Yamin Shwe Sin Htet RA-83249

Construction technology

Myanmar Noble University

The Construction Technology of low-rise building

By Yamin Shwe Sin Htet

Unit 1 Construction Technology

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List of figures
figure 1 sectional drawing of Foor design…………………………………………………………19

Figure 2 sectional drawing of roof design……………………………………………………………20

Figure 3 Sectional drawing of road and footoaths…………………………………………………….31

Figure 4 sectional drawing of Urban Drainage system……………………………………………….32

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Abstract
This abstract outlines the scenario of a trainee Assistant Engineer working in the design
section of a large construction company. The company has been contracted by the local town
council to design and construct a new three-storey community building on a site that includes an
old derelict council building.

The community building will have three floors, with each floor serving specific functions such as
an entrance hall with a main reception, multi-use main floor area, interview rooms, offices, staff
rooms, meeting rooms, storage spaces, prayer room, kitchen, and toilet facilities. Additionally,
external works will include the creation of a car parking area, fencing, gates, and a waste bin
enclosure. The site is situated in the town center, adjacent to a major junction between two roads,
with busy foot traffic and neighboring residential and commercial properties.

As a trainee Assistant Engineer, the individual will be responsible for assisting in the design and
construction of the community building, taking into account the specific requirements of the
local town council and the surrounding environment. The project will require careful
consideration of the structural form, materials, and construction techniques to ensure a safe,
durable, and environmentally friendly building is constructed.

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Introduction
This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of various structural forms
available for the construction of a new three-storey community building. The purpose of this
report is to help our supervisor understand the range of different structural forms and their
suitability for the project.

The report will start by outlining the key considerations in selecting a suitable structural form,
such as the building's size, shape, and intended use. Next, it will provide an overview of various
structural forms, including their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The report will
also highlight some of the key factors that should be considered when choosing a structural form,
such as cost, durability, and environmental impact.

Furthermore, the report will provide detailed recommendations on which structural forms would
be most suitable for the community building project, based on the aforementioned factors. These
recommendations will be supported by relevant evidence and data, to ensure that our supervisor
has a clear understanding of the reasoning behind each recommendation.

Overall, this report aims to provide our supervisor with a comprehensive understanding of the
range of different structural forms available for the construction of the community building, and
their suitability for the project.

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The construction of a new three-storey community building requires careful consideration

of different structural forms available to ensure safety, durability, and cost-effectiveness. The
structural form of the building will determine its overall strength and stability, which is crucial
for the safety of the occupants. In this report, we will discuss the range of different structural
forms available for the construction of the new community building, highlighting the advantages
and disadvantages of each form.

The effectiveness of different structural forms of use with a given low-rise buildings project
scenario
The local town council has hired your company to design and build a new three-story
community building on a site that also contains an old, abandoned council building.

There should be the following on each floor:

On Ground floor, there are a lobby with the main reception. A multipurpose main floor space
should have the following amenities: the main entry hall, the guidance center's reception area, the
interview rooms, the offices, and the staffrooms.

On First floor, there are three multipurpose rooms, a conference room, cabinets and drawers for
storage, a prayer room, as well as restroom and shower facilities.

On Second floor, there are a multipurpose hall, a conference room, a kitchen, storage space, and
restrooms with showers.

The exterior work calls for the installation of a waste bin enclosure, fencing, gates, and a parking
place for cars.

The location of the site is near a bustling footpath, a significant intersection of two roads in the
town center, and nearby homes and businesses.

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The use of different structural forms for use with a given low-rise buildings project
scenario
The low-rise building has to be precise in bringing about considerable scenario that
is needed for the construction. The different structural forms that can be used for the low-
buildings scenario might be regarded as per the need of the project.

A list of the different structural forms is presented that can allow in the assessment of the
requirements of the low-rise building project and its evaluation in the current environment.

 Load bearing structure

 Framed structure
 Truss Structure
 Shell Structure
 Pre-Engineered Structure
 Mass Structure

These structures are used to define the level of growth that the low-rise buildings can have in the
process of signifying the construction needs and the ways to operate in the mark the different
structural forms used in the construction of low-rise buildings

For the low-rise building structural masonry walls are used in the building type. In this way,
load-bearing capacity of the buildings can increase and it can allow the low-rise buildings to
have an important application towards the appearance and durability. Thus, in this way, solid
form of structural integration can be met that might be able to bring about coordinated approach
for the overall wellbeing of the building set-up.

Thus, the different structural wellbeing of the construction sector can be coordinated in bringing
forward low-rise building attributes with structures as per the demand of the client. However, as
stated by Ananin et al. (2018) according to an important form of analysis that can be considered
in this case is that structurally insulated panels can help in bringing about sustainable
development and meet the Net Zero requirements. The factor with which the eco-logical
wellbeing of the structural integration of the work can be sorted into bringing about common
construction of the houses.

