‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

DENG-220: Reading Development I

Adaptive Learning Content
Module 1
Module introduction
GETTING MEANING FROM CONTEXT loo
• Recognize the clues used to guess the meaning of new words
• Identify the graphic organizer used to organize main ideas and details
• Differentiate between the parts of speech for academic words
• Recognize the types of multiple-choice questions in the reading section of
the TOEFL
GETTING MEANING FROM CONTEXT
When you read, you do not need to look up the meanings of all new words in a
dictionary.
You can often guess the meanings of many new words from context – the other
words in the
sentence and the other sentences in the paragraph.

THE PUNCTUATION MARKS USED TO GUESS THE MEANING

OF UNFAMILIAR WORDSY
ou can use punctuation (e.g., comma"," dash"-" and parentheses "( )") in order to
describe the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
To explain the meaning of a new word, start with writing it, and then use
punctuation with words, phrases, or sentences that can clarify the meaning
properly.
In the example on the slide, "drawbacks" has the same meaning of
"disadvantages".

The signal words of contrast (e.g., but, instead of, however, despite, even though
etc) can be used to help readers guess the meaning of unfamiliar words by
presenting the opposite meaning.
1
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
In the example on the slide, using "Even though" helps learners figure out the
meaning of "soaked" because "dry, warm" have the opposite meaning of "soaked".

Using definitions can help readers guess the meaning of unfamiliar words.
A definition gives the meaning of a word and follows the connecting words "that is"
or "in other words".
In the example on the slide, "an area for walkers only, no cars" is the definition of
pedestrian zone.

Examples help readers to understand the meaning of unfamiliar words without

definition.
The words for example, for instance, such as, and among them introduce
examples that may help you.
In the example on the slide, You can guess that developing countries are not rich.

IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA

The main idea is the most important idea, or point, thought, or opinion that the author
has about the topic. It is an umbrella that includes all of the more specific ideas and
details. The main idea is usually stated in the introduction, and often repeated in
the conclusion.

ORGANIZING INFORMATION: USING A T-CHART

One way to organize information is in a graphic organizer. One effective graphic
organizer to show positive and negative aspects is a T-chart (called a T-chart
because it is shaped like the letter T).

2
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
ORGANIZING MAIN IDEAS AND DETAILS USING THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Every paragraph includes 3 main idea and specific details (e.g., facts, ideas, and
examples) that support and develop the main idea.
You can organize the main ideas and details on different types of graphic
organizers. One way to do this is to put the main idea in a box on the left and
details in boxes to the right.

SKIMMING FOR THE TOPIC AND THE MAIN IDEA

You can skim a reading to identify the topic and the main idea.
To skim, read the title and any subheadings, look at any photos and diagrams,
read the first two and the last two sentences of each paragraph, read quickly, and
don't read every word.

The main idea of a text is a general statement that can effectively summarize the
specifics, like any stated topic sentence.
The topic is just a word or noun phrase - a few words. It is not a sentence.
The main idea is in a sentence or two and can be found at the beginning, middle,
or end of a paragraph.

3
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
UNDERSTANDING PRONOUN REFERENCE
To find the noun that a pronoun refers to, look back in the sentence or in the
sentences that come before the pronoun.
In this example, them refers to friends.

SUMMARIZING
A summary is shorter than the original text, so try to write only three or four
sentences.
Understanding the paragraph well, Identifying the topic, the main idea and
choosing two or three important details are the steps of summarizing a text.
Always try not to include less important details, and do not look at the original
paragraph when writing the summary in order to summarize in your own words.

THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST

There is a list of words that college students should know because these words
occur frequently in academic English. This is called the "Academic Word List".
Check the examples on the slide.

FOCUSING ON TESTING: READING QUESTION TYPES (TOEFL IBT) NG-220:

Information questions, basic comprehension questions and reading to learn
questions are the three types of multiple- choice questions in the reading section of
the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) Internet-Based Test (iBT).

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Module 2
RECOGNIZING MAIN IDEAS AND SUPPORTING DETAILS
• Recognize the two types of contexts used to guess the meaning of a word or
an expression
• Exemplify the linguistic and situational contexts used to guess the meaning
of new words
• Locate the main idea that explains the subject of the paragraph
• Exemplify italics used when referring to a foreign word in an English sentence

TYPES OF CONTEXTS USED TO GUESS THE MEANING OF UNFAMILIAR WORDS

Getting meaning from context refers to students' ability to guess the meaning of a
word or an expression using linguistic context and situational context.

LINGUISTIC AND SITUATIONAL CONTEXTS

Linguistic context is the type of context in which a word or an expression is
linguistically used such as cause and effect, parts of speech and word forms
(prefixes and suffixes).
Situational context is the type of context that refers to the background knowledge
of a certain situation or subject such as general knowledge.

USING CAUSE AND EFFECT TO GUESS THE MEANING OF UNFAMILIAR WORDS

In this example, from the linguistic context (cause and effect), we can guess that
the word "weight" means growing fatter or getting heavier (an increase in body
weight).

