02 Pressure Measurement

Dr.
Narendra Kumar 31-03-2023
MECHANICAL MEASUREMENT AND

METROLOGY
(IPPC-202)
Pressure Measurement
Instructor: Dr. Narendra Kumar
Assistant Professor, IPE Department
National Institute of Technology Jalandhar
Email: kumarn@nitj.ac.in
Web: https://sites.google.com/view/knarendra/
DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JALANDHAR
(An Institute of National Importance, established by MHRD)
INTRODUCTION
• Pressure is an essential component of everyday life of

human beings.
• Atmospheric pressure, blood pressure, gauge pressure,
vacuum, etc.
• Hence, it becomes imperative to know the elementary
details about pressure and its measurement.
• Pressure is the force exerted over a unit area.
• Pressure (P) =Force (F)/Area (A)
• Force may be exerted by liquids, gases, and solids.
31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 4
IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 1

Dr. Narendra Kumar 31-03-2023
Pressure measurement importance
Measurement of pressure becomes an important aspect due

to the following reasons:
1. It is a quantity that describes a system.
2. It is a significant process parameter.
3. Many a time, pressure difference is used as a means of
measuring the flow rate of a fluid.
Terminology
1. The atmospheric pressure is the pressure that an area
experiences due to the force exerted by the atmosphere.
2. For engineering calculations typically the pressure used is the
pressure at sea level.
3. Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to the atmospheric
pressure.
4. In other words, how much above or below is the pressure with
respect to the atmospheric pressure.
5. Absolute pressure is the sum of the atmospheric pressure and
the gauge pressure.
6. If the gauge pressure has a positive value, the absolute pressure
will be greater than the atmospheric pressure.
7. If the gauge pressure has a negative value, the absolute
pressure will be less than the atmospheric pressure.

Contd…
• The relationship between absolute, gauge, and vaccum are

represented in Fig.
Contd…
Pgauge = Pabs − Patm gauge pressure
Pvac = Patm − Pabs vacuum pressure
Pabs = Patm + Pgauge absolute pressure
Pabs absolute pressure

Pgauge gauge pressure
Pvac vacuum pressure
Patm atmospheric pressure

Units and conversion factors
• 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
• 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 1.013 × 105 Pa
• 1 mm Hg = 1 Torr
• 1 Torr = 1.316 × 10−3 atm = 133.3 Pa
• 1 bar = 105 Pa
Methods of Pressure Measurement
• Pressure measurements can be grouped into two main

categories: static and dynamic pressures.
• Static pressure, as the name implies, is the pressure exerted
by a fluid when it is in equilibrium or still or static;
pressures acting at a point are the same in all directions and
do not depend on the direction.
• The methods that are employed for the measurement of
static pressure are not suitable for measuring pressures that
vary rapidly, (e.g., pressure in the cylinder of an internal
combustion engine).
• In such cases, pressure transducers are used to convert
pressure into signals that are recordable.

Classification of Pressure Measuring Devices
• The different instruments/devices used for the

measurement of pressure can be classified as follows:
1. Gravitation-type manometers
2. Mechanical displacement-type manometers:
(a) Ring balance
(b) Bell type
3. Elastic pressure transducers:
(a) Bourdon tube pressure gauges
(b) Diaphragm-type gauges
(c) Bellow gauges
Contd…
4. Electrical pressure transducers:
(a) Resistance-type pressure transducer
(b) Potentiometer devices
(c) Inductive-type transducer
(d) Capacitive-type transducer
(e) Piezoelectric pressure transducer
(f) Bridgman gauges
6. Low-pressure measurement gauges:
(a) McLeod gauges
(b) Pirani or thermal conductivity gauges
(c) Ionization gauges
7. Engine indicator (for varying pressure measurements)

Manometers for Pressure Measurement
• Manometers have been extensively

employed for the measurement of
pressure.
• They are simple and less expensive,
which make them popular.
• The expansion of the fluid filled in a
manometer (due to variation in
temperatures) affects their density
and, in turn, also the thermal
expansion of the read-out scale,
affecting the precision of
measurement.

Contd…
• One of the major disadvantages of manometers is that the

filling fluids may vaporize at high temperatures.
• Other limitations include toxicity of mercury, thermal
expansion of fluids and read-out scales affecting accuracy of
measurement, variations of density, and evaporation of
fluids at low-pressure and high-temperature conditions.
U Tube Manometer
• This type of manometer consists of two limbs, often made

of steel, where one limb is of a much larger diameter than
the other.