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Framed Structures
Framed structures consist of a series of interconnected beams and columns that create a
framework for the building. The beams and columns can be made from a variety of materials,
including steel, concrete, or timber. The advantages of framed structures include their ability to
span large distances without intermediate supports, their flexibility in accommodating changes in
building layout, and their ability to resist seismic forces. However, framed structures require a
significant amount of material and can be expensive to construct.

Skeleton Frame
A skeleton frame is a specific type of framed structure that consists of a series of
interconnected columns and beams, creating a "skeleton" for the building. The spaces between
the columns and beams are filled with infill panels or other building elements. The advantages of
skeleton frames include their ability to span large distances, their flexibility in accommodating
changes in building layout, and their ability to resist seismic forces. However, they also require a
significant amount of material and can be expensive to construct (Ching, 2014).

Portal Frame
A portal frame is a type of framed structure that uses fixed or hinged connections
between columns and beams to create a rigid frame. The advantages of portal frames include
their ability to span large distances without intermediate supports, their flexibility in
accommodating changes in building layout, and their ability to resist seismic forces. However,
they are not suitable for buildings with irregular shapes and can be expensive to construct.

Timber Frame
Timber framing is a traditional method of construction that uses heavy timber members
to create the structure of the building. The advantages of timber framing include their
sustainability, their ability to be prefabricated off-site, and their aesthetic appeal. However,
timber frames are susceptible to fire, rot, and insect damage, and require regular maintenance.

Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)

Structural insulated panels are a type of prefabricated construction that uses a foam core
sandwiched between two panels of oriented strand board (OSB) or plywood. The advantages of

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SIPs include their energy efficiency, speed of construction, and ease of installation. However,
SIPs require specialized equipment and expertise to install and can be expensive (Allen, 2012).

Traditional Construction Form:

Traditional construction forms use local materials and methods that have been proven
over time. The advantages of traditional construction forms include their low cost, availability of
local materials, and familiarity with local building codes. However, traditional construction
forms may not be suitable for buildings with irregular shapes or that require a high level of
precision (Shaeffer, 2014).

Modular Construction Form:

Modular construction involves the manufacture of building components off-site and their
assembly on-site. The advantages of modular construction include their speed of construction,
precision of manufacture, and the ability to use standardized components. However, modular
construction may not be suitable for buildings with irregular shapes, and there may be limitations
on the size of modules that can be transported to the site (Wong, 2017).

Modular construction is used for our project.

To accommodate changing needs, modular buildings can simply enlarged, shrunk, redesigned, or
relocated. You have the freedom to alter the configuration and style of your building as time
goes on whether you utilize permanent or temporary modular constructions.

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Activity 2
The design and construction of any building project are critical in ensuring its longevity,
functionality, and safety. In this report, we will evaluate the design and construction of the
project, focusing on the foundation and superstructure elements. The report will also consider the
procedures used in subsoil investigation and subsoil improvement and their impact on the choice
of foundation design, the principles of foundation design, different types of foundations, and the
design of superstructure elements such as walls, floors, and roofs. Additionally, we will consider
suitable internal finishes for the project.

1. Foundation Design and Construction:

The foundation of any building is critical in ensuring its stability and longevity. The
foundation design is dependent on various factors, including the soil conditions, the load-bearing
capacity of the soil, and the type of building structure. The subsoil investigation is essential in
determining the soil properties and suitability for foundation construction (Coduto, 2010).

Soil Test

Soil test is a process of evaluating the properties of soil that are relevant to the design and
construction of foundations. The tests are performed to determine the soil's physical and
mechanical properties such as texture, structure, density, porosity, shear strength,
compressibility, and water content (Kong, 2006).
Describe the type of soil in our project

Describing the type of soil in our project involves identifying the soil's physical and
mechanical properties such as texture, structure, density, porosity, shear strength,
compressibility, and water content. Soil can be classified as clay, silt, sand, gravel, or a
combination of these. Each of these types of soil has unique characteristics that can affect the
stability and load-bearing capacity of the foundation Willenbrock, J.H., Manbeck, H.B. and
Suchar, M.G. (1998). Residential building design and construction. Upper Saddle River, N.J.:
Prentice Hall.

‌.

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Subsoil Investigation:

The subsoil investigation involves the exploration and testing of the soil conditions at the
site. This process includes drilling boreholes, taking soil samples, and conducting laboratory
tests. The subsoil investigation determines the soil type, soil strength, and soil bearing capacity.

Subsoil Improvement:

If the soil conditions are not suitable for foundation construction, subsoil improvement
may be necessary. This process involves the use of various techniques to improve the soil's
strength and bearing capacity, such as soil stabilization or the installation of piles.