5
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
USING PREFIXES TO GUESS THE MEANING OF UNFAMILIAR WORDS
Prefixes are letters that we add to the beginning of words to create new words with
various meanings.
In this example, From the linguistic context (prefix), we can guess that the word
"misunderstanding" means that the situation is not understood correctly.

USING THE PARTS OF SPEECH TO GUESS THE MEANING OF UNFAMILIAR WORDS

In this example, from the linguistic context (part of speech), we can guess that the
word "increased" as a verb means to become greater.

USING THE GENERAL INFORMATION TO GUESS THE MEANING OF UNFAMILIAR WORDS

In this example, from the situational context (background knowledge or general
knowledge), you can guess that 'Global warming" means a gradual increase in the
overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere.

IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA

It is usually easy to identify the main idea of any text. You can find the main idea at
the very beginning of paragraphs or in the conclusions of paragraphs.
When it comes at the beginning of a paragraph, it explains the subject of the
paragraph.
When it comes in the concluding sentence of a paragraph, it is expressed in the
form of a summary of the information that has been discussed in the paragraph.
Sometimes it becomes difficult to identify the main idea when it is not stated
directly. Therefore, it can be inferred depending on the available information in the
text.

IDENTIFYING THE SUPPORTING DETAILS

There are three steps to identify the supporting details of any reading selection.
First, try to Identify the topic of the reading.
Then, Try to Identify what the writer is saying about the topic in the
reading.

6
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Finally, Try to Identify the major details that explain the main idea and the minor
details that support the main idea of the topic.
Click on the arrows to know more about each step.

UNDERSTANDING ITALICS
Writers utilize italics (slanted letters) for many reasons.
Writers may use italics for emphasis. The italics mean that the word is important.
Check the example on the slide, and notice that huge is an important word and
that's the
reason behind using italics.

Another reason to use italics is to refer to a foreign word in an English sentence.

Check the example on the slide, and notice that Kaenari is a foreign word and that's
the reason behind using italics.

CRITICAL THINKING: MAKING INFERENCES

Writers usually introduce information clearly.
However, they also often imply information. In other words, they just suggest an idea
without actually stating it.
It is important for students as readers to make inferences. This means that they are
able to read between the lines, make connections, and arrive at conclusions
especially for the information that is not clearly stated.

7
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

SCANNING
To find a piece of information in a reading a selection quickly, you can use the
strategy of scanning.
When you scan a text, a start with Identifying the piece of information that you
want to find, or the question that you want to answer, then look for that piece of
information in the reading selection and move your eyes quickly across the words
of the reading until the piece of information that you want "jumps out" at you.
Finally, do not read every word in the reading selection.

8
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Module 3
UNDERSTANDING SYNONYMS AND PARTS OF SPEECH

• Get meaning from context

• Recognize and apply understanding of different parts of speech
• Review a topic
• Recognize different types of phrases
• Distinguish between implications and inferences
WHAT IS CONTEXT?
When learning a new language, there are several things which can help you make
educated guesses about words you do not know or are unsure of. Context is
one of them.
Context helps readers understand surrounding conditions in which an event is
happening.
On the slide you can see some examples of context.

ABBREVIATIONS
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase.
Certain abbreviations can help you understand a new word by guessing it's meaning
in the relevant context.

9
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Two common abbreviations which are essential to know is i.e. and e.g.
Think about the difference between the two do you know the difference?
Then click on them to learn more.

SYNONYMS
A synonym is a word or a phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another
word.
Sometimes, to correctly guess the part of speech of a given word, you need to think
of a synonym.
Try to think of a synonym of the words on the cards.

10
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
RECOGNIZING DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH
There are four main parts of speech in the English language, verb, adjective, noun
and adverb.
An individual word can function as more than one part of speech when used in
different circumstances. Understand parts of speech is essential for determining
the correct definition of a word.
verb
Verbs are words that describe actions, physical or mental. Verbs also describe a
"state of being".
Click on ADJECTIVE, NOUN and ADVERB to learn more:

Adjectives
Adjectives are words that modify nouns. They are often called describing words
because they give us further details about a noun, such as what it looks like? How
many? Which one is ?
Adjectives do not modify verbs or other adjectives. Take a look at these examples.
Click on VERB, NOUN and ADVERB to learn more.

noun
A noun is a word that names a person, place or an object. And is typically used in
a sentence as subject or subject of the verb
Click on VERB, ADJECTIVE and ADVERB to learn more.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

adverb
An adverb is a word that describes an adjective, a verb, or another adverb.
They specify when, where, how, and why something happened and to what extent
or how often.
Look at the examples. Click on VERB, ADJECTIVE and NOUN.

CHANGING PART OF SPEECH

Sometimes the context has an explanation of the new word, but in order to think of a
synonym, you need to change the part of speech.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
You can change a word to a noun, verb, adjective or adverb by adding specific
suffixes. Click on each part of speech to learn how you can change any word
from one part of speech to another.
Doing this allows you to explore words and their original meaning and in that way
helps you understand words, that you didn't already know. See the next slide for
more examples.

Interchanging the part of speech of a given word preserves the meaning of the
sentence. Look at the examples.

13
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
WHAT IS A VENN DIAGRAM
A Venn diagram uses overlapping circles or other shapes to illustrate the logical
relationships between two or more groups of items, i.e. words and concepts.
Often, they serve to graphically organize things, highlighting how the items are
similar and different.