Contd…
• A higher pressure of P1 to the narrow limb having a cross section
of A1 and a lower pressure of P2 to the wide limb having a cross
section of A2 are applied.
• It can be observed that the liquid in the wider limb rises and that
in the narrow limb falls.
• Pressure balance can be achieved by using the following
equation:
where H is the total difference in levels in m,

h the difference between zero level and the level in the narrow
limb in m, and
d the difference between zero level and the level in the wider
limb in m.
Contd…
• Further, the volume of liquid displaced from the narrow

limb to the wider limb must be equal. Thus,
where A1 and A2 are the cross sectional areas (in m2) of the narrow and
wide limbs respectively. Substituting this value of h in equation, we get
the following equation:

Contd…
• Thus, it can be seen that the rise of the liquid in the wide
limb is proportional to the differential pressure (P1 − P2).
• Industrial manometers comprise a float, which is an integral
part of the wide limb.
• Which in turn is connected to a pointer or a pen recorder
with the help of a linkage mechanism.
• Whenever the level of liquid rises due to the differential
pressure, the float at the top of the liquid surface records
the change in level or, in other words, the differential
pressure.
Cistern Manometer
• A narrow tube is directly inserted into the wide limb.

• A differential pressure is applied. Then

Contd…
Inclined Tube Manometer
• An inclined tube manometer comprises two limbs.

• One of the limbs is a narrow glass tube that is inclined at an
angle θ to the horizontal.
• The other limb is a cistern, which is of a wider cross section.

Contd…
• Assume that the narrow and wider limbs have cross

sectional areas of A1 and A2 respectively.
• A scale is attached to the sloping limb. An inclined tube
manometer is shown in Fig.
Contd…
• The inclined tube manometer is an improvement of the

conventional U tube manometer.
• For the same differential pressure, the inclined tube
manometer provides an increased length of scale compared
with a simple U tube manometer.
• The letter h, which is shown in Fig., represents the height
that would have been registered if an ordinary U tube
manometer was employed.

RING BALANCE
• Mechanical displacement type pressure measuring devices.

• The ring balance differential manometer
• A variation of the U tube manometer
• It is composed of an annular ring, which is separated into
two parts by a partition.
• The lower section of the annular ring is also filled with a
sealing fluid (either water or mercury).
• The ring is balanced on a knife edge at its centre so that it is
free to rotate.
• A mass to compensate the difference in pressure is attached
to the lower part of the ring.
Contd…

Contd…
• P1 and P2 represent high and

low pressures, respectively.
• Application of a pressure
difference across the
annular ring causes the
displacement of the sealing
fluid away from the high-
pressure source.
• This in turn causes a turning
moment Tm due to which
the annular ring rotates by
an angle θ about its centre.
Contd…
• The mass attached at the lower part produces an opposing or
restoring moment Rm, which balances the turning moment.
• Thus, the differential pressure can be measured using a pointer
and scale arrangement.
• The turning moment Tm is given by the following equation:
Tm= (P1 − P2)Ar1
• The opposing moment, which restores the balance,
Rm = mgr2 sin θ,
where m is the mass attached at the lower part,
r2 is the radius of the point of application of the mass,
θ is the angle of rotation acceleration due to gravity, and
g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Contd…
• Since the turning moment is balanced by the restoring

moment Tm = Rm
(P1 − P2)Ar1 = mgr2 sin θ
or
P1 – P2 = mgr2 Ar1 sin θ
• It can clearly be seen that the applied differential pressure
is proportional to the angle of rotation
• The differential pressure can be assessed by determining
the angle of rotation.
INVERTED BELL MANOMETER
• An inverted bell manometer is another pressure measuring

device that is of the mechanical displacement type.

Contd…
• As the name suggests, the bell is immersed in the sealing

fluid in an upside-down position.
• The inverted bell moves in the vertical direction due to the
differential pressure arising out of the pressure difference
between the interior and exterior surfaces of the bell.
• A spring provided on top of the inverted bell balances the
vertical motion of the bell due to a pressure difference or by
the weight of the bell.
• The vertical movement of the bell can be translated into a
pointer movement with the help of a linkage system.
• The vertical motion of the bell can also be converted into an
electrical signal by eliminating spring.
ELASTIC PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
• Single diaphragms, stacks of diaphragms, and bellows are

some of the important elastic transducers
• A diaphragm is a thin, flat, circular plate fixed at the two
ends.
• Upon application of pressure, it deflects.
• The resulting differential pressure is given by P1 − P2.
• Can be used only for relatively small movements