Principles of Foundation Design:

The foundation design is based on the principles of load transfer and soil mechanics. The
foundation should transfer the building load to the soil without exceeding the soil's bearing
capacity. The choice of foundation type depends on the soil conditions, the building load, and the
structural configuration of the building. (Das, 2007)

Type of equipment and soil laboratory

Type of equipment and soil laboratory of following;

1.Triaxial test: Triaxial tests are used to determine the shear strength of soil by measuring the
stresses applied to a soil sample. The test is typically used to determine the strength of cohesive
soils, such as clay. The equipment used for this test includes a triaxial cell, loading frame, and
pressure transducer.
2.Liquid limit test and UCS: Liquid limit tests and UCS are used to determine the plasticity of
soil. The liquid limit test measures the water content at which a soil changes from a plastic to a
liquid state, while the UCS test measures the unconfined compressive strength of soil. The
equipment used for this test includes a liquid limit apparatus, and a loading frame.

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3.Liquid limit test: The liquid limit test measures the water content at which a soil changes from
a plastic to a liquid state. The equipment used for this test includes a liquid limit apparatus.

4.Direct Shear test: Direct shear tests are used to determine the shear strength of soil by
measuring the stresses applied to a soil sample. The test is typically used to determine the
strength of granular soils, such as sand. The equipment used for this test includes a direct shear
apparatus.

5.Triaxial test (CU): Triaxial tests (CU) are used to determine the shear strength of soil by
measuring the stresses applied to a soil sample. The test is typically used to determine the
strength of cohesive soils, such as clay. The equipment used for this test includes a triaxial cell,
loading frame, and pressure transducer.

6.Consolidation test: Consolidation tests are used to determine the compressibility of soil. The
test measures the change in volume of a soil sample as the load is applied. The equipment used
for this test includes a loading frame and oedometer (Nicholson, 2014).

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A Borehole has been accomplished on the edge of the site

Depth (m) Description
0.000 Ground level
0.000 – 0.800 Fill (made ground )
0.800 – 10.000 Very soft clay
10.000 – 15.000 Firm clay
15.000 Rock
Groundwater was located at a depth of 10.000 m

These land types are used in the project.

Different Types of Foundations

There are various types of foundations, including shallow foundations, deep foundations,
and special foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings and mat foundations and
are suitable for buildings with low to moderate loads. Deep foundations include pile foundations
and caissons and are suitable for buildings with high loads or weak soil conditions. Special
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foundations include raft foundations and tensioned membrane structures and are suitable for
unique site conditions or structures.

There are several types of foundation used for low-rise buildings, each with its own advantages
and disadvantages. The most common types of foundation used for low-rise buildings are as
follows:

1. Strip foundation: This type of foundation is a continuous strip of concrete that runs along
the perimeter of the building. It is commonly used in low-rise buildings with a uniform
load distribution. It is relatively simple and cost-effective, but may not be suitable for all
types of soil.

2. Raft foundation: This type of foundation is a flat slab of concrete that covers the entire
area of the building. It is commonly used in buildings with weak soil or in areas with a
high water table. It is more expensive than strip foundations but can provide greater
stability.

3. Pad foundation: This type of foundation is a single concrete block that supports an
individual column or wall. It is commonly used in low-rise buildings with a column or
wall load that is not uniform. It is relatively simple and cost-effective, but may not be
suitable for all types of soil.

4. Pile foundation: This type of foundation consists of deep, long columns that are driven
into the ground to support the weight of the building. It is commonly used in low-rise
buildings with weak soil or in areas with a high water table. It is more expensive than
other types of foundation but can provide greater stability (Tomlinson, 2001).

5. Pier foundation: This type of foundation consists of individual columns or piers that are
placed under the load-bearing walls of the building. It is commonly used in low-rise
buildings with a non-uniform load distribution. It is relatively simple and cost-effective,
but may not be suitable for all types of soil.

The choice of foundation type will depend on a variety of factors, including the load
distribution, soil conditions, and cost considerations. It is important to carefully evaluate the soil

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conditions and choose the appropriate type of foundation to ensure the stability and safety of the
building (Terzaghi, 1967).

In addition to these construction details, the walls, floors, and roofs of new construction projects
may also include insulation, damp-proofing, and ventilation systems to improve energy
efficiency and maintain a healthy living environment (Fazio, 2018).

Choose the type of foundation for your project

Choosing the type of foundation for our project depends on the type of soil and the
structure being built. For example, shallow foundations like spread footings or slab-on-grade
foundations are suitable for sites with stable, well-drained soil, while deep foundations like piles
or caissons are necessary in areas with poor soil conditions. A Shallow foundation is used for
this project . In general, shallow foundations are employed when the soil has a shallow sufficient
bearing capability and when the foundation material does not cause excessive settlement. They
are typically employed in the construction of low-rise buildings.

