NCM 117 LEC - G3D

BAGATSING, ZYRYLL JEAN R.

CAPILI, JOHANN SEBASTIAN M.
MEDRANA, MA.TRISHA M.
PAGUILIGAN, LESLIE JOIE T.
TERRIBLE, IVY KAYE A.
TRINIDAD, ALTHEA MARISOL D.
YEMA, FRANCINE ALTHEA A.

Lecture File Source Own words

1. Common Obsessional Contents - dirt/
contamination / cleaning, orderliness,
doubts/checking/counting, aggressive
impulses/inappropriate acts
is a disorder in which people have recurring, unwanted thoughts, ideas Refer to recurring, distressing thoughts or
or sensations (obsessions). images that individuals experience
involuntarily.
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/obsessive-compulsive-disord
er/what-is-obsessive-compulsive-disorder

2. Thought Alienation- Thoughts are under the
control of outside forces and are participating in
it.
A symptom of psychosis in which patients feel that their own thoughts Involves feeling detached from one’s own
are in some way no longer within their control. thoughts.
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.201108031
04434189#:~:text=A%20symptom%20of%20psychosis%20in,symptom
%2C%20highly%20indicative%20of%20schizophrenia.

3. Thought Insertion - Delusion that some of
person’s thoughts being put into the mind by an
external force (other people, certain agency)
and these thoughts are recognized as
4. foreign.
involves somehow experiencing one's own thoughts as someone else's. Is the belief that external forces are
implanting thoughts into one’s mind.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28123340/#:~:text=%27Thought%20ins
ertion%27%20in%20schizophrenia%20involves,attributes%20it%20to%
20another%20agency.