VALUE OF TOPIC PREVIEWING

Topic previewing helps you to prepare for what you are about to read and set a
purpose for reading.
Previewing is a strategy that readers use to recall prior knowledge, to skim the text
before reading it, looking for various features and information that will help
as you return to read it in detail later.
Flip the cards to see more about common topic previewing methods.

14
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
LIST OF SUFFIXES
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to change
its meaning or to form a different word.
You can recognize the part of speech of a word by inspecting the suffix.
Different words from different parts of speech have different endings, i.e. different
suffixes. Knowing common suffixes will allow you to guess a word's function and
position in a sentence.
Example: Organization (noun). After noticing that the suffix "ion" is added to nouns,
you can manipulate the noun "organization" and come up with words such as
organize (verb) or organized (adverb). More on that in the next slide.

Here are some common suffixes for adjectives and nouns.

Inspect the table carefully to familiarize yourself with these suffixes.

LEARN NEW WORDS FROM PHRASES

One of the common English learning methods many of us have used, is learning
individual words without context. We try to memorize a list of words which are
barely related to each other.
To make a new word stick in your mind, try linking it with something meaningful.
In essence, active reading is the best way to not just learn new words but to
build your grammar and fluency also. More on active reading later.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Click on the cards to see what happens when you just try to memorize a list of
individual words.

Keep in mind that the more you read the more words you'll learn. As you read and
uncover new words, try to work out the meaning from the sentence.
For example, there are more chances you will remember the word 'unstoppable' in
a sentence such as: Messi is unstoppable, rather than just as a single word.

To effectively learn new words you need to be reading with a determination to

understand and evaluate the relevance of the material. In other words, active
reading. Here are some common active reading tips.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
TYPES AND COMPOSITION OF PHRASES
Words in a phrase function together so that the phrase itself acts as a single part of
speech.
In order to recognize the different types of phrases, you need to learn their
composition (What are they made of?).
Click on the cards to see the different phrases composition. Notice how each type of
word has a specific position in a phrase.

Here are more samples for the different phrases. types of

Click on the arrows to see the examples.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
IMPLICATIONS AND INFERENCES
Imply and infer are actually opposites. To imply, is to hint at something without
directly saying it while to infer, is to understand something even though it's not
directly stated.
When you use the verb imply you are giving information contrary to the verb infer
which means that you are getting information.
Click next to see some examples.

The subject of the verb imply can be a person or a thing while the subject of the
verb infer must be a human or a group of humans.
Subjects are highlighted in green, flip the cards to see some examples in
sentences.

18
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Module 4
PREVIEWING A READING

• Preview a reading
• Recognize cause and effect
• Distinguish between proverbs and quotations
• Understand compound words
• Improve reading speed
PREVIEW A READING
Previewing is a strategy that readers use to recall prior knowledge and
set a purpose for reading. It calls you to skim a text before reading,
looking for various features and information that will help as you return
to read it in detail later. Use the techniques presented on the slide to
preview a reading efficiently.

PREVIEWING TECHNIQUES
Titles give you a general idea about the main topic of your reading.
Notice the title of the text. What can you deduce about the text from the title
"Canada"?

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Highlighted in yellow are the first sentences of each paragraph. These sentences
will let you know the subtopics of your reading.
Read the first sentence of each paragraph, what are the different subtopics of this
text?

Extra information can be presented under the form of a figure, diagram, chart or
map.
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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
There are three images to the right of the text, what does each image tell you about
this text?

CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
A cause-effect relationship is the one in which one thing (or more) is a reason for
the occurrence of another thing (or more).
For example, if you eat too much you will gain weight.
In this case, eating too much is the cause and gaining weight is the effect.
Look at the slide to see two common questions that you can ask yourself to
determine the cause(s) and effect(s).

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
A graphic organizer is a great tool that you can use to visualize the causes and
effects of a certain subject.
Look at the graphic organizer presented on this slide and see how it's made out of
two columns. They each represent the causes on the left and the effect on
the right.

PREFIX: OVER
A prefix is a letter or group of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to
get a new word.
The prefix over means that there is too much of something or that someone is
doing too much of a certain action.
This prefix can be part of a noun, a verb, or an adjective.

22
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
PROVERBS
A proverb is a well- known phrase or sentence that gives a piece of advice or
states something that is generally true or commonly experienced.
Look at the slide to see some proverbs examples.

QUOTATIONS
A quotation is a phrase, sentence, or paragraph taken from a text or speech that
someone has written or said.

ANALYZE PROVERBS
Proverbs are well-known phrases or sentences that give a piece of advice or state
something that is generally true or commonly experienced.
Try to think of a meaning for the proverbs presented on the cards, than flip them to
see the corresponding meaning.

23
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

ANALYZE QUOTATIONS
A quotation is a phrase, sentence, or paragraph taken from a text or speech that
someone has written or said.
Try to think of a meaning for the quotes presented on the cards, than flip them to
see the corresponding meaning.