How can structures be made earthquake-resistant?

Building movement is lessened by thin walls reinforced with steel bars. Fire suppression
sprinkler system. The shock waves created by the earthquake can be absorbed by shock
absorbers in the base. Windows with shutters to catch any stray glass.

Impact of Shallow foundation for low-rise building

Shallow foundations, also known as spread footings or pad footings, are a type of foundation
commonly used in low-rise buildings. They are designed to distribute the weight of the building
evenly across the soil, and are usually no more than six feet in depth. There are several
advantages to using shallow foundations in low-rise buildings, including:

1. Cost-effectiveness: Shallow foundations are typically less expensive than deep

foundations, as they require less excavation and materials.
2. Ease of construction: Shallow foundations can be constructed using simple techniques
and equipment, making them easier and quicker to install than deep foundations.

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3. Accessibility: Since shallow foundations are close to the surface, they are more easily
accessible for inspection and maintenance.
4. Flexibility: Shallow foundations are suitable for a wide range of soil types and building
loads, making them a versatile option for low-rise buildings.
5. Minimal disturbance: Shallow foundations have a smaller footprint than deep
foundations, which means they disturb less of the soil and have less of an impact on the
environment (Bowen, 2017).

In terms of their impact on low-rise buildings, shallow foundations provide a stable and secure
base for the structure. They are particularly well-suited for buildings with relatively light loads,
such as residential homes or small commercial buildings. However, they may not be suitable for
buildings with heavy loads or on unstable soil types, as they may not provide enough support
(Das, 2016).

It is important to note that the selection of foundation type should always be based on a careful
analysis of the building's location, soil type, and intended use. A qualified engineer should be
consulted to determine the most appropriate foundation type for a given project (Ingold at al,
2013).

Introduction

In this report, we will examine the design and construction of new low-rise buildings. We
are going to examine the building methods and techniques, the materials that were utilized, the
stability, the detail external finishes, the performance requirements, as well as the advantages and
disadvantages of the wall elements, floor kinds, roof types, and internal finishes. Also, we will
discuss the construction particulars that are utilized in the structural components of new
construction projects.

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Construction Details
Superstructure Design and Construction
The superstructure elements of the building include the walls, floors, and roof. The
design of the superstructure is dependent on the building's function, architectural style, and
structural configuration.

Wall Design

The wall design should be based on the building's function, aesthetics, and load-
bearing capacity. The wall construction can be made of various materials such as masonry,
concrete, or steel. The wall design should also consider factors such as thermal insulation, sound
insulation, and fire resistance (Nawy, 2015).

(Placeholder2)

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Floor Design

The floor design should be based on the building's function, load-bearing capacity, and
aesthetic requirements. The floor construction can be made of various materials such as concrete,
steel, or timber. The floor design should also consider factors such as acoustic insulation and fire
resistance.

figure 5 sectional drawing of Floor design

Roof Design

The roof design should be based on the building's function, architectural style, and
weather conditions. The roof construction can be made of various materials such as concrete,
steel, or timber. The roof design should also consider factors such as thermal insulation,
waterproofing, and fire resistance.

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Figure 6 sectional drawing of roof design

Internal Finishes

The internal finishes of the building should be based on the building's function,
aesthetics, and budget. The internal finishes can include flooring, wall finishes, and ceiling
finishes. The internal finishes should also consider factors such as durability, maintenance, and
sustainability (Reynolds, 2019).

Construction details used in the construction of walls, floors and roofs on new construction
projects
The construction details used in the construction of walls, floors, and roofs on new
construction projects may vary depending on the building design, the type of materials used, and
the local building codes and regulations. However, there are some common construction details
that are generally followed in most new construction projects.

Walls are constructed using a variety of materials, such as concrete, brick, timber, steel,
or a combination of these materials. The construction details for walls include the use of wall
plates, wall ties, and lintels. Wall plates are horizontal timbers or metal sections that are fixed to
the top of the wall to provide a stable base for the roof structure. Wall ties are metal or plastic
straps that connect the outer and inner walls to provide stability and prevent movement of the
walls. Lintels are horizontal beams that are used to support the weight of the wall above
openings such as doors and windows.

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Floors are constructed using concrete, timber, or steel. The construction details for
floors include the use of joists, beams, and decking. Joists are horizontal timber or metal sections
that are supported by the walls and span between them to support the floor structure. Beams are
larger timber or steel sections that are used to support the joists and transfer the weight of the
floor to the walls. Decking is the surface of the floor, which can be made of timber boards,
concrete, or steel sheets (Harris, 2006).

Roofs are constructed using a variety of materials such as tiles, slates, metal sheets, or
concrete. The construction details for roofs include the use of roof trusses, purlins, and rafters.
Roof trusses are pre-fabricated triangular frames that support the roof structure and span between
the walls. Purlins are horizontal timbers or metal sections that are supported by the trusses and
support the roof decking. Rafters are sloping timbers that support the roof decking and transfer
the weight of the roof to the walls.

