line. (SEC 15.).

When carried in a parade with other flags, which are not national flags, the Philippine
flag shall be in front of the center of the line.

A flag that has become worn out through wear and tear shall not be thrown away. It
shall be solemnly burned to avoid misuse or desecration. The flag shall be replaced immedi-
ately when it begins to show signs of wear and tear. (SEC. 14).

The flag shall be raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. It shall be on the mast at
the start of official’ office hours and should remain flying throughout the day (SEC. 15).

The flag must be displayed;

a. Inside or outside a building or on a stationary flagpole. If the flag is displayed flagpole,

it shall be placed at the left of the observer as one enters the room;

b. From the top of a flagpole, which shall be at prominent place or a commanding position
in relation to the surrounding buildings;

c. From a staff projecting upward from the window sill, canopy, balcony, or facade of a
building.

d. In a suspended position from a rope extending from a building to pole erected away
from the building;

e. Flat against the wall vertically with the sun and stars on top; and
 f. Hanging in a vertical position across a street, with the blue field pointing east, if the
road is heading south or north, or pointing north if the road is heading east or west
(SEC. 16).
g.
The flag shall not be raised when the weather is inclement. If already raised, the flag
shall not be lowered.

The flag shall be hoisted to the top briskly and lowered ceremoniously (SEC. 17).

The flag shall never touch anything beneath it, such as ground, flood, water, or
other objects.

After being lowered, the flag shall be handled and folded solemnly as part of the cer-
emony.

The Flag-Raising Ceremony

All government offices and educational institution shall henceforth observe the flag
raising ceremony every Monday morning and the flag lowering ceremony every Friday after-
noon. The ceremony shall be simple and dignified and must include the playing or singing of
the Philippine National Anthem (SEC. 18)

The office of the President, upon the recommendation of the institute, shall issue rules
and regulations for the proper conduct of the flag ceremony (SEC. 19).

The observance of the flag ceremony in official or civic gatherings shall be simple and
dignified and shall include the playing or singing of the anthem in its original Filipino lyrics and
march tempo (SEC 20).

During the flag raising ceremony, the assembly shall stand in formation facing the flag.
At the moment the first note of the anthem is heard, everyone in the premises shall come to
attention, and all moving vehicles shall stop. All person present shall place their right palms
over their chests, those with hats shall uncover, while those in the military, scouting, security
guard, and the citizens military training uniforms shall give their salute as prescribed by their
regulations, which shall then be complete until the last note of the anthem (SEC 21).

The assembly shall sing the Philippine national anthem, accompanied by a band that
is readily available, and the first note, the flag shall rise briskly

The same procedure shall be observed when the flag is passing in review or in parade.
 During the flag lowering, the flag shall be lowered solemnly and slowly so that it shall
be down the mast at the sound of the last note of the anthem. Those in the assembly must
observe the same deport or behavior as for the flag-raising ceremony (SEC. 22)

HALF-MAST

The flag shall be flown aa a sign of mourning on all buildings and places where it is
displayed, where it is displayed, as a provided for in this act, on the day of the official an-
nouncement of the death of any of the following officials;

• The President or a former President, for ten (10) days;

• The Vice-President. The Chief Justice, the President of the Senate, and the speaker of
the house of Representatives, for seven (7) days; and;
• Other persons to be determined by the institute, for any period less than seven (7)
days (SEC 23)

The flag when flown at half-mast, shall be first hoisted to the peak for a moment and
then lowered to the half-mast position. The flag shall again be raised briskly to the peak before
it is lowered for the day.

Casket

The flag may be used to cover the caskets of the honored dead of the military, veterans
of previous wars, national artists, and of civilians who have rendered distinguished service to
the nation, as may be determined by the local government unit concerned. In these cases,
the flag shall be placed in such a way that the white triangle shall be at the head and the blue
portion shall cover the right side of the caskets. The flag shall not be lowered to the grave nor
should it be allowed to touch the ground; rather it shall be folded solemnly and handed over
to the heirs of the deceased (SEC.24)

The national flag may be used to cover the caskets of the honored dead. As recognized
by the state.

When positioning the flag. The white triangle must be at the head of the casket, while
the blue field must cover the right side. To prevent the flag from falling off, a black
band may be wrapped along the side of the casket.

Commission on audit (COA) using the flag stamped and approved by the institute as
reference (SEC 30).

In carrying out its responsibilities under section 4 hereof, the institute, COA, and the
ITDI/PTRI shall prepare guidelines to be approved by the Office of the President (SEC 31.)
 All Government Agencies and Instrumentalities shall ensure that the requirements
under this Act with respect to the standards, requisitions, and delivery of the national flag are
strictly complied with (SEC 32.)

All departments, agencies, offices, and Instrumentalities of the government, govern-

ment-owned or controlled corporations, and local government units, including barangays, shall
include in their annual budgets necessary purchase of the national flag (SEC 33.)

PROHIBITED ACTS

The following shall be prohibited:

• Mutilate, deface, defile, trample, on or cast contempt and any act or omission casting
dishonor or ridicule upon the flag over its surface:
• To dip to any person or object by the way of compliment or salute:
To use the flag:
• As a drapery, festoon, table cloth
• As covering for ceiling, walls other objects:
• As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles:
As a staff or whip:
• For unveiling monuments or statue: and
• As trademarks or for industrial, commercial, or agricultural labels or
design.
To display the flag under the following conditions:
• Under any painting or picture:
• Horizontally face-up. It shall always hoist aloft and be allowed to fall freely:
• Below any platform: or
• In discotheques, cockpits, and night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints, and
places of vice or where frivolity prevails.