Cond…
• A mechanical linkage
system or an electrical
secondary transducer
needs to be connected to
the diaphragm at its
centre.
• The diaphragm may be
made up of a variety of
materials such as nylon,
plastic, leather, silk, or
rubberized fabric.
Contd…

Cond…
Bellow Gauges
• Bellows are thin-walled

metallic cylinders, with deep
convolutions, of which one end
is sealed and the other end
remains open.
• The closed end can move
freely while the open end is
fixed.
• When pressure is applied to
the closed end, the bellows
will be compressed.

Bourdon tube
• The most widely used gauge for pressure
measurement
• Developed in 1849 by E. Bourdon.
• This tube is composed of a C-shaped
hollow metal tube having an elliptical
cross section.
• One end of the Bourdon tube is fixed and
can be used as the pressure inlet.
• The other end is free and closed.
• When the pressure enters from the fixed
end, the cross-section tends to become
circular so the free end moves outward.
• By amplifying this movement, the pressure
values can be read.
Contd….
• Due to the applied pressure, the
tube straightens out.
• Thus, pressure causes the free
end to move.
• This movement is proportional
to the difference between inside
and outside pressures.
• To measure pressure, movement
of the free end is magnified and
transmitted to a pointer
• The pointer moves over the
scale through a linkage and
gearing mechanism.

Contd….
ELECTRICAL PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
• Translate mechanical output into electrical signals in

conjunction with elastic elements such as bellows,
diaphragms, and Bourdon tubes.
• The mechanical displacement is first converted into a
change in electrical resistance,
• Then converted into an electrical signal, that is, change in
either current or voltage.
• Preferred over mechanical devices because of their quick
response, and high accuracy

Contd…
Electrical pressure transducers are classified as follows:

1. Resistance-type transducer
2. Potentiometer devices
3. Inductive-type transducer
4. Capacitive-type transducer
5. Piezoelectric pressure transducer
Resistance-type Transducer
Works on the basic principle of variation in the length of a

wire causes a change in its electrical resistance.
where
R = resistance of the wire grid in ohms
ρ = resistivity constant for the particular type of wire grid
L = length of wire grid
A = cross sectional area of wire grid

𝑅1 𝑅4
=
𝑅2 𝑅3
• The voltage output VO is zero.
• Under these conditions, the bridge is said to be balanced.
• Any change in resistance in any arm of the bridge results in a nonzero output voltage.
• Therefore, if you replace R4 with an active strain gage, any changes in the strain gage
resistance unbalance the bridge and produce a non zero output voltage that is a function of
strain.
Contd…
• In case of a bonded strain gauge-type pressure transducer,

a wire or foil strain gauge is fastened onto a flexible plate,

Contd…
Contd…

Unbonded type
• In between the fixed frame and the movable armature,

four strain-sensitive wires are connected.
• Using electrically insulated pins the wires are located to the
frame and movable armature
• The wires that are mounted under initial tension form.
Contd…
• Application of pressure causes a displacement of the

armature, which in turn elongates two of the wires and
reduces the tension in the other two wires.
• The applied pressure thus changes the length of the wire
due to which the resistance of the wires vary, causing an
imbalance in the bridge.

Potentiometer Devices
• Work on the principle of movable contacts

• Also called variable-resistance-type pressure transducers
Contd…
A potentiometer consists of:

• A fixed resistor body
• Terminals at each end of the body to
which electrical connections can be
made.
• A wiper arm that makes electrical
contact as it moves across the resistor
body.
• A terminal at the wiper arm to which
electrical connections can be made.

Contd…
• A variable resistor can be obtained by making a connection

between the movable wiper arm
• Three ohmmeters connected across the terminals of a 100
ohms potentiometer show that happens to the resistance
which the wiper arm is moved.
Contd…
• When a fixed voltage is connected across outside terminals

of the resistive body, a variable voltage can be obtained
when the wiper slides across it.
• Two different variable voltages can be obtained
▪ Between the wiper arm and the top terminal
▪ Between the wiper arm and the bottom terminal

Contd…
• The closed end of the Bourdon
tube is connected to the
potentiometer wiper.
• A constant voltage is applied to
the end terminals of the
potentiometer.
• Application of pressure to the
open end of the Bourdon tube
results in the deflection of its
closed end.
• Due to this, the wiper moves over
the potentiometer varying the
resistance of the circuit, thus
changing the wiper voltage.
Inductive-type Transducer
• The Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is an

inductive type of pressure transducer
• Works on the mutual inductance principle.
• The mutual inductance between two coils is changed by a
quantity to be measured

Contd…
• The output across secondary winding is the differential.