In addition to these construction details, the walls, floors, and roofs of new construction
projects may also include insulation, damp-proofing, and ventilation systems to improve energy
efficiency and maintain a healthy living environment (Fazio, 2018).

Modular construction methods, such as using high-grade grout, bitumen strips, SK2000
Page, and backer rod, are effective ways to enhance the durability and performance of structures.
High-grade grout is a type of mortar that is designed to offer superior strength and resistance to
chemical and environmental damage. Bitumen strips provide a flexible and waterproof seal
between two different materials, while SK2000 Page is a geosynthetic material that can be used
for soil stabilization and reinforcement. Backer rod is a foam material that is used to provide a
seal between joints and can help to prevent moisture and air infiltration. By utilizing these

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modular construction techniques, builders and engineers can create structures that are more
resilient, long-lasting, and able to withstand a wide range of environmental and structural
stresses.

The method of high grade grout

High-grade grout is a type of cement-based material that is commonly used to fill gaps
between tiles, stones, and other building materials. This type of grout is typically made of
Portland cement, water, and additives such as sand or polymers. High-grade grout is known for
its strength, durability, and resistance to water and chemicals. To apply high-grade grout, it is
important to first prepare the surface by cleaning and removing any excess debris. The grout is
then mixed and applied with a trowel or grout float. Once the grout has been applied, it is
typically left to dry for 24-48 hours before being sealed to prevent moisture penetration.

The method Bitumen strip

Bitumen strip is a process used in road construction to create a waterproof layer between
the asphalt and the roadbed. It involves laying down a layer of bitumen (a petroleum-based
material) on top of the roadbed, followed by a layer of aggregate (such as gravel or crushed
stone). This is then rolled and compressed to create a stable base for the road surface. Bitumen
strip is a cost-effective and durable method of road construction, and is commonly used in both
urban and rural areas.

The method Backer Rod

Backer rod is a cylindrical foam material that is used in construction to fill gaps and
joints before applying sealant. It is typically made of closed-cell polyethylene foam, and comes
in a variety of sizes and shapes to fit different gaps and joints. Backer rod is used to prevent
three-sided adhesion of sealant, which can cause failure due to joint movement. By creating a
backstop for the sealant, backer rod improves joint performance and extends sealant life. It is
commonly used in applications such as window and door frames, concrete expansion joints, and
roofing systems.

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what material we use for floor?

There are various materials used for flooring, such as hardwood, tiles, vinyl, carpet, and
laminate. The choice of material depends on factors like durability, cost, aesthetics, and ease of
maintenance. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages, so it's important to
consider these factors before making a decision.

what material we use for ceiling?

Ceilings can be made from a variety of materials including drywall, plaster, wood, metal
tiles, and acoustic tiles. The choice of material often depends on factors such as durability,
aesthetic preferences, and acoustic properties.

what material we use for roof?

The most common materials used for roofs are asphalt shingles, metal, clay or concrete
tiles, wood shakes or shingles, and slate. The choice of material depends on factors such as cost,
durability, aesthetics, and climate. Proper maintenance and installation can help ensure the
longevity of a roof.

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Wall Elements

Non-load bearing wall

The non-load bearing wall is constructed using brick masonry with a thickness of
115mm. The joints are filled with cement and sand (1:3) mixture. The wall is plastered with a
12mm thick layer of cement and sand (1:6) mixture.

Load-bearing wall (parapet wall)

The load-bearing wall is constructed using reinforced concrete blocks with a thickness of
200mm. The joints are filled with cement and sand (1:3) mixture. The wall is plastered with a
12mm thick layer of cement and sand (1:6) mixture.

Floor Types
The floors are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 150mm.
The slabs are cast in-situ and reinforced with steel bars. The top surface of the slab is finished
with a 20mm thick layer of cement and sand (1:3) mixture.

Roof Types

Built-up roof

The built-up roof is constructed using three layers of roofing felt, hot-mopped with
bitumen. The final layer is finished with a layer of gravel to protect against UV rays and
weathering.

Metal Roof

The metal roof is constructed using pre-painted galvanized steel sheets with a thickness of
0.5mm. The sheets are laid over purlins and fixed with screws.

Shingle roof

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The shingle roof is constructed using asphalt shingles laid over a layer of roofing felt. The
shingles are fixed with nails and have a lifespan of 20-30 years.

Green Roof

The green roof is constructed using a waterproof membrane, drainage layer, growing
medium, and vegetation. The vegetation helps to reduce the heat island effect, improve air
quality, and provide habitat for wildlife.

