ETHICS- rightness and wrongness of people - He teaches people with high five.

PHILOSOPHY = Philo – Love 3 CLAIMS OF PROTAGORAS

= Sophy- Wisdom I. Man is the measure of all things.

II. He can make the worst arguments appear better
PHILOSOPHER- lover of wisdom
or the weaker argument appear to be stronger,
PHILOSOPHISING- loving the wisdom. and
III. No one could tell if GOD is existing or not.
3 things
• Critical Thinking THE DOCTRINE OF ETHICAL RELATIVISM
• Positive Mindset - Known as Moral Relativism
• Creativity - Moral judgements are relative.
‘’THE MORAL AGENT & DILEMMA’’ - Morality is relative to norms of one’s culture of one’s culture.
-
MORAL AGENT- he is a person who can determined what - ETHICAL RELATIVISM
is good and devil. It is the view that one particular group’s system of beliefs
and value is morally superior to others.
MORALITY- it is the principle that distinguishes one’s
There are no universal or absolute moral principles, and that,
action whether that action is good or not.
standards of right and wrong are several competing values
DILEMMA- when a person is forced to choose between that are seemingly equally important and urgent.
two or more conflicting options.
2 TYPES OF ETHICAL RELATIVISM
How should a human person handle a dilemma?
1. Cultural Relativism- Not judging a culture to our own
- The decision of the person placed in this dilemma will standards of what is right or wrong.
depend on the person’s moral perspective. 2. Ethnical Subjectivism- The idea that our moral opinions
are based on our feelings and nothing more.
CULTURE AND BEHAVIOR
THE FILIPINO MORALITY
CULTURE- system of shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and - Opposite of Ethical Relativism is Ethnocentrism
practices common to a particular group. ETHNOCENTRISM- Greek word “eqnoc” (ethnos) means
CULTURAL BEHAVIOR- the ability of human to align their “nations” or “people” and from English word center.
behavior across groups in a dynamic way that emerges - One particular ethnic group is somehow superior to
with shared experience. others.
MORAL BEHAVIOR- acts intended to produce kind and/or
THEOCENTRISM- it is the view that believes that GOD’s law is
fair outcomes.
the absolute standard by which we are to judge everyone
POP CULTURE/ POPULAR CULTURE-
else’s system of beliefs and values.
I. Mainstream media
II. Social media (Both theocentrism and ethnocentrism upheld the idea that
III. Movies there are absolute value systems.)
IV. Fads
CULTURAL RELATIVISM- it is the view of ethical systems “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good
and cultural beliefs vary from one culture to another. men to do nothing” – Edmund Burke
- Equal in validity and of relevance. 7 STRENGHTS OF FILIPINO CHARACTER
PROTAGORAS OF ABDERA 1. Family Oriented
2. High regard for others.
- Born in Abdera- coastal town in the northern most 3. Have sense of humor
hub of aegan sea. 4. Very religious
- Oldest and most influential sophist in Athens. 5. Creative and flexible
 6. Hard working
7. Have patience.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL CHARACTER
• The judgement regarding the morality of an action is
based on the person who did the action.
• The goodness of action can be based on the kind
person who did the action; from the intention of
doing an act; from the character of the moral agent.
• Etymologically, character comes from the ancient
Greek term “Charakter”, which initially referred to the
mark impressed upon a coin.
• A person’s value will be determined by the character
that a person’s possess.
• Aristotle often used the term eon (ethe) in order to
refer to his idea of the character is etymologically
linked to “linked to ethics” and “Morally”.
• Aristotle concept of morality is connected with his
concept of apern (arete), which Aristotle translated as
excellence. To make the person moral, his action must
be an done in the most excellent way.
THE LIFE & MORAL IDEAS OF LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
➢ Born on October 25, 1927, at Bienville, New York,
USA
➢ Youngest of four children of Alfred Kohlberg and
Charlotte Albert Kohlberg.
➢ He finished studies at Philip Academy in Andover
Massachusetts in 1945
➢ He also enrolled at University of Chicago and
complete his Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology
in one year and his PHD Psychology in 1958 and
began teaching in Harvard in 1968.
KOHLBERG THEORIES ON BOTH PSYCHOLOGY AND