• It transforms a mechanical displacement into an electrical
signal.
• The movable core is connected to an elastic pressure
transducer like a Bourdon tube.
• The Bourdon tube senses the applied pressure and converts
it into displacement, which in turn moves the core of the
LVDT.
Contd…

CASE I
• When the core is at null position (for no displacement)

• When the core is at null position then the flux linking with
both the secondary windings is equal so the induced emf is
equal in both the windings.
• For no displacement the value of output eout is zero as
e1 and e2 both are equal.
• It shows that no displacement took place.
CASE II
When the core is moved to upward of null position (For

displacement to the upward of reference point)
• In the this case the flux linking with secondary winding S1 is
more as compared to flux linking with S2.
• Due to this e1 will be more as that of e2. Due to this output
voltage eout is positive.

CASE III
When the core is moved to downward of Null position (for

displacement to the downward of the reference point)
• In this case magnitude of e2 will be more as that of e1.
• Due to this output eout will be negative and shows the
output to downward of the reference point.
Contd…

Piezoelectric-type Transducer
• When pressure is applied on piezoelectric crystals an

electric charge is produced.
• A block of crystalline material has the capability to generate
an electrical potential due to an applied pressure along a
preferred axis.
Contd…
• The most widely used materials are quartz and Rochelle salt
(potassium sodium tartrate).
• If higher sensitivity is required, materials such as barium
titanate and lead zirconate titanate can be used.

How the Piezoelectric Effect Works
• Quartz as a piezoelectric crystal
Contd…

Capacitive-type Transducer
• The capacitive transducer works on the principle of variable

capacitances.
• The capacitive transducer contains two parallel metal
plates.
• These plates are separated by the dielectric medium which
is either air, material, gas or liquid.
Contd…
• Where A – overlapping area of plates in m2

d – the distance between two plates in meter
ε – permittivity of the medium in F/m
εr – relative permittivity
ε0 – the permittivity of free space

Contd…
• The capacitive transducer uses the electrical quantity of

capacitance for converting the mechanical movement into
an electrical signal.
• The input quantity causes the change of the capacitance
which is directly measured by the capacitive transducer.
• The displacement is also measured directly by connecting
the measurable devices to the movable plate of the
capacitor.
Working principle
• Works on the principle that when pressure is applied onto

the diaphragm, the distance between the two metal plates
changes, which in turn changes the capacitance.
• A variable capacitive transducer comprises a metal
diaphragm as the elastic element, which is placed centrally
between the two plates

DEAD-WEIGHT PRESSURE GAUGE
• A dead-weight pressure gauge or piston gauge is a very

popular device for measuring static pressure.
• It works on Archimedes’ principle.
• The air or fluid displaced by the applied weights and the
piston exerts a buoyant force, which causes the gauge to
indicate the pressure.
• Deadweight pressure gauges are normally used to calibrate
other pressure measuring devices.
• A dead-weight tester is a device used for balancing a fluid
pressure with a known weight.
Construction
• A dead-weight pressure gauge comprises a piston that is inserted
into a close-fitting cylinder.
• The cross sectional areas of both the piston and the cylinder are
known.
• A chamber with a check valve is provided.
• The entire space is filled with oil.
• Known weights are then placed on the piston.
• By means of a displacement pump, the plunger can be moved
• Pressure is applied gradually until enough force is attained to lift
the piston and the weight combination.
• When the piston is floating freely within the cylinder, the system
is in equilibrium with the system pressure.

Contd…
• Thus, the dead-weight pressure is calculated as follows:
• where Fe is the equivalent force of the piston and weight

combination, Ae the equivalent area of the piston and
cylinder combination, and Pdw the dead-weight pressure.
Contd…
• Pressure may be varied by adding several known weights to the
piston or by employing different piston cylinder combinations of
varying areas.
• Calibration can be carried out by recording different readings of
the gauge in the ascending and descending order of addition of
weights, keeping the areas of the piston and cylinder
combination the same.
• Ideally, the readings of the gauge should be the same for both
ascending and descending orders
Some errors associated with a dead-weight tester
• One such error is the friction created between the piston and the
cylinder wall.
• The leakage through the clearance between piston and cylinder
provides some lubrication, which helps to minimize friction.