Solar Power Roofing

The solar power roofing is constructed using photovoltaic cells embedded in the roof
panels. The cells convert sunlight into electricity, which can be used to power the building or
sold back to the grid.

Corrugated Metal Roof - Solar Roof Tile

The corrugated metal roof is constructed using pre-painted galvanized steel sheets with a
thickness of 0.5mm. The sheets are laid over purlins and fixed with screws. The solar roof tiles
are integrated into the metal sheets to generate electricity.

Decorated Special Ceiling

The decorated special ceiling is constructed using plasterboard with a thickness of

12.5mm. The board is fixed to the ceiling joists and finished with a layer of paint or decorative
finish.

Plaster Board

The plasterboard is constructed using gypsum plaster sandwiched between two layers of
paper. The board is fixed to the wall studs and finished with a layer of paint or decorative finish.

Gypsum Board

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The gypsum board is constructed using gypsum plaster sandwiched between two layers
of paper. The board is fixed to the wall studs and finished with a layer of paint or decorative
finish.

Skin Coat (Roof Slab)

The skin coat is applied to the roof slab to provide a protective layer against water and
weathering. The coat is made of cement and sand (1:3) mixture and is 25mm thick.

Construction Techniques

The walls, floors, and roofs are constructed using a mix of cement and sand (1:3:6) with a
curing period of one week. The thickness of the non-load bearing wall is 115mm, load The
thickness of the non-load bearing wall is 115mm, load-bearing wall is 200mm, and floor slabs
are 150mm. This provides sufficient stability and durability to the building.

Internal Finishes

Internal finishes are an important aspect of new construction projects as they provide the
final aesthetic and protective layer to floors, walls, and ceilings. In the case of new low-rise
building projects, the floors are finished with ceramic tiles while the walls and ceilings are
finished with a layer of paint or decorative finish(Pellicer et al., 2013). The ceramic tiles provide
a durable and easy-to-clean surface for the floors, while the paint or wallpaper adds to the
aesthetics of the walls(Riley and Cotgrave, 2018). The ceilings are finished with a layer of paint
or decorative finish to create a cohesive look with the walls.

Overall, the use of internal finishes enhances the durability and aesthetics of the building
while providing protection against wear and tear. In the case of low-rise buildings, the choice of
finishes should be carefully considered to ensure they are suitable for the building's purpose and
location. The use of high-quality finishes also adds value to the building and can increase its
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appeal to potential buyers or tenants. Thus,the floors are finished with ceramic tiles, while the
walls are finished with a layer of paint or wallpaper. The ceilings are finished with a layer of
paint or decorative finish.

Analysis of Details and Finishes

The construction details and finishes used in new low-rise building projects provide
stability, durability, and aesthetics to the building. The non-load bearing walls are constructed
with brick masonry and a cement and sand mixture for joint filling, and are finished with a layer
of plaster(Aslak Ravlo, 2003).. Load-bearing walls are constructed with reinforced concrete
blocks and also finished with plaster. Floor slabs are made of reinforced concrete and finished
with a layer of cement and sand mixture.

Roofs are constructed using a variety of materials, including built-up roofs with bitumen and
gravel, metal roofs with galvanized steel sheets, and shingle roofs with asphalt shingles. Green
roofs and solar power roofing, which incorporate vegetation or photovoltaic cells respectively,
are also used. Ceilings are constructed using plasterboard, gypsum board, or skin coat, and are
finished with paint or decorative finishes.

The use of reinforced concrete, cement and sand mixture, and steel bars ensures the
strength and stability of the building, while finishes such as ceramic tiles and paint add to the
aesthetics and protection against wear and tear. However, some roofing materials such as asphalt
shingles may require frequent maintenance and may not provide long-lasting protection against
weathering. Therefore, the use of more durable roofing materials such as metal roofs or green
roofs may be more advantageous in the long run. Overall, the construction of new low-rise
buildings prioritizes durability, stability, and aesthetics.

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Evaluation of Construction

Overall, the construction of the new low-rise building projects is well-designed and
executed. The use of high-quality materials, construction techniques, and finishes ensures the
durability, stability, and aesthetics of the building(Shina, 1993).. However, the use of some
roofing materials such as asphalt shingles may not provide long-lasting protection against
weathering and may require frequent maintenance. Therefore, the use of more durable roofing
materials such as metal roofs or green roofs may be more advantageous in the long run.

This report examines the design and construction of external works for new construction
projects, with a particular focus on the incorporation of sustainable urban drainage systems
(SUDS). The report summarizes the design and construction of external works, including foul
and surface water drainage, utility services, roads and footpaths, and the use of SUDS.SUDS are
a key element of sustainable construction practices, and their use in new construction projects is
discussed in detail. The report explores the advantages and disadvantages of different types of
SUDS, as well as their methods of use and characteristics.The design and construction of
external works are analyzed, including the incorporation of SUDS. The report covers the use of
inlet chambers, alignment, method of statement, and rainwater runoff, among other factors.
Quality assurance and quality control procedures are also discussed.Overall, the report
emphasizes the importance of sustainable construction practices, particularly the use of SUDS, in
new construction projects. The proper design and construction of external works are critical to
ensure the safety and efficiency of new buildings, and this report provides a comprehensive
overview of the best practices and considerations involved in such projects.