5. Thought Withdrawal - Delusion that some of a the delusion that thoughts have been taken out of the patient's mind. Is the sense that thoughts are being
person's thoughts are being taken out of the removed by an external influence.
 mind against his will by outside forces.
6. Thought Broadcasting - Delusion that others
can read or hear the person’s thoughts, as they
are broadcast over the air, radio or some other
unusual way. The experience is passive.
6. Dysmorphophobia - A type of overvalued idea
where the patient believes one aspect of his
body is abnormal/deformed or imperfect. It is
also called as Body dysmorphic
disorder (BDD)
7. Volubility - Abundant or pressured talking. Seen
in mania (tachylogia (excessive speech),
verbomania (use of more words)
8. Flight of ideas - The thoughts follow each other
rapidly and there is no general direction of
thinking, seen in mania /excited schizophrenics.
9. Pressure of thoughts - Rapid abundant varying
thoughts associated with pressure of speech
and flight of ideas
https://gpnotebook.com/pages/psychiatry/thought-withdrawal#
is a condition in which people believe that others can hear their Is the perception that one’s thoughts are
thoughts. being broadcasted to others without their
control.
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-thought-broadcasting-5101228#:~
:text=Thought%20broadcasting%20is%20a%20condition,avoid%20inter
acting%20with%20these%20mediums.
as a preoccupation with an imagined defect in one's physical This is when someone can't stop thinking
appearance. about a flaw in their appearance, even
though it might be barely noticeable or not
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2915600/#:~:text=Body% even there.
20dysmorphic%20disorder%20(BDD)%20previously,mirror%20gazing%
20or%20constant%20comparing.
in a way that involves a lot of words, spoken confidently and forcefully They Talk a lot, really fast, and can't keep
up with their own thoughts.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/volubility#:~:text=How%20to%20use
%20volubility%20in,writing%20reflected%20an%20unexpected%20volu
bility.&text=The%20effect%20of%20the%20wine,his%20accustomed%2
0volubility%20into%20silence.&text=Neither%20did%20he%20like%20v
olubility,his%20sense%20of%20good%20form.
occurs when someone talks quickly and erratically, jumping rapidly Jumps from one thought to another really
between ideas and thoughts quickly.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/flight-of-ideas#:~:text=Flight
%20of%20ideas%20occurs%20when,psychosis%2C%20and%20some
%20neurodevelopmental%20conditions.
occurs where ideas arise very rapidly and in great variety, passing This feels like tons of thoughts are rushing
through the mind quickly through your head.
https://gpnotebook.com/pages/psychiatry/pressure-of-thought#
10. Poverty of thoughts - Few, slow, unvaried
thoughts associated with poverty of speech.
Thought block: Sudden cessation of thought
flow with complete emptying of the mind not
caused by an external influence.
11. Circumstantiality - A pattern of thinking and
communication that is demonstrated by the
speaker’s inclusion of many irrelevant and
unnecessary details in his speech before he is
able to come to the point.
12. Derailment - Direction of thought is lost and the
thought goes away from the intended theme.
13. Tangentiality - It is a form of derailment.
Wandering from the topic and never returning to
it or providing the information requested.
14. Thought blocking (thought derivation,
snapping off) - Sudden arrest of a train of
thoughts leaving a “blank”. A new thought may
begin after the pause. With no recall of what
was being said or going to be said.
15. Preserveration - It is the repetition of a
particular response (such as a word, phrase, or
refers to a lack of mental stimulation or curiosity about the world or Very few thoughts come slowly, hard to
alogia speak much.
https://www.believeinmind.com/mindset/poverty-of-thought-examples
/#:~:text=Poverty%20of%20thought%20refers%20to,to%20routin
e%20and%20the%20familiar.
ircuitous and non-direct thinking or speech that digresses from the main Talks off-topic before returning to original
point of a conversation topic
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30422540/#:~:text=Circumstantiality%2
0is%20defined%20as%20circuitous,main%20point%20of%20a%20conv
ersation.
an accident in which a train comes off the track on which it is running. There is no or lack of connection between
topics. Jumps from one idea to another.
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/derailment#:~:text=A
%20derailment%20is%20an%20accident,Copyright%20©%20HarperCol
lins%20Publishers
refers to a disturbance in the thought process that causes the individual Abrupt changes in topic that is unrelated
to relate excessive or irrelevant detail that never reaches the essential to the initial topic
point of a conversation or the desired answer to a question.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532945/#:~:text=%5B1%5D%2
0Tangentiality%20refers%20to%20a,desired%20answer%20to%20a%2
0question.
occurs when someone is talking and suddenly stops for no clear reason Involuntary silence then abruptly switch to
another topic
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/thought-blocking#:~:text=Th
ought%20blocking%20occurs%20when%20someone,health%20conditio
n%20such%20as%20psychosis.
is repetitive and continuous behaviour, speech or thought that occurs When someone “gets stuck” on a topic or
due to changes in cognitive skills such as memory, attention, and mental idea
 gesture) regardless of the absence or cessation
of a stimulus. It is usually caused by a brain
injury or other organic disorder.
16.Overvalued Ideas - Abnormal beliefs, unique to
the individual which dominates his life.
17.Phobias - Persistent, pathological, unrealistic
fear of an object, situation
18.Somatic Symptoms - Bodily complains which
are varied in anatomical location and are
usually are not associated with any pathology
19.Religious Preoccupation - Seen in OCD
20. Excessive Dreaming - Schizotypal personality
flexibility.
https://synapse.org.au/fact-sheet/perseveration-repetition/#:~:text=Perse
veration%20is%20repetitive%20and%20continuous,%2C%20attention%
2C%20and%20mental%20flexibility.
refers to a solitary, abnormal belief that is neither delusional nor similar to delusions, however may seem
obsessional in nature, but which is preoccupying to the extent of less strange to delusions
dominating the sufferer's life.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6391600/#:~:text=The%20overv
alued%20idea%2C%20first%20described,of%20dominating%20
the%20sufferer%27s%20life.
an excessive and irrational fear reaction a phobia is an irrational fear that is
typically extreme and unfounded toward a
https://www.healthline.com/health/phobia-simple-specific#:~:text=A%20p certain thing.
hobia%20is%20an%20excessive,usually%20connected%20to%20some
thing%20specific.
Characterized by an extreme focus on physical symptoms such as refer to physical manifestations or
fatigue that causes major emotional distress and problem functioning. experiences of distress that are perceived
by an individual but have no apparent
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/somatic-symptom-disord medical cause
er/symptoms-causes/syc-20377776
A delusion is defined as a fixed belief not amenable to change in light it refers to an intense, persistent and often
conflict involving religious themes or subject matter. distressing focus on religious, spiritual
themes, belief and some practices.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_delusion
unexplained excessive dreaming is stress. Bodies react in many ways a condition where individuals experience
 (odd and eccentric people with less relationship) to it. It is linked to stress and traumatic events that can lead to excessive an unusual intensity or duration during
dreaming. sleep.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/excessive-
dreaming

21. Depressive cognition - Ideas of defined as the cognitive and functional impairment imitating Dwell on feelings of worthlessness,
worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness neurodegenerative disorders caused secondary to neuropsychiatric anticipate the worst outcomes in various
symptoms. Depression with cognitive impairment was given less situations
significance in the past

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559256/#:~:text=Depressive%2
0cognitive%20disorders%2C%20also%20called,less%20significance%2
0in%20the%20past.

22. Inflated self-esteem - Mania, narcissistic
personality (excessive self-admiration,
disregard for others' feelings)
Inflated self-esteem is feeling better than others.
https://www.brainzmagazine.com/post/3-childhood-factors-that-cre
ate-inflated-self-esteem-in-adults#:~:text=Inflated%20self%2Deste
em%20is%20feeling,air%20looking%20down%20on%20others.
An individual with inflated self-esteem
might believe they have superhuman
abilities, unparalleled intelligence, or a
special connection to important figures or
events.

23. Delusions- Fixed false beliefs which are not
shared by others, are out of keeping with one’s
educational, social and cultural background and
are unshakable in the face of evidence to the
contrary.
Delusions are clearly false and it indicates an abnormality in the affected Believing that they are being constantly
person’s content of thought. watched or persecuted
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016695/#:~:text=A%20d
elusion%20is%20a%20belief,or%20her%20level%20of%20intelligence.