24
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

MODIFIERS
Adjectives are words that modify or describe nouns.
Click on noun phrase and modifier to learn more

A noun phrase is a group of words which contains

a noun along with modifiers for that noun.
Click on adjective and modifier to learn more.

A modifier is a word or group of words that describes a noun phrase or limits its
meaning. Click on adjective and noun phrase to learn more

25
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Notice the examples presented on the cards and try to find the modifying adjective
in each phrase. Then click on the cards to see the answer.

COMPOUND WORDS
Compound words are two or more words that are grouped together to produce a
new word with a new meaning.
Compound words can be produced in three ways closed compounds, open
compounds, hyphenated compounds. Look at the slide to see more details.

26
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
IMPROVE READING SPEED
Eye movement training is one of the best ways that can be used to improve the
reading speed skill. The fast eye movements from left-to- right increase the speed
of reading.
When you read quickly you may not feel nervous during the exam.
Flip the cards to see the key differences between slow and fast readers.

The following example shows an underlined word on the left of each line. Read
across each line quickly and notice the words in that line that are the same as the
underlined word on the left.
Click next to see the answers.

Highlighted in red are the similar words for each of the underlined words.

27
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Module 5
ANALYZING PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
• Recognize how to mark texts during the process of reading
• Organize information
• Analyze suffixes
• Understand dictionary entries
SCANNING
To find a piece of information in a reading selection quickly, you can use the
strategy of scanning.
When you scan a text, start with identifying the piece of information that you want
to find, or the question that you want to answer, then look for that of piece of
information in the reading selection and move your eyes quickly across the words
of the reading until the piece of information that you want "jumps out" at you.
Finally, do not read every word in the reading selection.

IMPLY & INFER

Imply and infer are actually opposites. To imply, is to hint at something without
directly saying it while to infer, is to deduce something even though it's not directly
stated.
When you use the verb imply you are giving information contrary to the verb infer
which means that you are getting information.
Click on the blue arrows to see some examples.

28
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
RECOGNIZE IMPLICATIONS & INFERENCES
Sometimes the meaning of a phrase or sentence is clearly stated in the reading. So,
it is easy to determine.
Sometimes you need to make an inference to understand the meaning.
Read the following short paragraph. Then, guess if the following sentences are
"Implied" or "Clearly stated".

Sentence 1 is clearly stated in the first sentence of the paragraph while the
sentence 2 is implied.

VISUAL MARKINGS
You often need to study so much material before an exam and might not
have the time to reread them all. For this reason, it is necessary to learn how to
mark any material during the process of reading.
If you mark your reading material in a good way, you can go back later and look over
your markings without reading the whole material again.

29
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
You can use different ways for marking texts such as underlining or circling new
vocabulary and phrases. Moreover, you might add notes or question marks in
the margin. Try to use different colors for different purposes.

It is important to note that there is no specific and right way for marking a text. You
just need to find a style that you like and prefer.
Unfortunately, if you mark too much in a text, it is as bad as not marking anything.
Marking too much may lead finally to confusion.

ORGANIZE INFORMATION
After you mark any material, you might need to study this material for an exam. You
can remember more if you do something active with the material that you have
marked. Do the following to remember more.

LIST OF SUFFIXES
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to change
its meaning or to form a different word.
You can recognize the part of speech of a word by inspecting the suffix. Different
words from different parts of speech have different endings, i.e. different suffixes.
Knowing common suffixes will allow you to guess a word's function and position in
a sentence.
Example: Organization (noun). After noticing that the suffix "ion" is added to nouns,
you can manipulate the noun "organization" and come up with words such as
organize (verb) or organized (adjective).
More on that in the next slide.

30
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Here are some more suffixes, listed by the parts of speech that they usually
indicate.

LIST OF PREFIXES
A prefix is a letter or group of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to
get a new word.
Some prefixes create words with opposite meaning.
Look at the slide for more examples.

Some prefixes sometimes give clues to the meanings of words.

The following prefixes have the meaning "no" or "not".

31
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Here are some other prefixes and their usual meaning.

IDIOMS
An idiom is a group of words in a certain order that has a particular meaning that is
different from the meaning of each word on its own.
Idioms are commonly used in informal English and can be found everywhere.
Check the slide to see a practical example of an idiom in a sentence.

Here are some idioms and their respectful meaning.

CONNOTATION
A connotation is a commonly understood cultural or emotional association that any
given word or phrase carries.
The connotative meaning of a word includes the feelings and ideas that people
may connect with that word.
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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

A connotation is frequently described as either positive or negative, with regard to

its pleasing or displeasing emotional connection. Sometimes words with similar
meanings have different connotations.
Check the slide to see some positive and negative connotations.

The words plump, large, and fat all mean "over normal weight".
In some societies, large women are considered beautiful. The two words plump and
large are more polite ways of referring to the same characteristic. In other cultures,
a fat person is considered unattractive and to say someone is fat is an insult.

DICTIONARY ENTRIES
A dictionary entry is a set of information that describes a word or phrase.
Some words only have one meaning while others have more than one
explanation.
The words enroll and fad only have one meaning. Look at the dictionary entry
presented on the slide to see their pronunciation, part of speech, definition and a
sample sentence.