• To wear flag in the hole or in park as a costume or uniform:

• To add any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisements, or imprint
of any nature on the flag:
• To print, paint or attach a representation of the flag on handkerchief, napkins, cush-
ions, and other articles of merchandise:
• To display in publics any for foreign flag, except in embassies and other diplomatic
establishments, and in offices of international organizations:
• To use display or depart of any advertisement of infomercial: and
• To display the flag in front of buildings or offices occupied (SEC 34).
Philippine National Anthem

For the national anthem, Gen. Aguinaldo wanted a march tune, something similar to
the Marcha Real Espanola, the Spanish National Hymn. With such specifications, Julian Fe-
lipe composed the national anthem entitled Himno Nacional Filipino. However, it took over a
year before the hymn acquired lyrics. Sometime in August 1899, at the height of the Fili-
pino-American War, a youthful soldier poet named Jose Palma, wrote a poem in Spanish to
fit the music of the Himno Nacional Filipino. With the title Filipinas, the poem was originally
published September 3, 1899 in the La Independencia. Upon its publication, it was unani-
mously accepted as the lyrics for the hymn composed earlier by Julian Felipe.

During the American era, the National Anthem was translated into English by Camilo
Osias and A.L Lane. However, in the early 1990, its official lyrics were interpreted by Felipe
de Leon from the original Spanish lyrics, and this is what we are using today.

FILIPINAS
(Jose Palma, 1899)

Tierra adorada,
Hija del sol de Oriente,
Su fuego ardiente,
En ti latiendo está.

Patria de amores,
Del heroismo cuna,
Los invasores
No te hallarán jamás.

En tu azul cielo, en tus aurus,

En tus motes y late el poema
De tu amada libertad.

Tu pabellón que en las lides

La victoria ilumino,
No verá nunca apagados
Sus estrellas ni su sol.

Tierra de dichas, de sol y amores

en tu regazo dulce es vivir;
Es una gloria para tus hijos,
Cuando te ofenden, por ti morirás.
Flag-Raising Ceremony

Under RA 1265, the flag ceremony is compulsory in all educational institutions. The
recitation of the Panatang Makabayan and Panunumpa ng Katapatan sa Watawat ng Pilipinas
should be done after the singing of the National Anthem, and the singing of ako ay Pilipino
should be in the last part; however, this is optional. This kind of activity instills in the mind of
the children the essence of patriotism and love of country.

PANATANG MAKABAYAN
(New Version)

Iniibig ko ang Pilipinas,

Aking lupang sinilangan,
Tahanan ng aking aking;
Kinukupkop ako at tinutulungan
Maging malakas, masipag , at marangal,
Dahil mahal ko ang pilipinas,
Diringgin ko ang payo ng aking magulang,
Susundin ko ang tuntunin ng paaralan,
Tutuparin ko ang tungkulin ng mamamayang makabayan;
Naglilingkod, nag aaral, at nagdarasal
Nang buong katapatan.
Iaalay ko ang aking buhay, pangarap, pagsisikap
Sa bansang Pilipinas.

PANATANG MAKABAYAN
(Original Version)

Iniibig ko ang Pilipinas

Ito ang aking lupang sinilangan
Ito ang tahanan ng aking lahi
Ako’y kanyang kinukupkop at tinutulungan
Upang maging malakas, maligaya at kapakipakinabang
Bilang ganti, ay diringgin ko ang payo ng aking mga magulang
Susundin ko ang mga tungkulin ng isang mamamayang makabayan at masunurin sa batas
Paglilingkuran ko ang aking bayan nang walang pag-iimbot at ng buong katapatan
Sisikapin kong maging isang tunay na Pilipino sa isip,
sa salita at sa gawa.
 Ako ay Pilipino

Ako ay Pilipino
Ang dugo’y maharlika
Likas sa aking puso
Adhikaing kay ganda
Sa Pilipinas na aking bayan
Lantay na Perlas ng Sinilangan
Wari’y natipon ang kayamanan ng maykapal
Bigay sa ‘king talino
Sa mabuti lang laan
Sa aki’y katutubo
Ang maging mapagmahal

CHORUS;
Ako ay Pilipino
Ako ay Pilipino
Isang bansa isang diwa
Ang minimithi ko
Sa bayan ko’t bandila
Laan buhay ko’t diwa
Ako ay pilipino
Pilipinong totoo
Ako ay Pilipino
Ako ay Pilipino
Taas noo kahit kanino
Ang Pilipino ay ako!

Commemoration

As Nation, give value to the sacrifices of those people who sacrificed their lives to obtain
freedom-these men and women are our “heroes”. Sacrificing oneself for the sake of the coun-
try represents ultimate dedication, devotion, and loyalty; it is also the most valuable gift that
can be given by a citizen to his/her country these heroes deserve to be remembered through-
out the generation.

December 30 - Every year on December 30, we celebrate Rizal Day, which is his death
anniversary. When he came back to the Philippines, he was re-arrested by the Spaniards
because of his alleged involvement with the series of revolts that broke out in 1896, historically
referred to as the Philippine Revolution. The observance of Rizal Day goes back to the
decree issued Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo on December 20, 1898 declaring December 30, as the
anniversary of Jose Rizal’s death. It also decreed’ a National Day of Mourning’ for Rizal and
other victims of the Spanish for the minion throughout its three-century rule. At the same
time, Gen. Aguinaldo issued a directive that all national flags shall be hoisted at half-mast
from 12 o'clock noon on December 29, and all offices the government shall be closed the
whole day on December 30 as the sign of mourning

November 30-It is celebrated as a public holiday in memory of the Filipino Hero Andres
Bonifacio. During thus day, Filipinos thank him for his Heroic attitude in Fighting for Our coun-
try’s independence during the Filipino-Spanish war A Filipino nationalist and revolutionary,
Andres Bonifacio was the founder and leader of the Katipunan movement, which sought the
independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started of the Philippine revo-
lution.