24. Primary Delusion - (Autochthonous Delusion) -
That which appears suddenly and with full
conviction, but without any previous events
leading up to it. Seen in Schizophrenia.
Occurring in the mind, fully formed with no preceding reasons; strongly
suggestive of schizophrenia.
https://patient.info/doctor/delusions-and-hallucinations#:~:text=Types%2
0of%20delusions&text=Primary%20-%20occurring%20in%20the%20min
d,a%20depressed%20person%20feeling%20worthless.
It typically forms the basis for a person’s
distorted perception of reality, contributing
significantly to their overall delusional
system.
25. Secondary Delusions - Derived from
preceding morbid experience.
27. Delusional Mood - The experience of change
of mood often with anxiety prior to delusion.
28. Delusional Perception - In the initial stage of
delusion the person makes new perceptions
with familiar stimuli such as doubting familiar
situations.
29. Grandiose Delusion - Delusion of exaggerated
self-importance, power or identity.
Derived from an abnormal state or that are based on perceptual Beliefs that arise as a result of, or in
aberrations are characterized as secondary delusions. response to, primary delusions.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/descriptive-psychopathology/
delusions-and-abnormal-thought-content/3FF2A1516D1652540C9E5E2
D9808BAEA
Also called as Wahnstimmung. A Prodromal feature of an impending
Feeling Mixed-Up Mood Sometimes,
psychotic illness. In this case, the patient reports experiencing this
people feel their mood changing and get a
sensation persistently since early childhood. This case suggests that bit worried before they start believing
Wahnstimmung may persist for years without developing into full things that aren't true.
psychosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5806332/#:~:text=Delusio
nal%20mood%2C%20or%20Wahnstimmung%2C%20is,without%20dev
eloping%20into%20full%20psychosis.
designates a sudden, idiosyncratic, and often self-referential delusion They might start seeing familiar things in a
triggered by a neutral perceptual content. In classical psychopathology, different way, like doubting things they
delusional perception was considered almost pathognomonic for used to know.
schizophrenia.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35588694/#:~:text=Delusional%20perce
ption%20designates%20a%20sudden,considered%20almost%20pathog
nomonic%20for%20schizophrenia.
are unfounded or inaccurate beliefs that one has special powers, wealth, is a false and exaggerated belief in one’s
mission, or identity own importance, power, knowledge, or
identity.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366220023
6-X/fulltext#:~:text=Grandiose%20delusions%20are%20unfounded%20o
 r,wealth%2C%20mission%2C%20or%20identity.

30.Persecutory (Paranoid) Delusion - Delusions
of being persecuted (cheated, mistreated, etc.)
Delusional disorder is a type of mental health condition in which a
person can’t tell what’s real from what’s imagined.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9599-delusional-disorder
Thinking Everyone's Mean Some people
start believing that others are being mean
to them, tricking them, or treating them
unfairly.

31. Delusion of Control/Influence - Feelings of
the patient controlled by external forces.
Delusions of influence describe a diverse group of disturbances.
They include delusions of control, i.e., the (false) belief of external Feeling Bossed Around Imagine feeling
influence on thoughts, feelings, impulses, or behaviors, as also like someone else is making you do
manipulations of thoughts, such as thought insertion, withdrawal, things, like you have no control.
and broadcasting

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.20
22.1005479/full

32. Delusion of jealousy/infidelity -
a psychiatric phenomenon in which an individual has a delusional belief This delusional disorder can also occur as
that their spouse (or sexual partner) is being unfaithful a symptom of other disorders such as
schizophrenia. Diagnosed individuals
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3524690/#:~:text=As%20 experience delusions concerning the
we%20described%20above%2C%20delusional,or%20Othello%20syndr fidelity of long-term romantic partners.
ome%20%5B6%5D.

33. Delusion of guilt/self-accusation - belief that
one is sinner and responsible for the ruin of the
family of someone else.
the individual is convinced that he is to blame for various Ungrounded feeling of remorse or guilt of
misfortunes, e.g. earthquakes, tornadoes in the USA, misfortunes delusional intensity.
in Japan, but also for the fact that his distant relative lost a limb at
work, etc.

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Delusions#:~:text=Delusion%20of
%20self%2Daccusation%20–%20the,a%20limb%20at%20work
 %2C%20etc.

34. Somatic Delusion - Belief involves functioning A false belief that a person's internal or external bodily functions are Individual believes that something is
of the body. E.g. my brain is melting. abnormal. This belief may also extend to viewing one's physical wrong with part or all of their body. It may
appearance as very irregular. occur in variety of mental illness.

https://www.verywellmind.com/somatic-delusions-5114430

35. Nihilistic Delusion - Delusion of nonexistence Known as délires de négation, are specific psychopathological entities Involves the false belief that oneself,
of self, part of the body, belongings, others or characterized by the delusional belief of being dead, decomposed or others, or the world no longer exists, has
the world. Seen in major depression. annihilated, having lost one’s own internal organs or even not existing ceased to have meaning, or is coming to
entirely as a human being. an end

https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-psychiatry/article.php
?cod=R17Y2017N01A0070#:~:text=Nihilistic%20delusions%2C%20also
%20known%20as,entirely%20as%20a%20human%20being.