External works play an important role in the overall design and construction of a new
building project. They include a range of elements such as foul and surface water drainage,

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utility services, roads and footpaths, and sustainable urban drainage systems. These elements are
crucial to the efficient functioning of a building and ensuring that the building is sustainable and
environmentally friendly. In this report, we will examine the design and construction of these
external works for a new construction project and discuss the incorporation of a sustainable
urban drainage system. We will also explain the methods, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of
sustainable urban drainage systems.

Design and Construction of External Works

The shady trees can be planted in yard to give good ventilation in the building.
Instead of large concrete wall, we can use glass panel to give lighting to the interior rooms. Glass
are transparent and allow the sunlight to go throught the building. Making use of natural light
can save up the energy use for lighting buildings and reduce cooling costs. Daylight minimizes
the amount of artificial light and reduce electricity. That makes aesthetic to the building and use
less energy for making a good ventilation and lighting. House drainage system is an arrangement
provided in a building in order to collect and convey the wastewater through drain pipes, by
gravity, to join either a bd public sewer or a domestic septic tank. Individuals should make
drainage network around a building. That makes a zero net construction. Put simply, net zero
refers to the balance between the amount of greenhouse gas that's produced and the amount that's
removed from the atmosphere. It can be achieved through a combination of emission reduction
and emission removal.

The design and construction of external works involve several processes. The concept
design is the initial design stage that outlines the project's overall layout and design intent. The
detailed design is a more comprehensive design that provides detailed construction plans,
specifications, and quantities. Construction involves the actual implementation of the design,
while maintenance involves the continuous upkeep of the external works to ensure they function
correctly (Pitman, 2003). Following is the design and construction of external Works for new
construction project;

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a) Foul and Surface Water Drainage

Foul and surface water drainage is an important component of the external works for a
new construction project. It involves the collection and removal of wastewater and rainwater
from the building site to the appropriate disposal system. The design and construction of foul and
surface water drainage should be done in accordance with local building codes and regulations
(Halpin, Gunnar Lucko and Senior, 2017).

For our new construction project, we will design and construct a combined drainage
system that will collect both foul and surface water from the building site. The system will
consist of underground pipes, inspection chambers, and a storage tank. The underground pipes
will be made of PVC material and will be laid in trenches with a gradient of 1:40 to ensure that
the water flows freely. The inspection chambers will be placed at regular intervals along the
drainage system to enable easy access for maintenance purposes. The storage tank will have a
capacity of 10,000 liters and will be used to hold the wastewater before it is discharged into the
municipal sewer system.

b) Utility Services

Utility services are also an essential part of the external works for a new construction
project. They include services such as electricity, gas, water, and telecommunications. The
design and construction of utility services should be done in accordance with local regulations
and codes(Pitman, 2003).

For our new construction project, we will design and construct utility services that will be
installed underground. The utility services will be laid in trenches with a minimum depth of 1
meter to protect them from damage. The services will be enclosed in PVC conduit pipes to
protect them from moisture and other elements that may cause damage. The utility services will
be connected to the municipal supply lines to ensure a reliable and uninterrupted supply of
services.

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c) Roads and Footpaths

Figure 7 Sectional drawing of road and footoaths

Roads and footpaths are an important component of the external works for a new
construction project. They provide access to the building site and also ensure that the site is safe
and accessible (Mcgeorge, Zou and Palmer, 2013). The design and construction of roads and
footpaths should be done in accordance with local regulations and codes.

For our new construction project, we will design and construct a 2-lane asphalt roadway
that will provide access to the building site. The roadway will be 6 meters wide and will have a
gradient of 1:50 to ensure that water flows freely. The alignment of the roadway will be done in
such a way as to minimize the impact on the surrounding environment. The method of statement
will involve the use of heavy equipment such as excavators and rollers to prepare the site and lay
the asphalt. The QA/QC process will involve regular inspections to ensure that the road is built
to the required standards. A permit will be obtained from the local authorities before the
construction of the roadway commences.

The gate will be placed at the entrance of the building, and then a small parking lot will
be added in front of this building as there is no parking space in this building. The parking lot
will be decorated with gravel. We will make it possible to park about four cars.