33
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Other words may have multiple meanings such as the word style.
Look at the dictionary entry presented on the slide to see the pronunciation parts
of speech, definitions and sample sentences of the word style.
Click on the zoom icon for a better view of the dictionary entry.

34
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Module 6
LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE MEANINGS OF WORDS
• Understand literal and figurative meanings of words
• Interpret outlines
• Recognize phrasal verbs
• Use participles as adjectives
LITERAL MEANING
Literal meaning is the most basic meaning of a word or an expression.
Writers and speakers use literal meanings of words and expressions to
mean exactly what is written and said or to describe something literally.

Read the sentence presented on the slide, the writer is using the literal meanings
of words to explain exactly what is said.
He or she decided to ride the bus because of the heavy rain.

FIGURATIVE MEANNING
Figurative meaning is the metaphorical, idiomatic, or ironic meaning of a word or an
expression. Writers and speakers use figurative meanings to mean something
symbolic, suggested, or implied.

35
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Read the sentence presented on the slide, the writer is using the figurative
meaning to explain that it is raining heavily as if small animals (cats & dogs) are
falling from the sky.
Notice how the two phrases "It was raining heavily" and "It was raining cats and
dogs" have the same meaning.

OUTLINE
An outline is a tool that can be used to organize any material. It shows the
relationship between topics, main ideas, supporting details, and examples.
Look at the resource to see the value of outlining.

OUTLINE COMPONENTS
Most reading selections follow an outline.
Here is an outline of a research paper, notice that it shows you what information
each paragraph or section will contain, and in what order.

Generally, outlines are labeled with roman numbers, letters and numbers.

36
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Look at the resource to see what each label represents.

PHRASAL VERBS
A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a particle or, sometimes, two particles to
give a new meaning.
Look at the slide to see some common phrasal verbs, click next to see their
meanings.

Here are phrasal verbs + one particle and their corresponding meaning.

37
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Here are phrasal verbs + two particles and their corresponding meaning.

It means who takes care of your kids when you are at work.
SYNONYMS
A synonym is a word or an expression that has the same or nearly the
same meaning as another word or an expression in the same
language.
Each couple of words presented on the slide mean the same or nearly
the same. Click next to see more synonyms.

Here are more synonyms, notice how each word can have more than one
synonym.

38
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
ANTONYMS
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word.
Here are some words and their corresponding antonyms.

HOMOGRAPHS
Homographs are words that have the same spelling but different meanings. Click
next to see some homograph examples.

Because the word "bear" (verb) and the word "bear" (noun) have the same spelling
but different meanings, they are called homographs. Click next to see more
examples.

The word "fair" has a different meaning in each one of these sentences.
Look at the slide to understand the two meanings of the word "fair".
Please note that homographs might have more than two different meanings.

39
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
PARTICIPLES
Participles are words that originate from verbs but are used in different ways.
There are two types of participles, present and past.
Look at the resource to learn more.

Here are some examples of participles deriving from verbs.

Hover your mouse over the participles to see their tense.

PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
You can use present participles to describe something or someone.
Past participles are used to describe how people feel about something or
someone.
Hover your mouse over the participles presented on the slide to see their tense.
Notice how in the first sentence the participle is in the present tense and is used to
describe the book.
The participle in the second sentence is in the past tense and is used to describe
how the speaker feels about the book.

Here is another example of a participle used as an adjective.

Hover your mouse over each participle and note its use in the sentence.

40
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Module 7
DISTINGUISHING FACTS FROM ASSUMPTIONS
• Distinguish facts from assumptions
• Determine the meaning of homophones
• Identify transitive and intransitive verbs
• Determine appropriate transition words
FACTS
A fact is a piece of information that has been proven to be accurate. It is based on
existing data and it is verified by sufficient evidence in the human world.
Look at the resource to see examples of facts.
Click next to see some expressions that indicate facts.

Here are some "signal" words that indicate facts.

ASSUMPTIONS
An assumption is an idea that it is taken for granted, without any supporting
proof. In other words, it is a belief or feeling that something is true or that something
will happen, although there is no proof. Look at the resource to see examples of
assumptions. Click next to see some expressions that indicate.

Here are some "signal" words that indicate assumptions.

41
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
HOMOPHONES
Homophones are words that are pronounced the same, but have different
meanings or spellings, or both.
Notice how the two words "read" and "red" have the same pronunciation but
different meaning. "Read" is a verb while "red" is an adjective. Click next to see
more homophones.

Notice how "see" and "sea", "be" and "bee" have the same pronunciation.
However they don't have the same meaning. Hover your mouse over each
homophone to see it's respected part of speech.

ITALICS
Italics are popularly used to attract attention to specific words in any text.
Words written in italics are slanted to the right. Click on the blue arrows to learn
more about where italics are popularly used. Click next to see more.

42
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Italics can also be used for key terms and names of vehicles.
Click on the blue arrows to learn more.

TRANSITIVE VERBS
Verbs can be described as transitive or intransitive based on whether or not they
require objects to express a complete thought.
A transitive verb is a verb that requires an object to make sense.
Read the example presented on the resource, then hover your mouse over the
words in bold to see their corresponding part of speech.
The verb "persuade" is a transitive verb because it requires an object to make
sense.
Notice how the phrase "I tried to persuade" does not make sense without an object,
in this case, "them".