August 26- National Heroes Day in the Philippines was held every last Monday of August. By
virtue of RA 9492, the official day has been declared to be August 26. This date was chosen
as it marked the day when the Cry of Pugad Lawin occurred in 1896, thus initiating the start
of the Philippine revolution against Spain.On this occasion, flowers are offered at the Libingan
ng mga Bayani, at the Mausoleum for Veterans of the revolution (Mausoleo de los Veteranos
de la Revolución) at the Manila North Cemetery, at the Pathway to Glory in Heroes’ Square in
Rizal Park and at other heroes’ monument. As we celebrate National Heroes’ Day, let us re-
member the lives and works of our heroes - those listed in history books and those whose
names have been forever lost in history.

June 12- Independence Day was officially observed on July 4 until RA 4166 which
was approved on August 4,1964, set out to move the holiday to June 12. This act legalized
the holiday, which is based on the declaration of independence on June 12. 1896 by Gen.
Emilio Aguinaldo and Filipino revolutionary forces from the Spanish colonization. The Philip-
pine flag was raised and its national anthem was played for the first time in 1898. However,
liberty was short-lived because Spain and the United states did not recognize celebration.

May 28- June 12 - National Flag Day. On May 23, 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos issued
Executive Order No. 179, which expanded the National Flag Day into an extended period,
culminating in the celebration of Independence Day. During this period, Filipinos enjoy dis-
playing the Philippine Flag in all offices, agencies, and instruments of government, business
establishment, school and private homes.

April 9- The Day of Valor was a national observance until a letter of instruction No.1087,
Dated on November 26, 1980, made Araw ng Kagitingan a national public holiday. this
holiday the brave people who helped bring democracy and freedom in the Philippine during
the world war II. Executive order No.203, dated June 30 1987, further proclaimed April 9 as
‘Araw Ng Kagitingan’ to pay tribute to the heroes of Bataan, Corregidor, and Bessang. It
commemorates the heroism of Filipinos and American Soldier when the Japanese occupied
the Philippines during World War II. Major General Edward P. King of the United States Army
was forced to surrender more than 76,000 Filipinos and American soldiers to the Japanese
dawn on April 9,1942. The soldiers were forced to take a 90-mile (1-45 kilometer) hike to
camp O'Donnell in San Fernando, Unfortunately, thousands of prisoners died during the hike
(also known as the Bataan Death March) sue to starvation, dehydration, and diseases be-
fore they could reach the camp.

CALL FOR PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM

Allegiance to the country and constitution

How can we demonstrate our allegiance to our country? First of all, one must keep
faith in the soundness of our system of government, in our constitution, in our laws, and in
the duly elected leaders of our country. Allegiance to our country does not mean simply pro-
fessing love of our country and pride as a Filipino. What must borne in mind as a Filipino is
that being a citizen of the Philippine is a privilege; it is a recognition of our rights to utilize the
resources of our country and to be protected by our government. however, in return for en-
joying the rights as a Filipino citizen, we must assume obligations to defend the country

Role of the Military

According to Pres. Manuel L. Quezon, on the one hand, “A nation of trained men, ready
to defend their country has the lasting respect of itself and of the world’ and that on the other
hand , ‘a nation of helpless citizen can expect nothing but slavery at home and contempt
abroad’ Under the National Defense Act that was implemented during the Commonwealth Era,
the Military Service shall be obligatory for all citizens of the Philippine; even women should
receive such instruction and training as might be necessary for performing auxiliary service.
Being a ‘defender of the Constitution’ requires great sacrifice by giving up some personal
privileges, such as going beyond their place of comfort in order to serve the country. Loyalty
to the Constitution and Filipino people, under one flag and the concomitant willingness to give
their life is their primary mission-one that requires a great deal of courage.

“LOYALTY” is defined as faithfulness, consistency, devotion, alliance, and fidelity to

one’s superior or duty, cause, or principle. It is the feeling or sentiment, often strong or even
enthusiastic, that accompanies one’s sense of allegiance. Loyalty as a virtue is intangible. it
exists as a pervading spirit in a relationship of a people to a country, of man to people, it is
especially manifested when the relationship is put to test, such as when extraneous force
threatens that which is the object of loyalty. However, we must distinguish loyalty from ser-
vility, because the latter could be used for abuse and might break the chain of command.

“OBEDIENCE” In Military organization is very important.it is defined as the submis-

sion to authority and willingness to obey. Lack of obedience will not only prejudice the interest
of individuals but can also defeat the welfare and objectives of the group to which they belong.
every well -organized group has a set of rules and regulations the ‘Article of War’ although
these rules and regulations restrict or limit actions under certain circumstances, they are not
intended to harass or deny the freedom of action. The rules are necessary for the good of
every member and the nation as a whole.

“COURTESY” is the expression or manifestation of consideration for others. It is a

virtue that is expected of all individuals from all walks of life. In the Military, courtesy is a
great requirement because it is the basis of military discipline. Once it is not observed whole
heartedly, the organization will lose its orderliness and they may even disintegrate. Further-
more, courtesy promotes good relationships as well as a closer coordination and teamwork
among members of the organizations. It makes the organization dignified and ensures good
relations with the public.