MEASUREMENT OF VACUUM
• Pressures below atmosphere are generally termed as low
pressures or vacuum pressures.
• When the term vacuum is mentioned it means that the gauge
pressure is negative.
• However, atmospheric pressure serves as a reference and
absolute pressure is positive.
• Low pressures are more difficult to measure than medium
pressures.
• Pressures above 1 Torr can easily be measured by the direct
measurement method, wherein the force applied causes a
displacement.
• Manometers, diaphragms, bellows, and Bourdon tubes are some
examples of the instruments used in direct measurement of
pressure.
McLeod Gauge
• Developed in 1874 by Herbert McLeod
• An absolute standard of vacuum measurement for pressures
ranging from 10 to 10−4 Torr
• Also known as a compression gauge, measurement by
compressing the low-pressure gas whose pressure is to be
measured.
• The trapped gas gets compressed in a capillary tube.
• Vacuum is measured by measuring the height of a column of
mercury.
• Works on Boyle’s law, which states that by compressing a known
volume of the low-pressure gas to a higher pressure, initial
pressure can be calculated by measuring the resulting volume
and pressure.

Contd…
• The following fundamental relation represents Boyle’s law:

𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 =
𝑉1
where 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are the initial and final pressures,
respectively, 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 are the corresponding volumes
Construction
• Composed of a capillary
tube A, which is sealed at
the top
• Two limbs B and C, which
are connected to the
vacuum system.
• Both limbs A and B are
capillary tubes and their
diameters are the same.
• The diameter of limb C is
wider and hence reduces
capillary errors.

Contd…
Contd…
• Initially, the movable reservoir is lowered to allow the

mercury column to fall below the opening level O.
• In this position, the capillary and limbs are connected to
the unknown pressure source.
• The movable reservoir is then raised such that the mercury
fills up the bulb.
• The mercury level in capillary tube A also rises and
compresses the trapped gas in the capillary tube A
according to Boyle’s law.

Contd…
Contd…
• Let V1 be the volume of the bulb in
capillary A above the level O, P1 the
unknown pressure of the gas in the
system connected to B and C, P2 the
pressure of the gas in the limb after
compression, and V2 the volume of the
gas in the sealed limb after compression.
Then,
• If the cross sectional area of the capillary
tube is a and the difference in levels of
the two columns in limbs A and B is h,
then V2 = ah, where h is the difference
between pressures P1 and P2, that is, h =
P2 − P1. Therefore, one gets the following
equations:

Numerical Problem
• A McLeod gauge has volume of bulb and measuring capillary

equal to 110 *10-6 m3 and measuring capillary diameter of
1.1 mm.
I. Calculate the pressure indicated when the reading of the
measuring capillary is 28 mm in case approximate
formula is used
II. What is the error if the exact formula is used for pressure
measurement?
(i) 6.773 μm
(ii) 0.002 μm
Pirani gauge – A Thermal conductivity Gauge
• Originally invented in 1906 by Marcello Stefano Pirani

• Based on a hot metal wire suspended in a tube that is
exposed to gas pressure media.
• Measures the vacuum pressure dependent thermal
conductivity from the heated wire to the surrounding gas.
• The heated Pirani sensor filament is typically made of a thin
(<25 µm) Tungsten, Nickel or Platinum wire.

Basic principle of Pirani gauge
• A conducting wire gets heated when electric current flows

through it.
• The rate at which heat is dissipated from this wire depends
on the conductivity of the surrounding media.
• The conductivity of the surrounding media in-turn depends
on the density of the surrounding media (that is, lower
pressure of the surrounding media, lower will be its
density).
• If the density of the surrounding media is low, its
conductivity also will be low causing the wire to become
hotter for a given current flow, and vice versa.
Contd…
• As gas molecules collide with the filament wire, heat is

transported from the hot wire.
• The heat loss is a function of the gas pressure and at low
pressure the low gas density and long mean free path
between gas molecules provides a low thermal
conductivity.
• At high pressure, the high gas density and short mean free
path between molecules will result in high thermal
conductivity.

Pirani Wheatstone bridge
Contd…
• The filament wire is maintained at a constant temperature

• When the gas density changes and thereby thermal
conductivity changes
• The measured bridge voltage can be converted to a pressure
value.
Note:
[higher pressure – higher density – higher conductivity –
reduced filament temperature – less resistance of
filament] and vice versa.