Here is another example of a transitive verb.

Hover your mouse over the words in bold to see their corresponding part of speech.

43
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
An intransitive verb is a verb that does not require an object to make sense.
Read the example presented on the resource, then hover your mouse over the
word in bold to see its corresponding part of speech.
The verb "slept" is an intransitive verb because it does not require an object to
make sense.
Notice how the phrase "He slept" makes sense without an object.

Here is another example of an intransitive verb.

SIMILES
A simile is a type of figurative language that describes something by comparing it
to something else.
Similes can be made using the words "as" or "like".
Look at the resource to see some examples.

ADJECTIVES DERIVING FROM NOUNS

An Adjective adds a description to the noun it precedes. An adjective can describe
a person, animal, place, thing or tell the number or quantity of the noun.
Adjectives can also derive from nouns by adding certain suffixes. Such as, artistic
deriving from artist.
Look at the resource to see more adjectives deriving from nouns.

44
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Here are more adjectives deriving from nouns.

TRANSITION WORDS
Transition words are words like however, but, moreover and because. They show
readers the relationships between phrases, sentences, and sometimes paragraphs.
Also, Transition words give readers the chance to understand how ideas are
connected.They can prepare the reader for what is coming in the text.
Look at the resource to see some transition words and phrases.

Here are some transition words used in sentences. Hover your mouse over each
transition word or phrase to see its corresponding usage.

USAGE OF TRANSITION WORDS

Here are some transition words/phrases and their corresponding usage.

45
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Here are more transition words/phrases and their corresponding usage.

46
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

MODULE 8
IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS
• Identify main ideas by analyzing details
• Explain meaning from context
• Recognize summaries in a reading
• Recognize words with similar meanings
MAIN IDEA
The main idea of a text sums up all the information in that text.
In general, main ideas are often located at the beginnings or in the
concluding sentences of paragraphs.
Sometimes the main idea is not clearly expressed in a text. In this case, the details
of the text can imply the main idea.
Read the following paragraph and try to find the main idea.
Click next to see the answer.

The topic of the paragraph is clothing. The important details are that some groups
wear clothing for protection against the weather, while others do not.
Thus, the main idea of the paragraph is that protection is one function of
clothing, but not an essential one.

47
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

GETTING MEANING FROM CONTEXT

Sometimes you can easily guess the meaning of a word when you read it in several
forms in different contexts.
Look at the example presented on the slide. Were you able to guess the meaning of
the word tomb just by reading it in three different contexts?

SUMMARIES IN A READING
A summary is a short explanation of the main ideas and important details in a
text.The expressions presented on this slide will help you recognize a summarizing
sentence. Click next for some examples.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Here are three summarizing sentences starting with "in summary", "in conclusion"
and "to sum up".

PARAPHRASING
A paraphrase is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other
words.
To paraphrase a paragraph you should first read and understand the meaning of
the whole text then rewrite it in your own words.

PARAPHRASING STEPS
There are 4 main steps that you should follow in order to successfully paraphrase a
paragraph. Look at the slide to review them.

Here are two paragraphs, the paraphrased version is to the right.

Read the original paragraph and compare it to the paraphrased version.
Click next to learn about the benefits of paraphrasing.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Paraphrasing helps you improve both your reading and writing skills. It gives you
the chance to read texts closely and allows you to enhance your writing skills.

WORDS WITH SIMILAR MEANING

Many words are similar in meaning and can often be substituted for one another.
They may have different definitions and can be used
differently. Look at the resource to see an example with the similar words
"course", "class" and "lesson".

WORDS WITH GENERAL & SPECIFIC MEANING

General words are words that name a group of things, people, or ideas.
Specific words are words that name a specific thing, person, or idea.
The meaning of a general word can include the meanings of specific words.
Look at the slide to see an example.
Notice how the meaning of the word structures includes the meanings of the three
other words (mosques, churches, and palaces).

DITRANSITIVE VERBS
A ditransitive verb is a verb that takes two objects classified as follows: Direct and
indirect objects. Look at the slide to see an example.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
LINKING VERBS
Linking verbs are verbs that describe the subject and link it with the rest of the
sentence.
The verb "to be" is the most common linking verb. Also, there are many other linking
verbs such as the ones presented on the slideshow.

Here are some examples of linking verbs in sentences.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Module 9
PUTTING WORDS IN CATEGORIES
• Recognize words belonging to the same category
• Explain how to summarize an article
• Analyze word roots
• Distinguish between formal and informal language
CATEGORIES
One method of grouping words is to put them together in categories, such as
people, animals, buildings, and so on. In other words, categories are groups or
classes of words with shared characteristics.
Look at the slide to see some common characteristics that a group of words might
share.

CATEGORIES OF WORDS
Each card represents a category.
Each card you see on- screen represents a category, flip the cards to see the
group of words that belong to each category.
When you group words into categories you will learn, store, and recall words. It is a
god way to build and expand your vocabulary.

52
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
SUMMARIZING AN ARTICLE
The reason for summarizing an article is to give readers a clear and objective
picture of the original article.
The summary should always restate the main points of the article without
including the less important details. Summaries are usually about one third of the
length of the original article.