A soldier who is not courageous is not a fine and dependable soldier. Fear is a natural
human emotion that takes place among unusual circumstances, especially in the face of im-
minent threat and danger. The real soldier, however, is one who can control fear and place
duty above emotion. This is brought about by such motivations as love of country, pride in
national heritage of bravery, complete faith and loyalty in the cause that he/she is fighting
for. The acts of heroism among soldiers are achieved not because of their lack of fear but
because of their control over the normal human feeling of fear. Moral courage, fear of
failure, criticism and ridicule have often discouraged men from doing what is right,
jus, and noble. Hence, courage to do things right in the face of possible failure and
criticism is a triumph in itself.

ROLE OF THE POLICE AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

The state shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national and
scope and civilian and character, to be administered and controlled by a national police com-
mission. The authority of local executives over the police unit and their theories diction shall
be provided by law (Art. XVI, Sec,6,1997 Constitution). However, “in times of national emer-
gency, the PNP, The Bureau of Fire Protection, and The Bureau of Jail Management, Penology
shall, upon the direction of the President, assist the armed forces in meeting the national
emergencies” (Sec.3, RA 8551).

While it is very clear that the PNP is civilian in character, PNP forces can be deployed
in times of national emergency, which means they should also be ready to defend the country
at any time. It is difficult to conceptualize “civilian character” in PNP considering that the so-
called “Military Mentality” is still there. Most of the high-ranking officers are trained in Military
Science, which urges them to implement military protocol in the organization, which may
sometimes be cascaded down into the community as the police “thus, the police should be
able to work closely with the community in order to gain their support. As the police may
sometimes think that “civilian mentality” is a low form of thinking. Thus, part of police training
is is change their perspective from the being civilian into men in uniform. However, what they
sometimes fail to internalize is that, what they are doing is a great sacrifice for the people is
a “great honor and pleasure” for a service man/women, and it can be manifested or appreci-
ated by the people through the “respect “given to them by the former or by the government
through awards and recognition. These are important ideas that some of our men in uniform
have failed to internalize because they typically label themselves as ordinary citizens whose
reward for services rendered should be in the form of compensation or money.

Indeed, it is a great honor to serve the country and its people and this should be the
motivation of our men in uniform, not just the salary. In fact, their salary, which comes in the
people taxes are given to them because they also have personal needs and families to support
even though they are working full-time as public servants, this salary is not designed for them
to get rich. Getting rich should not be a goal of a law enforcer or any public servant, because
if that what is the case, then they have to leave public service and go into private practice or
business, it never appropriate to combine the interests of public service and business, into
one because it might result in a conflict of intersection, and even corruption.

ROLE OF CITIZEN’S TRAINING IN SHAPING THE YOUTH.

As mentioned earlier, according to Pres. Manuel L. Quezon, “A nation of trained men,

ready to defend their country, has the lasting respect of itself and of the world” but” a nation
of helpless citizens can expect nothing but slavery at home and contempt abroad”

Citizen’s training is aimed at improving and maintaining the spirit of cooperation so

that the ordinary Filipino citizen will always work together to promote the welfare of the na-
tion.

Like many countries in the world, citizen’s training should start at the very young age
because it aims to inculcate “love of country” among the youth. The very first law promulgated
by Pres. Quezon was the National Defense Act, which laid down the Defense Policy of the
Philippines. At that time, there was a preparatory Military Training (PMT) and this was later
changed to Reserve Officer Training Course (ROTC) a compulsory course meant to last for
two years, Due to some controversy, the ROTC became an optional course under the National
Service Training Program (NSTP). Some argued that ROTC did not serve its original purpose,
resulting in its abolition. As of today, due to rising tensions in the West Philippine Sea, there
are steps to bring back the original “concept” of ROTC which is to prepare our youth to defend
the country.

Experts have discovered that the implementation of citizen’s training had been inef-
fective in the past. In the latter part of this book, we will discuss how to improve ROTC or any
concept of military training. In a sense, the left leaning groups somehow accomplished this.
Their objective; our democracy might collapse. The very purpose of citizen’s training (i.e.,
ROTC) is not to punish the youth or make them suffer just to meet a requirement to graduate
in college. Its primary objective is to instill in the heart and mind of the youth the spirit of
patriotism they might be inspired to conduct some activities to attain exercise they might be
inspired to conduct some activities to attain a similar objective, Obedience, Discipline, Cour-
tesy and loyalty are among the characteristics that the youth should develop. These are vital
for the survival of the future generations of the Filipinos.

DUTY OF EVERY FILIPINO TO OUR MOTHERLAND

The country is inseparable from the people that populate it. Love for one’s country is
linked to the love of its people. Our love for the Philippines would be empty and meaningless
if we do not love the Filipino people .as good citizens, we are expected to know our duties to
the community. One such duty i to know the laws and ordinances promulgated by our national
and local governments.

Teaching the youth to respect the law is important, because the foundation on which
the greatness of a nation rests is formed by morality, industry and order. None of these can
exist without respect for the obedience of law.

The rules and regulation must be obeyed by all members, Meanwhile, the leaders of a
group which could be the head of an organization or a commander of troops, has the grave
responsibility of ensuring the achievement of the common good. All of us who are members
of the group has a responsibility of behaving according to the written rules and regulation set
for us.

In relation to the above. Cooperation is essential in promoting one’s own personal

welfare and the interest of the group to which he/she belongs. Like cogs in a machine, the
group members can only attain the group’s mission if we play our respective roles for the sake
of the group.