EDUCATION
- Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is a theory that
focus on how children develop morality and moral
reasoning.
THE MORAL IDEAS OF LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
- The moral character serves as the basis for moral action,
in such a case what kind of character should one have in
order to have his action be considered moral.
- Kohlberg upheld the idea that there should be a
consensus of morality, in the case of different an moral
perspective, he held that there must be a consensus
theory of rightness.
Concescus theory of rightness – moral principle may be
right or wrong rather than true or false.
THE STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
STAGES AND SUB-STAGES:
PRE-CONVENTIONAL STAGE- Self-focused stage since, at
this stage, moral reasoning is based on the effect or
physical consequences of an action to oneself.
I. OBEDIENCE AND PUNISHMENT
ORIENTATION- it is inclined or reward and
punishment.
II. PLEASURE ORIENTATION- it is inclined to
please only himself to achieve his
intentions.
CONVENTIONAL STAGE- also called group focused stage
because this is concerned with fulfilling role expectations.
I. PEER AND GROUP ACCEPTANCE STAGE-
It is inclined to win approval of one’s immediate
group.
II. SOCIAL STRUCTURE ORIENTATION- it is
inclined on obeying the rules set by the
society.
POST-CONVENTIONAL STAGE- according to Kohlberg, this
level of moral reasoning is as far as most people get.
I. SOCIAL CONTRACT ORIENTATION- it is
inclined on justice and maintaining equal
rights.
II. UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLE- it is
inclined on justice and maintain equal
opportunity.
 IMPARTIALITY- involves the idea that each individual
interest are equally important.
DAVID HUME- he claimed that morality must be rooted in
feelings.
MORAL ACTS- involves taking necessary steps to THOMAS NAGEL- he claimed that morality must be rooted
transform the intern to do the right or wrong thing into in reasons.
reality.
- must be our own act, born of our own choice. Feelings may be irrational.
- They may be products of prejudice, selfishness, or cultural
2 ACTS THAT MAN ELEICITS
conditioning.
Intellect & Freewill - One moral decision may depend on the effect of one’s
action to the person’s involved.
1. Human Acts – Voluntary
2. Acts of Man – Involuntary Thomas Nagel’s Point of View- the basis of morality must be
on the happiness that one’s action may to the others.
2 BASES OF HUMAN ACTS - If an action is going to cause harm to others, then the
1. Feelings action is considered to be evil.
2. Reasons
8 STEPS TO MORAL REASONING
FEELINGS AND MORALITY
1. GATHER THE FACTS-it is important that the
- David Hume was born 1711 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
necessary facts be gathered.
- He is a Scottish Philosopher, historian, economist, and
2. DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUES- it is a problem or
essayist.
situation that requires a person to choose between
- Known for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism.
two options where both options are morally wrong.
3. REVIEW RELEVANT ETHICAL GUIDELINESS – it is
Hume held that judgement of good and evil of an act is
important to determine the different ethical
not a new fact discovered or deducted by reason. If this is
guidelines in order to determine which guideline
the case, we might be ending up with saying that moral
can be best applied to the issue.
assessment is similar to mathematical judgement. Good
4. OBTAIN CONSULTATION- consults person who are
and evil are not existing matter of fact.
more competent in terms of morality.
5. LIST THE ALTERNATIVE COURSE OF ACTION- it
One’s view regarding the goodness and badness of an
requires creative thinking.
action is based on passions, motives, volitions, and
6. COMPARE THE ALTERNATIVE WITH THE
thoughts.
PRINCIPLES- at this point, the case will already be
resolved.
7. WEIGH THE CONSEQUENCES
CRITIQUE ON HUME’S ETHICAL PRINCIPLE
8. MAKE A DECISIONS
- Some moralists would claim that it is quite difficult to
accept the principle of David Hume on ethics.
- If we are to follow the principle of Hume that moral
judgement are formed by feelings, then there will be a
problem, according to the rational moralists, because
morality must be absolute and universal.

REASONS AND IMPARTIALITY

REASONS- is the basis of motive of an action, decision or

conviction making sense of things.