SUMMARIZING STEPS
When summarizing an article you should always avoid expressing your
personal opinion. It is best to restate the main points using your own words without
copying from the original paragraph.
Look at the slide to see the steps for summarizing articles.

The summary of any article should include an introduction, a body and a

conclusion. Click on the blue arrows for more details.

53
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
WORD ROOT
A word root is the most basic part of a word after excluding all prefixes and suffixes.
Refer to the slide for some examples of word roots and their meanings.
Click next for more word roots.

Here are more word roots.

ACTIVE & PASSIVE

Speaking with an active voice means that a sentence has a subject that acts upon
its verb.
However, when speaking with a passive voice, it means that the subject is a
recipient of the action of the verb. Flip the cards to see some examples.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
FORMAL LANGUAGE
Formal language is less personal than informal language.
This style of language can be used in writing for academic purposes like university
researches and assignments. Look at the slide to see an example.

INFORMAL LANGUAGE
Informal language is more casual than formal language.
This style of language can be used when communicating with family members or
friends either in writing or in a conversation. Look at the slide to see an example.

FORMAL VS INFORMAL
The main difference between formal and informal language is the choice of words.

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE
Comparative adjectives are adjectives that are used to describe a noun by
comparing it to another noun. Look at the resource to see an example

SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
Superlative adjectives are adjectives that are used to describe a noun when
comparing it to two or more nouns.
Most superlativetive adjectives are usually preceded by the word "the" and have the
suffix "-est"

55
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Module 10
IDENTIFYING OPINIONS
• Explain the meaning of opinions
• Recognize how to express opinions
• Identify time words and their use
• Identifying definite and indefinite articles
OPINIONS.
An opinion expresses a belief, an idea, or a feeling that people might disagree
about. Look at the slide to see the two common characteristics of opinions.

OPINIONS SIGNAL WORDS

In order to recognize an opinion you should ask yourself the following questions:
Will some people disagree with that? Can it be proven or measured? Does it
reflect a personal point of view?
Answer these questions to find out if you are dealing with an opinion.
You can also recognize opinions by noticing certain signal words such as the ones
presented on this slide.

Here are some adjectives and adverbs that can express opinions.
Click next to see some sentences that express opinions.
Click on the blue arrows to see some common adjectives and examples

56
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
All of the following sentences describe personal opinions.

CHRONOLOGY
Chronology is the arrangement of events by using time words.
Look at the slide to see the use of time words.

Here are two time words in a sentence. Click next to see more time words.

Here are more time words and phrases.

SUMMARIZING AN ARTICLE
The reason for summarizing an article is to give readers a clear and objective
picture of the original article.
The summary should always restate the main points of the article without
including the less important details. Summaries are usually about one third of the
length of the original article.

57
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

SUMMARIZING STEPS
When summarizing an article you should always avoid expressing your personal
opinion.
It is best to restate the main points using your own words without copying from the
original paragraph. You can include the summary of ideas from different
paragraphs in one sentence.
Do not forget that summarizing is different from translating. It is mostly easier to
write a good summary if you can keep the original reading selection aside and not to
look at it. Look at the slide to see the steps for summarizing articles.

USING OWN WORDS

To summarize using your own words, follow the tips presented on the slide.

COUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns refer to things that are treated as separate items and that can be
counted.
Countable nouns are mostly used with indefinite articles and quantifiers.
Look at the slide to see some examples, then hover your mouse over the colored
words in bold to see their corresponding type.

Uncountable nouns refer to things that can not be counted.

Uncountable nouns are always used in the singular form, they can be used with
quantifiers also.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

ARTICLES
Articles are used before nouns to define a noun as specific or unspecific.
Articles are divided into definite and indefinite.
There is one definite article which is the word "the" and two indefinite articles, "a"
and "an".
Flip the cards to see the characteristics of definite and indefinite articles.

Here are some definite and indefinite articles in sentences.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

Module 11
REVIEW
• Analyze prefixes and suffixes
• Determine how to express opinions
• Distinguish between formal and informal language
• Identify opinions
SUMMARIZING
A summary is written in the student's own words. It includes the main idea and
important details of another piece of writing (a paragraph, section, article, chapter,
or book).

A summary is shorter than the original text, so try to write only three or four
sentences.
Understanding the paragraph well, Identifying the topic, the main idea and
choosing two or three important details are the steps of summarizing a text.
Always try not to include less important details, and do not look at the original
paragraph when writing the summary in order to summarize in your own words.

SUMMARIZING AN ARTICLE
The reason for summarizing an article is to give readers a clear and objective
picture of the original article. The summary should always restate the main points
of the article without including the less important details. Summaries are usually
about one third of the length of the original article.

60
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
MAKING INFERENCES
Writers usually introduce information clearly. However, they also often imply
information. In other words, they just suggest an idea without actually stating it.
It is important for students as readers to make inferences. This means that they are
able to read between the lines, make connections, and arrive at conclusions
especially for the information that is not clearly stated.