The motives that bring people to work together vary; force intimidation, love, and
understanding among others. Compulsion, compromise, exploitation, bargaining, leadership
and comradeship represent different motives of cooperation. However, since we believe and
practice democracy in our country, the kind of cooperation we must demonstrate as good
Filipino citizen is one that is motivated by love, understanding, mutual confidence in ourselves
and in our leaders, and the spirit of comradeship.

Who are the citizen Soldiers?

Under Article V of RA 7077, also known as the Citizen Armed Forces of the Phil-
ippines Reservist Act, provides guidelines in carrying out the activities of the Citizen’s
Armed Forces. Mainly, the Citizen armed forces shall be organized, trained, developed, and
maintained so as to ensure their readiness to immediately respond to the call of service.
 Categorization of Citizen Soldiers. There shall be three (3) categories of citizen
soldiers of AFP reservists; the First Category Reserve, the Second Category Reserve, and the
Third Category Reserve, which are all based on age.

(1) First Category Reserve - composed of able-bodied reservists whose ages

are between eighteen (18) and thirty-five (35) years inclusive.

(2) Second Category Reserve- composed of able-bodied reservists whose

ages are between thirty-six (36) to fifty-one (51) years inclusive.

(3) Third Category Reserve- composed of able-bodied reservists who are

above fifty-one (51) years of age.

Classification of Reserve Force Units Based on the categorization provided in Sec.12

above, the reserve force units shall further be classified into the ready reserve, the standby
reserve and the retired reserve based on their operational readiness for immediate deploy-
ment/utilization.

(1.) Ready Reserve - composed of citizen soldiers belonging mostly to the first category
reserve and others as provided in the Act , who shall be organized, trained and main-
tained as mobilization ready reserve subject to call at any time to augment the regular
armed forces of the AFP not only in times of war or national emergency but also to
meet local emergencies arising from calamities, disaster, and threats to peace, order,
security, and stability in any locality, including the need to provide assistance in relief
and rescue work and other civil assistance activities.

Any reservist or citizen soldier belonging to the second category reserve and/or the third
category reserve, particularly the commissioned and non-commissioned officers who will vol-
unteer to serve with ready reserve shall be allowed, if qualified and fit for duty, top join and
actively participate as part of the ready reserve and shall serve with an appropriate ready
reserve unit.

All citizens soldier belonging to the first category reserve, except those exempted under
this act, shall be required to serve with ready reserve unit and will have assignments and
promotions in accordance with existing policies of the AFP until they are transferred to the
standby reserve by virtue of their age.

The following citizen soldiers may be exempted from rendering service with said reserve units:
 • Active members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National
Police;
• Those who are residing abroad but only during the duration of their absence from the
Philippines;
• Those who are physically and mentally unfit to serve their tour of duty
• Those who are convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude; and
• Those who may be exempted from duty for valid reasons, which may be authorized
on a case-to-case basis by appropriate and competent authorities. For this purpose,
the AFP shall issue such appropriate guidelines rules, and regulations as may be nec-
essary.

(2.) Standby Reserve - composed of citizen soldiers belonging mostly to the Second Cate-
gory Reserve and the Third Category Reserve, except as provided in the Act. The members of
the standby Reserve shall be organized and assigned to specified reserve units and shall
maintained through annual assembly tests to update their records and their present addresses
among others. The standby reserve may be mobilized or ordered to active duty only in times
of national emergency or war. The ranks of the members of the standby reserve may be
upgraded if they voluntarily participate in training or choose to serve with the ready reserve
units in their areas or if their standby reserve units undergo retraining. They will, However,
be encouraged to upgrade their military knowledge and skills by taking up nonresident or
resident courses, which shall be set up for this purpose.

(3.) Retired Reserve - composed of citizen soldiers who have qualified for the retirement
through length of service, old age, or disability. For this purpose, sixty-five (65) years shall be
considered as the retirement age. However, if qualified and fit for duty, a member of the
retired reserve may be ordered to active-duty times of local or national emergencies if he
volunteers for active duty and when the secretary of national defense determines that there
are not enough qualified citizen soldiers with his special skills and qualifications in the ready
reserve or the standby reserve in his particularly area of residence.

In defending the country, one does not need to be brilliant, a master tactician, or a
skilled “warrior” all you need to have is the “heart” of a true Filipino who is willing to defend
the country until the last drop of his.

CHALLENGES TOWARDS PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM

Improvements Needed in the ROTC

Teaching the ROTC to the youth is important because it aims to develop their physical,
moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It aims to inculcate in the youth the values
of patriotism and nationalism and initiate their involvement in public and civic affairs. However,
its abolition by virtue of RA 9163 (which made it an optional course), proved its ineffectiveness
in terms of implementation. Given its importance, let us try to understand why and how the
very important key to establishing our defense system, which is vital for the survival of future
Filipino generations, has been significantly weakened. Did the propaganda machine of the
leftist groups successfully weaken the defense policy of the country or was there a failure on
the part of the government to strengthen the mechanisms involved in the implementation of
this program?

First, the Armed Forces created a bad image during the Martial Law era-an image they
are still trying to recover from. Martial Law per se is good. For example, when it was
implemented in Mindanao after the Marawi Siege, it significantly improved the peace and
order situation in the area. As for the Martial Law imposed by former Pres. Ferdinand Marcos,
the author got the chance to interview former Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile in his house
in Dasmarinas Village. In that interview, we discussed the situation before the implementation
of Martial Law during the Marcos regime. According to Enrile, anarchy was prevalent in the
country during that time; the communist groups were trying to take over the country and the
only way to stop them was to impose martial law. With Martial Law, the government was
given more power to impose the law. Supporting the government is one way of demonstrating
patriotism and nationalism.

