Digital Image Processing

Filtering in the Frequency Domain

Thanh-Hai Tran

Telecommunications Engineering Faculty

School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
 Outline
n Background
n Basics of filtering in frequency domain
n Image Smoothing in frequency domain
n Image Sharpening in frequency domain
n References

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 Outline
n Background
u Fourier transform
u Convolution

u Discret Fourier Transform

n Basics of filtering in frequency domain

n Image Smoothing in frequency domain
n Image Sharpening in frequency domain
n References

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 Fourier Transform

n Fourier transform: a
continuous signal can be
represented as a
(countable) weighted
sum of sinusoids.

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 Fourier Transform

n Fourier transform: a
continuous signal can be real(g(wx)) image(g(wx))
represented as a
(countable) weighted w =0
sum of sinusoids.
n 1-D continuous FT

w =7

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 Convolution

n 2 continous functions f(t) and h(t)

n The convolution of these functions is defined as:
u Minus sign: flipping
u t: displacement needed to slide one function past the other

n Fourier transform

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 Discret Fourier Transform

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 Fourier transform of a sampled function

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 Extracting one period of the transform

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 DFT from Continous transform of a
sampled function
n Fourier transform of a sampled, band-limited function
from (-∞, ∞) is a continous, periodic function that
extend from (-∞, ∞)

n In pratice, we work with a finit number of samples M

taken over the period from 𝝁 = 𝟎 to 𝝁 = 𝟏/∆T

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 Discrete convolution

n For x = 0, 1, 2, … M-1

n Extention to 2D signal

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 Properties of 2D DFT

n Relationship between Spatial and Frequency Intervals

u ∆T and ∆Z separation between samples in spatial domain
u Then the separation between samples in frequency domain

n Translation and Rotation

u Translation

u Rotation

Rotating f(x,y) by an angle 𝜃! rotates F(u, v) by the same

angle
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 Properties of 2D DFT

n Periodicity: k1 and k2 are integers

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 Periodicity

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 Fourier spectrum and Phase angle

n Fourier transform

n Fourier spectrum

n Phase angle

n Zero-frequency term:

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 2D DFT of image

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 Fourier spectrum

n F(0,0) is the largest component of the spectrum

n As frequency components u and v are 0 at origin,
F(0,0) is called the dc-component of the transform

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 Phase angle

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 Fourier spectrum and phase angle

n The component of spectrum determine the amplitudes

of the sinusoids that combine to form the resulting
image
n The phase is a measure of displacement of the
various sinusoids with respect to their origin
n

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 Fourier spectrum and phase angle

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 Convolution

n Convolution in spatial domain is product in frequency

domain

n Convolution in the frequency domain is analogous to

multiplication in spatial domain

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 2D Fourier Transform

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 From 1D to 2D

1D 2D

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 Convolution of two discrete functions

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 Example

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 Example

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 Outline
n Background
n Basics of filtering in frequency domain
u Characteristics
of frequency domain
u Frequency domain filtering fundamentals

u Summary step for filtering

u Correspondance between filtering in spatial and

frequency domains
n Image Smoothing in frequency domain
n Image Sharpening in frequency domain
n Reference
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 Filtering in the frequency domain

n Filtering

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 Steps for filtering in frequency domain

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 Zero padded filter and response

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 Corresponding between Spatial and
Frequency filters

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 observation 1: compacting energy

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 observation 2: amplitude vs. phase

n Amplitude: relative prominence of sinusoids

2020 n Phase: relative displacement of sinusoids 34
 another example: amplitude vs. phase

A = “Aron” P = “Phyllis”
FA = fft2(A) FP = fft2(P)

log(abs(FA)) log(abs(FP))

angle(FA) angle(FP)

ifft2(abs(FA), angle(FP)) ifft2(abs(FP), angle(FA))

Adpated from http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sastry/ee20/vision2/vision2.html

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 Filtering in the frequency domain

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 Spatial filtering vs. Frequency fintering

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 Outline
n Background
n Basics of filtering in frequency domain
n Image Smoothing in frequency domain
u IdealLowpass Filters
u Butterworth Lowpass Filters

u Gaussian Lowpass Filters

n Image Sharpening in frequency domain

n Reference

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 Smoothing filters: Ideal low-pass

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 Butterworth filters

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 Gaussian filters

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 Low-pass filter examples

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 smoothing filter application 1

text enhancement

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 smoothing filter application 2

beautify a photo

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 DFT application #1: fast Convolution

? ?
O(N2)

Spatial filtering
f(x.y)*h(x.y)

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 DFT application #1: fast convolution

O(N2¢log2N) O(N2) O(N2¢log2N)

Spatial filtering
f(x.y)*h(x.y)

O(N4)

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 Outline
n Background
n Basics of filtering in frequency domain
n Image Smoothing in frequency domain
n Image Sharpening in frequency domain
u IdealHighpass Filters
u Butterworth Highpass Filters

u Gaussian Highpass Filters

n Reference

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 High-pass filters

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 Sobel operator in frequency domain

Question:
Sobel vs. other high-
pass filters?
Spatial vs frequency
domain
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 High-pass filter examples

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 References

n Chapter 4 – Digital Image Processing

n Slide - Lexing Xie –
http://www.ee.columbia.edu/~xlx/ee4830

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