Literature 5.

Kundiman – love songs (awit ng pag-ibig)

- Latin: litera = letter 6. Kumintang/Tagumpay – war song (awit

pandigma)
- Deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of
man 7. Suliranin – workers song (awit ng
manggagawa)
- Can be written or oral
8. Talindaw – boat song (awit ng
Genre pamamangka)
- Any sort of work sharing certain 9. Dalit/imno – songs for gods and goddesses
characteristics (awit ng diyos-diyosan ng mga Bisaya)
- French term means kind or type 10. Epics
- Can be horror, comedy, etc. - Long narrative poems recounting adventures
- Genres of Literature = Fiction and Non- of tribal heroes or supernatural events
fiction Examples:
Philippine Literature
 Biag-ni-Lam-ang (Ilocano)
- Body of works, oral and written, that  Hudhud (Ifugao)
Filipinos (native, naturalized or foreign born)  Ibalon (Bicol)
have created about experiences of people  Bantugan (Muslim Darangan)
living in or relating the Philippine society  Hinilawod (Panay)
 Tuwaang (Central Mindanao)

11. Myths
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
- Sacred stories of happenings in remote past
1. Riddles
- Usually associated with theology and rituals
- Brief verses, often puzzling questions (gods and goddesses)

- Related to every phase of Filipino life 12. Folktales

2. Proverbs - Stories of animals, magic, romance, virtues,

and jokes
- Wise sayings
- Often deliver a moral in the end
- Brief prose statements about practical
observations in life

3. Lyric or Folk songs SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

- Stories about traditions, beliefs, and customs 1. Corrido – legendary religious poems about
intended for singing and not for narrating courtly love and chivalric adventures

4. Oyayi – lulling the baby to sleep

Examples: Ang Ibong Adarna, Ang Doce Pares
ng Prancia, Historia Famoso ni Bernardo del
Carpio
2. Awit – narrative poem of European setting
but the tale itself is the writer’s creation
Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco
Balagtas
3. Pasyon – epic narrative of life of Jesus
Christ
Examples: Cenaculo and writings of Gaspar
Aquino de Belen
4. Moro-Moro
– A blood thunder melodrama revolving
around struggles between Muslims and
Christians, with Christians being the emerging
victors
5. Carillo – a shadow or puppet play
6. Tibag
- A religious festival celebrated in May by
communities as devotion to holy cross
- Re-enactment of St. Helena’s search for the
cross of Christ
7. Zarzuela
– A musical comedy or melodrama in three
acts highlighting social or political problems of
the day
8. Doctrina Christiana
– First book ever published in the Philippines
9. Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini Urbana
at Felisa- compiled by Fr. Modesto de Castro
10. Religious Drama (Panunuluyan)
- Asking for lodgings
- A Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual
narrating Holy Family’s search for a place to
stay in Betlehem for Jesus Christ’s birth
through a song
NATIONALISTIC PERIOD
- Jose Rizal and his contemporaries (Marcelo
del Pilar and Andres Bonifacio)
1. La Solidaridad by Graciano Lopez-Jaena
- A newspaper during Rizal’s time
2. Noli Me Tangere/El Filibusterismo by Jose
Rizal
3. Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas/Ang Dapat
Mabatid ng mga Tagalog by Andres Bonifacio
(Kalayaan)
4. Liwanag at Dilim by Emilio Jacinto
(Kalayaan)
5. True Decalogue by Apolinario Mabini
6. Filipinas by Jose Palama (Lupang Hinirang)
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
1. Tagalog Novel
- Long prose narrative describing fictional
characters and events in form of sequential
story
Example: Banaag at Siakt
 One of 1st literary novels written by
Lope K. Santos (1906)
 Considered as “Bible of working class
Filipinos”
 Revolves around the life of Delfin, his
lover for a daughter of a rich landlord
2. Romantic Poetry
- Dominant theme: filtering of natural
emotion through human mind to create art,
coupled with awareness of duality created by
such process
Example: Pag-ibig by Jose Corazon de Jesus
 A Filipino poet used Tagalog poetry to
express Filipinos’ desire for
independence during American
occupation of the Philippines (1901-
1946)
 Best known for being lyricist of
Filipino song, “Bayan Ko”
3. Short stories
- Brief work of literature, usually written in
narrative prose
- One should be read in one sitting
Example: We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers
(1940s)
 Short story written bby Alejandro
Roces during his freshman year in
Arizona State University
 He’s well-known for humorous stories
and whit in writing
Poetry
- Has lines and stanzas instead of sentences
and paragraphs
- Some follow strict rules and many are free-
flowing
- Uses figurative language
Example: The road not taken by Robert Frost
Epic Poetry
- Long narrative poetry chronicling heroic
deeds and serious subject matter
Example: Beowulf
 A hero of Geats who came to aid of
Hrothgar, king of Danes, whose mead
hall in Heorot has been under attack
by a monster known as Grendel
Elements of Poetry
1. Rhythm
- Flow of sound produced by language
- Meter = something repeating
2. Sounds and Forms
- Use sounds of words to create effects in
poems
- Rhyme = most common way of creating
poetic form
- Free verse = no rhyme scheme, no meter
3. Imagery
- Sensations that language creates in mind
- Often though as pictures but not limited to
visual sensations
Kinds of Poetry
1. Narrative Poetry
- Tells 3 kinds of story
 Epic – long narrative poem about
heroes
 Ballad – narrative poem for singing
like love, horror or death
 Metrical Tale – medieval tale dealing
with achievements of knights and fair
ladies in distress
2. Lyric Poetry
- Poem intended to be sung
- Brief poem expressing emotions and ideas of  Dramatic Monologue
narrator o Have only one speaker