Going back to the ROTC while it is true that stricter discipline should be applied in the
military, in dealing with the youth, there should a balance. The problem with the ROTC is that,
the personnel handling the program are not able to internalize its very concept. The rigid
training design featuring classes in a training camp cannot be applied to the students attending
formation in ROTC. Moreover, shouting, uttering bad words, resorting to humiliation, giving
inappropriate orders, and hazing should not be applied. Instead, character building can be
done through instruction and demonstration in a logical manner. Punishment is somehow
appropriate, but it should only be for those who violated the protocol and should be properly
explained to the person.

It is not yet too late to instill the concepts of “patriotism and nationalism” in mind and
heart of the youth. It is expected that after this initiative, brilliant minds will surface to give
their ideas, but the pessimists may still be there preaching its worthlessness. The question is,
“What have we done to contribute to our country?” it is our duty to instill the values of
“patriotism and nationalism” in every Filipino, especially the youth and the better way to do it
is to understand their origin and significance. There are several people who are willing to do
it, but the problem is they don’t know where to star. Remember, Lao Tzu said “The journey
of thousand miles begins with one step” and that step could come from “YOU”. That first step
is very significant for our nation’s survival and for the future of the Filipino people.

Globalization

The “Filipino first policy” was introduced by former Pres. Carlos P. Garcia so that
Filipino-owned businesses would be prioritized over their foreign counterparts. This policy also
encouraged Filipino consumers to patronize Philippine-made product. Many Filipinos are
naturally attracted to the foreign way of life, and of course, to foreign product. The fact that
we seem to be losing our identity has prompted some nationalist groups to campaign for the
eradication of foreign influences and shift focus to what we have and who we are. One such
individual was former Sen. Claro M. Recto who advocated some nationalist laws, including the
inclusion of the “Life of Rizal” in the college of curricula. However, given the definitions
provided earlier, do utilizing or patronizing foreign products and forging alliances with foreign
countries constitute violations of patriotism and nationalism?

In an interview with former Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile, the author of this
book also discussed the so-called “balance of power”, which is vital sustaining a nation’s
sovereignty. Enrile discussed about the Hobbesian philosophy in explaining how societies
evolve. He explained that, in the beginning, every person needs a weapon to defend
him/himself. However, as the society evolved, people decided to create a so-called “artificial
person” to fulfill that need which, in this case, is the government. People surrender some of
their rights to the government in return for the guaranteed protection from the latter. In the
International arena, the law that governs a nation is a kind of “force”.

As a third world country, we need to secure alliances with powerful countries so that
we can be assured that they will provide us reinforcements incase of an invasion. Remember,
our country occupies a strategic position in the region and the threat of war in the West
Philippine Sea is inching closer. In the economic realm, alliances also give us advantages
through trade. For example, our current government is trying to encourage more foreign firms
to invest our country, because more investments mean more jobs for Filipinos. This is the
essence of globalization: to eliminate boundaries that hinder the smooth flow of trade,
technologies, ideas and culture among nations. In some cases, it can also be useful in
resolving crimes.

For some nationalists, patronizing other countries can be considered an unpatriotic

act, which may be true to a certain extent. Some Filipinos nowadays prefer to work abroad
rather than in their home country because of several reasons: the high salary, their preference
for foreign products (assuming that ours are not equal standard), and their love for foreign
cultures (for example, some Filipinos prefer to speak foreign language than our own).
However,

Culture and Language

The Philippines is an archipelago; hence, we have always been fragmented in terms

of local culture and language. There are several ethnic groups in our country and each of
them has a distinct culture and dialect. Our ethnicity, culture, language, and even religion
sometimes tend to divide us. The challenge is how to put our common goals and aspirations
under one flag so that we can achieve national unity.

Language is one of the key factors in the unification of a nation. Let us example some
countries that have utilized language as an instrument for unification. For example, Japan
utilizes a unified Japanese language throughout the country, and the same is true in South
Korea. The United Kingdom uses English along with Australia and Canada (although Quebec
Province uses French). Ironically the United States, despite being a predominantly English-
speaking country, has many citizens who can barely speak the language. This is because many
of them are migrants who are non-native English speakers.
In the Philippines, there are several languages used in different ethnic groups through-
out the country. Former Pres Quezon already saw the problem because when he went to other
parts of the country and talked to the other people, he had to bring an interpreter or use the
English language to understand each other. He pondered on the fact that he had to use a
foreign language to better understand fellow Filipinos. Hence, in 1936, Commonwealth Act
No. 184 was passed which created a national committee and empowered its members to
decide on which one of the existing dialects will be selected as the official national language.
Later, this was strengthened by the creation of the Commision on National Language by
virtue of RA 7104. In 1936, the committee consisted of members who were Ilocano, Bicolano,
Waray, Cebuano, Tagalog, Maranao-Maguindanoa, Kapampamngan, and Pangasinense, un-
der a committee chairman who was Hilagaynon.

After thorough and earnest efforts in studying in the case, the Committee recom-
mended Tagalog to be the basis of our national language. In 1959, Tagalog was renamed into
Pilipino to placate the non-Tagalog speakers. In 1973, the Filipino language was supposed to
be transformed into a fusion of different dialects and the introduction of an artificial language
was recommended. However, this plan was feasible due to the lack of native speakers and
literary traditions to help propagate such artificial language. Today, our national language
which is “Filipino” is primarily based on Tagalog although it can be loosely considered a mix-
ture of different languages. In Mindanao there is an emerging language that is called “conyo”
which is a mixture of Tagalog and Bisaya. However, this way of speaking has received criti-
cisms, especially from the tagalog speaking people, because of its sentence structure and
accented manner of delivery.

