DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

Electron Emission

Thermionic emission J= AT²e-o/KgT

Field Emission J= aE²eb/E

Photo Electric Effect

Einstein's Photoelectriceq. (Ex)max = hv - o = [hv - vol

Stopping Potential eV, = hc

no. if e emitted
Photo Electric Efficiency
no. of photons absorbed
Power Power = nEp
Vo KE

Vo Vo

67
 Important Graphs
Variation of Photoelectric Variation of Photoelectric
Current with Intensity Current with Potential diff.
Photocurrent Photocurrent
Stopping
Potential -Vo

I3 1, 1,
Intenisity of Light Retarding
Potential
Collector late
Potential

Photocurrent vs Time
Photocurrent Vo vS v

Stopping Met
A al

Potential Vo M e t
B a l

Incident Frequency (v)

109 Time

Photocurrent vs Voltage
with diff. frequency with diff. Intensity
Photocurrent Photocurrent

v3>v 2>v1

V3 y1v1
VoaVo2 o
Retarding Potential
Collector
Collector Plate
Plate
68 Potential
 electronfor
A=-=
(m,
A= Magnetic
Fieldin 12.2 h
- Particle
em,u,
kgT mËVË AParticle my
m+mz h
h h
Kinetic =
protonfor of
(14+e)m,u2y, + De-Broglie
Equation
mass
0.286 is
Explosion
h for moving V2m K.
E.
Theory Collision m
69 A moving
k
for in
olecule
Mgas of Potetial
Gases (m, deutron
0.202 : Jparticle with
em,Ju, velocity
my+mz A
h diff.
for /2mqAV in
qBr h + 1= electrick
KT (1 a
+ particle
0.101: v
h h e)m,u,
A
field
 Heisenberg Uncertainity Principle
It is impossible to predict simultaneously the position and
momentum of an elementary particle
h
Axáp > 2Tt
Radiation and Pressure
Surface with Surface with 100%
100% Reflection Absorption (Black Body)

2IA, cos0 IA, cos² 0 IA, sin 0cos

F, =
FPlate = Fy C C
C

21 I
P= P=÷
C

70
 ATOM
Rutherford Gold FoilExperiment
particle Application
Scattered
Closest distance of approach
a 2KZe2
of ro =
E
no
Impact Parameter
2b
scattering angle
Bohr Atomic Model
cot3 To
my2 KZe? my
Force Fe = r r

Angular nh
L= mvr myr =
Momentum 2Tt

Energy of hy= E -Efl

electron

71
 Important Results
T,n?
Radius of n" orbit
Z

Velocity of nthorbit VoZ

Vn =
n

Energy ofnorbit E, = -13.62

n3
Time Period T« T= 2Trn
72 Vn
1 z2
Frequency of nthorbit
T n3

Current in n orbit
n3

Magneticfield B=
Holn
2rn
Z
Magnetic Moment Mo
n

n
Area
Z2
1
Spectral Serles = RZ2
72
 NUCLEI
Important Points
Size of Nucleus R= R,A1/3
4
Volume of Nucleus V=R}A
3

D=
Density of Nucleus 4
R,
Mass Defect Am = (Zm, + (A-Z)m,]-M

Binding energy B.E. ={Zm, + (A - Z)m]- M}e?

Binding Energy per B. E. {(Zm, + (A - Z)m,] - M}e?
Nucleon A A

N
Nuclear Stability 1.51

Q value of Nuclear Q= (mg-mp)c?

Rxn

1 1
Nuclear Force Fa 7
73
 Radioactivity
dN
Rate of Disintegration = Adt
dt
No. of nuclei present
undecayed at any instant N=Noe-t
0.693
Half life
t1/2 =

N
Mean Life/Average Life
No -)
Types of Decay
A-4

Alpha Decay
X+He
Z-2

Q= (my - (my + mHe)lc?

Beta Decay
Minus Bdecay Plus Bdecay
A 0 A
N A
Z+1 X +-1 e +v Z-1 X +e
+1
+v

Ae = (My- My)c? Ae = (My- My - 2me)c?

Gamma Decay x
74
Y +y rays