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Use of sustainable urban drainage systems in new construction projects

SUDS are an essential component of modern urban design, and they play a critical role in
mitigating the negative impacts of urbanization on the environment. SUDS are designed to
manage surface water runoff sustainably by mimicking the natural water cycle. The system
includes features such as infiltration, filtration, and storage to control the quality and quantity of
runoff, improving the quality of the water that enters the watercourses and reducing the risk of
flooding (Whyte, 2014).

SUDS can be used in various settings, including residential, commercial, and industrial
areas. They can be incorporated into new construction projects by integrating them into the
overall design of the site. The system design should take into account the topography, soil type,
and other site-specific factors to ensure the system is effective.

Figure 8 sectional drawing of Urban Drainage system

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The design and construction of external works for new construction projects, including the
incorporation of a sustainable urban drainage system

Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) are a set of design techniques and practices
that are aimed at managing rainwater and stormwater in a sustainable and environmentally
friendly manner. The main objectives of SUDS are to reduce the amount of water that enters the
drainage system, to reduce the risk of flooding, and to improve water quality. SUDS are typically
designed to mimic natural drainage systems, and they can be used in a range of settings,
including residential, commercial, and industrial developments. (Oladunjoye, Proverbs and Xiao,
2022)

There are a range of SUDS techniques that can be used to manage rainwater and stormwater in a
sustainable manner. These include:

Permeable surfaces: This involves using permeable paving materials, such as porous asphalt,
concrete or interlocking blocks, that allow rainwater to infiltrate into the ground, reducing
surface runoff.

Green roofs: This involves planting vegetation on the roof of a building, which can absorb
rainwater and reduce the amount of runoff.

Bioretention systems: These are shallow basins that contain plants and other vegetation, which
can absorb and treat rainwater.

Infiltration systems: These involve creating underground systems, such as trenches or

soakaways, that allow rainwater to infiltrate into the ground.

Detention and retention systems: These involve creating storage areas, such as ponds or swales,
that can hold and release rainwater slowly over time.

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SUDS can offer a range of advantages over traditional drainage systems. For example,
SUDS can reduce the risk of flooding by reducing the amount of water that enters the drainage
system. They can also improve water quality by removing pollutants from rainwater and
stormwater. In addition, SUDS can help to create attractive and functional green spaces in urban
environments, which can provide a range of social and environmental benefits.

However, there are also some potential disadvantages to using SUDS. For example, some
SUDS techniques, such as permeable paving, may require more maintenance than traditional
drainage systems. In addition, there may be concerns around the potential for groundwater
contamination in some SUDS systems.

In our new construction project, we have incorporated a range of SUDS techniques to

manage rainwater and stormwater in a sustainable manner. We have used permeable paving
materials in the parking lot and driveways to reduce surface runoff and promote infiltration. We
have also installed green roofs on several of the buildings to absorb rainwater and reduce
runoff.In addition, we have included a bioretention system in the central courtyard area, which
contains a variety of plants and other vegetation that can absorb and treat rainwater. We have
also created an infiltration system in the park area, which allows rainwater to infiltrate into the
ground.

Overall, we believe that the use of SUDS in our new construction project will provide a
range of benefits, including reduced flooding risk, improved water quality, and attractive green
spaces that provide social and environmental benefits. However, we will need to monitor and
maintain these systems to ensure that they continue to function effectively over time.

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The design and construction of external works for new construction projects, including the
incorporation of a sustainable urban drainage system

In order to manage rainwater and stormwater in a sustainable manner, it is important to

integrate drainage systems with utility services, such as water supply and wastewater systems.
This can help to ensure that rainwater and stormwater are effectively managed and do not have a
negative impact on other infrastructure or the environment.

In our new construction project, we have designed the drainage system to work in
conjunction with the utility services. We have installed inlet chambers at strategic locations to
capture and redirect rainwater and stormwater into the drainage system. The inlet chambers are
designed to prevent sediment. Additionally, the use of SUDS can help to increase the
biodiversity of the surrounding area, providing habitat for wildlife and enhancing the overall
aesthetics of the development.

However, there are also some potential disadvantages to using SUDS. One issue is that
the installation and maintenance of SUDS can be more costly than traditional drainage systems.
Additionally, if the system is not designed properly, there is a risk of flooding or pollution.
Proper design, construction, and maintenance are crucial to ensuring the effectiveness of SUDS

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Conclusion

In conclusion, the scenario presented outlines the complex task of designing and
constructing a three-storey community building in a challenging environment. As a trainee
Assistant Engineer, the individual will play a crucial role in ensuring that the project is executed
successfully. The project will require careful planning, coordination, and attention to detail to
ensure that the building is safe, durable, and environmentally friendly. The selection of
appropriate materials and construction techniques will be essential, as well as careful
consideration of the building's structural form. Overall, this project presents an excellent
opportunity for the trainee Assistant Engineer to gain valuable experience in the field of
construction engineering and make a meaningful contribution to the local community.

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