Ethnicity and Religion

“Christians” “Muslim” and “Lumads” are words that have somehow divided us histori-
cally because of the false sense of idealism that has pervaded our psyche. Christians represent
the majority of the Filipinos and have always been subjected to attacks, especially the catholic
church. In history, Catholicism was introduced to us by the Spaniards through force. Ironically,
most of our heroes who fought for freedom were devout Catholics; even Jose Rizal kept his
faith until his death.

“Ang mga Pilipino inuuna ang pamilya, Kaya nating mag buwis ng buhay para sa pam-
ilya pwera sa katuwirang makabayan” In the words of Heneral Luna, Filipinos have opted to
choose family over the country. Is this an issue that has hindered our nation’s growth, devel-
opment and progress? Does this explain why corruption is rampant? Is this the cause, why do
we have an insufficient number of citizens who are considered makabayan in the public and
private sectors? What makes FILIPINOS Filipino? Participatory Social transformation through
cultural reorientation; A presentation De Leon writes something about ethnicity (and if we can
do away with it);
 Ethnicity is necessary to achieve nationalism, yet nationalism and patriotism cannot be
attained if just one ethnic group is dominating. These can be obtained when different tribes
come together in harmony, make initiatives and work for the betterment of one nation; when
tribes work as one not to dominate but to contribute their wisdom and technology to create
synergy. Perhaps it is high time Filipinos assess the quality and definition of nationalism and
patriotism.

UNTOLD STORIES OF OUR “FORGOTTEN HEROES”

Palagio R. Rondina
I am the proud grandson of a “guerilla fighter”. My grandfather Pelagio Rondina, was
a former guerilla during world war II (or Guerra Mundial número Dos as they were called).
However, Due to illiteracy and lack of knowledge, he was neither recognized nor given the
benefits due to him as a guerilla fighter. Nevertheless, his story of gallantry has molded me
into the person that I am today.

My grandfather was born on December 5, 1923 in the barrio of Buenavista, Sto. Nino,
Samar. He was originally from Cebu. He married Teodora Note and was blessed with fifteen
children. My father Lolito Rondina, was second to the youngest among the siblings. Unfortu-
nately, my parents separated when I was just four years old. Since then, my grandfather has
taken good care of us. He was a farmer and a carpenter. He was illiterate and not even know
how to read and write.

First Sergeant Alberto B. Martin Sr.

My great-grandfather was a World War ii veteran .during the war he was assigned in
Central Luzon ,particularly in Bataan in which he had rank of First Sergeant .As far as i re-
member ,i was 5 years old when we moved from davao to Kiangan, Ifugao .We lived in my
grandparents’ house because that's where my father was actually raised, my parents said that
the moment my great grandfather or *ama/appu ama'' (ama is an ifugao word pertaining to
a father ,while the word appu means respected old person) saw me, he said “ neh, ittay an
Johnny”[eh , a small Johnny (my father’s name)]. Appu ama would always tell me stories
about life before, during, and after the war every time we had supper. He would always start
with “hangin gubat” (during the war), followed by so many stories that he would remember
every time he saw certain things, such as the food served on the table.

Fermin Medrano Montero

Fermin Medrano Montero (1917-1956) was inducted on October 1941 to join the US
Army Forces in the Far East (USAFEE). According to his son, Tomasito Montero, his father,
Fermin, served under the command of the 9th Infantry Division and was assigned in the 402nd
brigade located in Surigao del Sur, Mindanao. Acquiring the rank of 1 st sergeant, he was given
a role as a US machine gunner, baring both 60 caliber machine gun and m2 carbine. After the
surrender of American and Filipino defenders in 1942, Fermin decided to join the guerilla
movements to have a fighting chance, particularly to protect his family against the Japanese
Empire. When the war ended in 1945, he continued to serve in the Philippine Commonwealth
Army and eventually retired in1947 at the of 30. He spent his remaining years in Surigao del
Sur where her raised four sons and two daughters. On October 5 1965, he died at the age of
58 due to meningitis.

Urbano Goc-ond Codenera

Urbano Goc-ond Codenera was born June 12, 1920. He died on October 25,2005 at
the age of 85 years old. He lived at Capalong, Davao Del Norte. According to my mother, who
told me this story a long time ago, my grandfather fought even before World War II. Spaniards
wanted to seize the Philippines, and the Filipinos refused so it resulted in conflicts between
the two countries. The first season was on August 1940, Germany bombed the Southern coast
of England under Prime Minster Winston Churchill, and some of his army fought and provided
assistance by using a secret invention, which was the “radar”. The radar was used to
determine the air force coming into the country, thus helping it draw the planes’ defenses to
the country’s vast plane of Sprayer and defeating German forces, Hitler initiated another attack
and together with his generals, carried out the conquest of the Soviet Union, the largest
country in the world. That war involved many countries and was considered the largest, most
expensive, and the bloodiest battle in the history of mankind. Those countries who participated
in the war deployed numerous military forces to conquer the opponent. Although they won,
that also meant that many soldiers died. After the war, they returned here in the Philippines.