- Types:

 Ode – lyric poem about subjects when Prose

poet is at height of his emotions (e.g.
Ode to Rainbow by Sappho) Kinds of Prose
 Elegy – poetic lament for dead (e.g.
1. Prose Fiction
The Last Lonely Days by Prasenjit
Banerjee) - Narrative where situations and characters
 Song – lyric poem set to music are invented by writer
 Sonnet – poem with 14 lines, uses any
formal rhyme schemes - Some aspect may be based on fact or
 Idyll – descriptive poem of rural, experience
expresses mood of peace
Examples:
3. Dramatic Poetry
 Novel – book-length work, has more
- Classified into poetic plays scope
 Short story – brief narrative read in
- Types: one setting
 Prose allegory – things and actions
 Comedy – light and humorous
are symbolic
character; with cheerful/happy
 Prose romance – exotic adventure
ending
than realistic depiction of character;
 Tragedy – portray struggle of a strong
deals with love and adventure
protagonist against fate
 Mythology – deals with belief of
 Dramatic history – deals with past
people to gods or other supernatural
historical event
beings
 Farce – light dramatic composition;
 Legend – origin of things with no
broadly satirical comedy and
factual bases
improbable plot
 Folktale – traditional story handed
 Melodrama – extravagant
down; tale begun by people of any
theatricality; predominance of plot
land
and physical action over
 Fable – brief story with lesson, deals
characterization
with personification of animals and
 Masque
plants
o Short allegorical
entertainment 2. Prose Non-Fiction
o Popular in 16th and 17th
century England  Essay – expository in nature; used to
o With pantomime, costumes, communicate idea or opinion
and staging o Formal = serious and
o Use of dance and song, very impersonal
little dialogue o Informal = entertains
  Biography – account of one’s life o Physical appearance
written by someone o Speech
 Autobiography – account of one’s life o Thoughts
written by oneself o Feelings
 Diary – daily written record of one’s o Actions
experience  Direct
 Journal – magazine or periodical o Narrator’s comments about a
character
3. Other Prose Forms
3. Plot
- Deals with:
- Chain of related events that take place in
 Historical prose – historical events
story
 Scientific prose – science
 Satirical prose – ridicules vices and - Built around conflict (struggle between
follies of men opposing forces)
 Current publications – books,
magazines, or newspaper - Plot diagram
 Literary Criticism – analysis of literary
 Exposition – beginning
works
 Rising action – builds up to climax;
 Book review – deals with contents of
entrance of conflict
book
 Conflict – struggles/problems
 Philosophy, Travel, Parody,
 Climax – point of crisis; at highest
Anecdote, Character, Sketch, Prable,
interest
Pamphlet, Eulogy, Speech
 Falling action – ease of conflict or
4. Modern Prose Drama tension
 Resolution – ending
- Meant to be presented on stage
- Types of Conflict

 Man vs. Man

Four (4) Elements of Short Story  Man vs. Nature
 Man vs. Obstacle or Society
1. Setting
 Man vs. Supernatural Being
- Where and when the story takes place  Man vs. Himself

2. Characters and Characterization 4. Theme

- People, animals, or living beings in story - Main idea of story

 Protagonist – hero - Not moral, lesson, or rule

 Antagonist – villain
Example: Love, family feud
- Description of personalities and way it is
revealed

 Indirect