The Thermocouple Gauge
• Thermocouple gauges, as
the name suggests, use a
thermocouple attached to
the hot wire to measure its
temperature.
• The difference between
them is that in the case of
the Pirani, the temperature
of the hot element in
contact with the gas is
directly measured by means
of a thermocouple.
Contd…

Contd…
• Hot surface-Thin metal strip

• Its temperature may be varied by varying the heating
current.
• For a given heating current and gas, the temperature
assumed by the hot surface depends on pressure.
• This temperature is measured by a thermocouple welded to
the hot surface
• Gauge is not independent of ambient temperature change
Contd…
• The wire will become hotter and hotter as the pressure

drops and fewer and fewer molecules are available to
transfer heat away from the wire.
• Since the heated wire, in most thermocouple gauges, needs
to operate at maximum temperatures between 200 -300 °C,
it’s made from a metal such as platinum

Electron ionization
• Method in which energetic electrons interact with solid or

gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions
• Convert the molecule to a positive ion with an odd number
of electrons
Ionization gauge
• Ionization gauges are employed for medium- and high-
vacuum measurements.
• These gauges convert neutral gas molecules into positively
charged or ionized gas molecules.
• This gauge is also known as thermionic gauge as electrons
are emitted from a heated filament or substance.
• These emitted electrons are called thermions.
• The principle of thermionic emission is employed in electron
vacuum tubes.
• When the tungsten filament is heated to a high
temperature, electrons acquire sufficient energy and move
into the space.

Contd…
• In a hot cathode ionization gauge, electrons emitted from

the thermionic cathode can be accelerated in an electric
field.
• These electrons collide with gas molecules and ionize them.
• The thermionic triode arrangement in an ionization gauge
comprises an anode and a cathode encompassed in a glass
envelope, which may be connected to the source whose
pressure is required to be measured.
Contd…

Contd…
• In ionization gauge, a stream of electrons are emitted from
the cathode.
• Some of these electrons strike gas molecules and knock out
secondary electrons, leaving the molecules as positive ions.
• For normal operations of the gauge, the secondary electrons
are negligible part of the total electron current.
• Therefore, electron current ie is same for all vacuum
pressures
• The number of positive ions formed is directly proportional
to ii.
• Rate of production of positive ions (ion current ii) for given
gas is a direct measure of number of gas molecules per unit
volume and thus the gas pressure
Contd…
• The positive ions are attracted to the negatively charged

electrode, which collects them and carries the ion current.
• Therefore, the pressure of the gas is proportional to the
ration of ion current to the electron current.
𝑖𝑖
𝑝∝
𝑖𝑒

Disadvantage
• Decomposition of some gases by hot filament and

contamination of the measured gas.
Thank you

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02 Pressure Measurement

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Dr.

Narendra Kumar 31-03-2023

MECHANICAL MEASUREMENT AND

• Pressure is an essential component of everyday life of

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 4

IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 1

Pressure measurement importance

Measurement of pressure becomes an important aspect due

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 6

IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 2

• The relationship between absolute, gauge, and vaccum are

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 8

Pgauge = Pabs − Patm gauge pressure

Pvac = Patm − Pabs vacuum pressure

Pabs = Patm + Pgauge absolute pressure

Pabs absolute pressure

IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 3

Units and conversion factors

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 10

Methods of Pressure Measurement

• Pressure measurements can be grouped into two main

IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 4

Classification of Pressure Measuring Devices

• The different instruments/devices used for the

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 13

IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 5

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 14

Manometers for Pressure Measurement

• Manometers have been extensively

IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 6

• One of the major disadvantages of manometers is that the

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 16

• This type of manometer consists of two limbs, often made

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 17

IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 7

where H is the total difference in levels in m,

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 18

• Further, the volume of liquid displaced from the narrow

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 19

IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 8

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 20

• A narrow tube is directly inserted into the wide limb.

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 21

IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 9

31-Mar-23 Dr. Narendra Kumar 22

Inclined Tube Manometer

• An inclined tube manometer comprises two limbs.

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IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 10

• Assume that the narrow and wider limbs have cross

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• The inclined tube manometer is an improvement of the

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IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 11

• Mechanical displacement type pressure measuring devices.

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IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 12

• P1 and P2 represent high and

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IPE Department, NIT Jalandhar 13

• Since the turning moment is balanced by the restoring

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INVERTED BELL MANOMETER