Filomino A. Tanundra

“The Messenger”

Filomino A. Tanundra was a guerilla messenger in World War 2. He was born on August
11, 1931 in Car-Car, Cebu. During the war, he delivered important messages from the guerilla
forces to the high-ranked officers of USAFFE in Cebu. He was also delivering messages not
just in Cebu but also to other provinces. He was a young boy back then, in fact he was just
12 years old when he started to run as fast as he could so that he can survive and deliver the
important messages consisting of strategies and intels that might determine the outcomes of
many battles.

Right now, he spends his time playing board games in Osmena Park in Davao City.
Although he was a messenger, not a soldier, he also played an important role during the war.
As a matter of fact, he is not just a messenger but also a hero.

Gracias Garcia Requita

Gracias Garcia Requita was born on September 17,1926. He was a guerilla during
World War II and bravely fought for his country even if most of them were only using a bolo
as a weapon. Their group was led by one Macario Peralta. Sir Gracias said that during the
war, only the USAFEE members were the ones who were using rifles just like a Japanese
soldier. There was a time when the USAFEE camp (Camp Murphy in Quezon City) was bombed
by the Japanese.

Sir Gracias Garcia Requita is a retired Dean of the College of Forestry of the
University of Mindanao.

Jose Calupi

During World War II, American and Filipino soldiers combined forces to fight against
to Japanese. At that time, there was a brave soldier named Jose Calupi. He was from Leyte
and was born on January 6,1911. When Gen. MacArthur left the Philippines due to his mission
on Australia, the Japanese had the opportunity to attack the Philippines because of its
dwindling defense.

Jose Calupi trained for about two months because of the unending Japanese attacks.
They went to Bataan for the promise of reinforcements from the US, but nothing came. Thus,
they had no choice but to fight and defend Corregidor. Jose was using a machine gun at that
time, and although he was not an expert, his anger was enough to ensure that he used it
decently.

Jose retired from being a soldier then went to a place where he can live without
fighting. By the end of the war in 1945, when Emperor Hirohito of Japan surrendered to
America, Jose Calupi went to Mindanao to have a better life. He was able to reach Mindanao
aboard an American warship. He settled in Bukidnon and later married Rouse Mercado, who
gave birth to three children: one girl and two boys.

` In 1990, Jose Calupi died at the age of 79 due to a heart attack. However, before he
died, he was able to share to his siblings some of his stories and experiences as a brave soldier
who fought for this country.

Gaudencio Baugbog

Mr. Baugbog was originally a security guard in a certain establishment. He was never
supposed to be a veteran to begin with, because he never took a program nor had any
degree that qualified him to be a soldier.

Gaundencio, limping on his blistered feet, was able to find a house in the mountains.
He asked for the owner’s permission to keep himself out of the sight of the Japanese forces.
The owner was generous enough to let him in and grant him the chance to stay hidden there.
When the Japanese men came to inspect the entire house, Gaudencio was never found. Why?
That was because the owner was quite tricky.

The owner thought that wrapping him with a banig could keep him blended in with
the surroundings. Gaudencio stood still as the man wrapped him with the woven sheet. When
the Japanese came, they found no sign of a single soldier. Gaudencio Baugbog then knew he
was safe.
 Having to fight for the country during that war wasn’t easy. Gaudencio had gone
through traumatizing events, such that whenever the sound of helicopters echoed in the night,
he would be gripped with fear that the enemies were coming back. He would tell his family to
take cover and would wail in silence until the sound disappears.

Flabiano Condes

Flabiano Condes was one of the Filipino soldiers who served the country during World
War II. He was an army vehicle driver during the time when former Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
was still a captain of the defending troops. He was born in 1924 and died in the year 1993 at
the age of 73 because of heart failure. Flabiano was a soldier from Camp Jones, Ormoc City,
who was assigned to be in Bataan where he became a prisoner of war.

As time flew by, when the Japanese learned that Condes can drive, they tasked him
to deliver a supply of water to the next camp. He took a few other prisoners with him as they
trailed onto the road.

Men like Flabiano courageously faced threats and violent attacks. Filipinos are very
blessed to have people like him fight for our country.

Vicente Quina

His story is one of the more interesting ones ever told. As a soldier, Vicente was
assigned first in Leyte and then transferred to Davao. In Davao, he was involved in a Japanese
attack, which he survived by rolling over and pretending that he was dead. He was almost
captured and killed; fortunately, his dear soldier friend came to help him as he was already
surrounded by bayonetas.

Vicente came home to his family where he would hide. He was eventually captured by
the scout rangers and was taken to a place near Tugulan River. Vicente tried to trick them by
growing camote shrubs from far away because they didn’t have food, but they didn’t believe
him. He told them to come to Manila with him. They agreed. But they did not know how to
swim and that was how Vicente was able to escape them.

Locas Romano

Mr. Locas Romano was a soldier who became inactive. He trained in Tagum del Norte
and was later assigned to Leyte where he became an investigator. He was the one responsible
for checking the new soldiers sent by the Americans. Later, he was sent to work on a ship in
which he was responsible for managing the number of resources and other materials.

Mr. Romano was also once caught by the Japanese while he was gathering vegetables,
but he managed to escape and run back to their camp. He managed to fool them when the
enemy soldiers ordered him to get coconuts from the tree.
 His life during the war was harsh, there was scarcity of food and supplies and there
was no means of communication, because the Japanese had cut off their wires. The only thing
that kept them from pure starvation was eating guava leaves, but un the end, they managed
to survive.

Reference/s

Nationalism And Patriotism By:

Leo Carlo Rondina,Ph.D.
Anne Aldeguer-Talib
Roen Caesar S. Cardinal
Copyright 2020