LIST OF SUFFIXES
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to change
its meaning or to form a different word.
You can recognize the part of speech of a word by inspecting the suffix. Different
words from different parts of speech have different endings, i.e. different suffixes.
Knowing common suffixes will allow you to guess a word's function and position in
a sentence.
The word "organization" is a noun. After noticing that the suffix "ion" is added to
nouns, you can manipulate the noun "organization" and come up with words such as
organize (verb) or organized (adjective). More on that in the next slide.

Here are some common suffixes for adjectives and nouns.

Inspect the table carefully to familiarize yourself with these suffixes.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
PREVIEW A READING
Previewing is a strategy that readers use to recall prior knowledge and set
a purpose for reading. It calls you to skim a text before reading, looking for various
features and information that will help as you return to read it in detail later.
Use the techniques presented on the slide to preview a reading efficiently.

PREVIEWING TECHNIQUES
Titles give you a general idea about the main topic of your reading.
Notice the title of the text. What can you deduce about the text from the title
"Canada"?

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Highlighted in yellow are the first sentences of each paragraph. These sentences
will let you know the subtopics of your reading.
Read the first sentence of each paragraph, what are the different subtopics of this
text?

Extra information can be presented under the form of a figure, diagram, chart or
map..There are three images to the right of the text, what does each image tell you
about this text?

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
LIST OF PREFIXES
A prefix is a letter or group of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to
get a new word.
Some prefixes create words with opposite meaning.
Look at the slide for more examples.

Some prefixes sometimes give clues to the meanings of words.

The following prefixes have the meaning "no" or "not".

Here are some other prefixes and their usual meaning.

LIST OF SUFFIXES
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to change
its meaning or to form a different word.
You can recognize the part of speech of a word by inspecting the suffix. Different
words from different parts of speech have different endings, i.e. different suffixes.
Knowing common suffixes will allow you to guess a word's function and position in
a sentence.

64
 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Example: Organization (noun). After noticing that the suffix "ion" is added to nouns,
you can manipulate the noun "organization" and come up with words such as
organize (verb) or organized (adjective). More on that in the next slide.

Here are some more suffixes, listed by the parts of speech that they usually
indicate.

PARTICIPLES
Participles are words that originate from verbs but are used in different
ways. There are two types of participles, present and past.
Look at the resource to learn more.

Here are some examples of participles deriving from verbs.

Hover your mouse over the participles to see their tense.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬

PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
You can use present participles to describe something or someone. Past
participles are used to describe how people feel about something or someone.
Hover your mouse over the participles presented on the slide to see their tense.
Notice how in the first sentence the participle is in the present tense and is used to
describe the book.
The participle in the second sentence is in the past tense and is used to describe
how the speaker feels about the book.
The participle in the second sentence is in the past tense and is used to describe
how the speaker feels about the book.

Here is another example of a participle used as an adjective.

Hover your mouse over each participle and note its use in the sentence.

FACTS
A fact is a piece of information that has been proven to be accurate. It is based on
existing data and it is verified by sufficient evidence in the human world.
Look at the resource to see examples of facts. Click next to see some expressions
that indicate facts.

Here are some "signal" words that indicate facts.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
ASSUMPTIONS
An assumption is an idea that is taken for granted, without any supporting proof.
In other words, it is a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will
happen, although there is no proof.
Look at the resource to see examples of assumptions.
Click next to see some expressions that indicate assumptions.

Here are some "signal" words that indicate assumptions.

PARAPHRASING
A paraphrase is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other
words.
To paraphrase a paragraph you should first read and understand the meaning of
the whole text then rewrite it in your own words.

PARAPHRASING STEPS
There are 4 main steps that you should follow in order to successfully paraphrase a
paragraph. Look at the slide to review them.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
Here are two paragraphs, the paraphrased version is to the right.
Read the original paragraph and compare it to the paraphrased version.
Click next to learn about the benefits of paraphrasing.

Paraphrasing helps you improve both your reading and writing skills by giving you
the chance to read texts closely.

FORMAL LANGUAGE
Formal language is less personal than informal language.
This style of language can be used in writing for academic purposes like university
researches and assignments. Look at the slide to see an example.

INFORMAL LANGUAGE
Informal language is more casual than formal language.
This style of language can be used when communicating with family members or
friends either in writing or in a conversation. Look at the slide to see an example.

FORMAL VS INFORMAL
The main difference between formal and informal language is the choice of words.

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 ‫ﺟﮭﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ اﻣﻞ ان ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻋﺘﺬر ﻋﻦ أي أﺧﻄﺎء واذﻛﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻮة طﯿﺒﮫ‬
OPINIONS
An opinion expresses a belief, an idea, or a feeling that people might
disagree about. Look at the slide to see the two commoncharacteristics of
opinions.

OPINIONS SIGNAL WORDS

In order to recognize an opinion you should ask yourself the following questions:
Will some people disagree with that? Can it be proven or measured? Does it
reflect a personal point of view?
Answer these questions to find out if you are dealing with an opinion.
You can also recognize opinions by noticing certain signal words such as the ones
presented on this slide.

Here are some adjectives and adverbs that can express opinions.
Click next to see some sentences that express opinions. Click on the blue arrows to
see some common adjectives and examples

All of the following sentences describe personal opinions.

69