ECE 476 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS Ibecture 2 Complex Power, Reactive Compensation, Three Phase Professor Tom Overbye Department of Electrical and Computer Engineeringe For lectures 2 through 3 please be reading Chapters 1 and 2 e HW 1 is 2.7, 12, 21, 26; due Thursday 9/4Vertical Monopolies a e Within a particular geographic market, the electric utility had an exclusive franchise Generation Transmission Customer Service In return for this exclusive franchise, the utility had the obligation to serve all existing and future customers at rates determined jointly by utility and regulators It was a “cost plus” businesse Within its service territory each utility was the only game in town e Neighboring utilities functioned more as colleagues than competitors e Utilities gradually interconnected their systems so by 1970 transmission lines crisscrossed North America, with voltages up to 765 kV e Economies of scale keep resulted in decreasing rates, so most every one was happyCurrent Midwest Electric Gridnt’d -- 1970’s e 1970’s brought inflation, increased fossil-fuel prices, calls for conservation and growing environmental concerns e Increasing rates replaced decreasing ones e As aresult, U.S. Congress passed Public Utilities Regulator Policies Act (PURPA) in 1978, which mandated utilities must purchase power from independent generators located in their service territory (modified 2005) e PURPA introduced some competitionnt’d — 1990’s & 2000’s e@ Major opening of industry to competition occurred as a result of National Energy Policy Act of 1992 This act mandated that utilities provide “nondiscriminatory” access to the high voltage transmission Goal was to set up true competition in generation Result over the last few years has been a dramatic restructuring of electric utility industry (for better or worse!) e Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified PURPAState Variation in Electric Rates Residential Avorage Revenue per ki ie 8.26 Cents kWh = Kslowatthour Note. The average revenue per kllowalthour of electricity sold Is calculated ty divdng revenue by sales. Source: Energy information Administration, Form ElA-861, "Annual Electric Uulity Report”The Goal: Customer Choice WY fe,It for California in 2000/1The California-Enron Effect al electricity delayed no activity restructuring restructuring Source : http:/www.cl2.doe.gov/eneat/olectricity/chg_strregmap.htmlAugust 14', 2003 Blackout Blackout misery 50 million affected in Northeast and beyond as power grid fails Many wt Moms in abo, cars ies close, ATMS itoutby ar and land m 44. suc ide Bis Electricity Crisis e Two main electric utilities in Mlinois are ComEd and Ameren e Restructuring law had frozen electricity prices for ten years, with rate decreases for many. e Prices rose on January 1, 2007 as price freeze ended; price increases were especially high for electric heating customers who had previously enjoyed rates as low as 2.5 cents/kWh e Current average residential rate (in cents/kWh) is 10.4 in IL, 8.74 IN, 11.1 WL, 7.94 MO, 9.96 IA, 19.56 CT, 6.09 ID, 14.03 in CA, 10.76 US average 12Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of constant frequency ac systems V(t) = Vinax CoS(@t + Oy) i(t) = Tax CoS(@t + 0) Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid = 1 v(t)"dt = “naeEuler's Identity: el? =cosO+ jsin@ Phasor notation is developed by rewriting using Euler's identity v(t) = V2\V| cos(at + Oy) v(t) =V2 WV Re[ e! faery "| (Note: |V| is the RMS voltage)presentation, cont’d The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is: Vo = Wle* =v|\26, v(t) = Rev2Vei@ei% V = \V.cos@, + jV\sin@, ll I \T cos@, + j\I sin, (Note: Some texts use “boldface” type for complex numbers, or “bars on the top”)s of Phasor Analysis Device Time Analysis Phasor Resistor v(t) = Ri(t) V=RI Inductor v(t) = Lo V =joLll Capacitor Lage +v(0) V= _4 ig : Co joc Z = Impedance =R+ jX =|Z\Z2¢ R = Resistance Note: Zi X = Reactance (Note: Zis a complex number but [R? 4X? g=arctan( » not a phasor) N UlExample tn ie 296 mit = V2 100cos(er + 30°) = 60Hz = 40 X= aL = V¥43= 5 ¢ Vv 100.230° Zz 5236.9° = 202-6.9° Amps = 20V2 cos(wt —6.9°) = 36.9°| Pt) = v(t) it) V(t) = Vingx Cos(@t + Ay) i(t) = T,,,cos(@t+6,) cosacosf@ = jleosta — f)+cos(a+ B)] p(t) = Va naylos(Oy ~81)+ cos(2at + Ay + 6,)]ower, cont’d Average Power pa) = oY. Vinax! max [Cos(Oy — O,) + cos(2et + A, + 0;)] i Lon = piped = ty Tinax CO8(Ay — 8; ) 5 max max = |VLcos(@, ~4,) Power Factor Angle = ¢=6, — 0,S = V\|I\[cos(@, -—6,)+ jsin(@, —4,)] = P+jQ a P = Real Power (W, kW, MW) Q = Reactive Power (var, kvar, Mvar) S = Complex power (VA, KVA, MVA) Power Factor (pf) = cos¢ (Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor) Tf current leads voltage then pf is leading If current lags voltage then pf is laggingower, cont’d Relationships between real, reactive and complex power P = |Scos¢ Q = |Ssing = +/S\\1-pf? Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85. What are ¢ (power factor angle), Q and |S|? @ = -cos 0,85 = -31.8° js| = 20OKW _ 17,6 EVA 0.85 Q = 117.6sin(-31.8°) =—62.0 kVarion of Power e At every node (bus) in the system — Sum of real power into node must equal zero ~ Sum of reactive power into node must equal zero e This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoff’s current law, which states that the total current into each node must equal zero. — Conservation of power follows since S = VI*ion of Power Example Earlier we found is toolse” 1=202-6.9° amps S = VIX = 100230°x2026.9° = 2000/36.9° VA @ = 36.9° pf=0.8 lagging Sp= Vel = 4x202-6.9°x 2046.9° Pe= 1600W = IR (Qe =0) SL = VT = 37x202-6.9° x 2026.9° = 1200var = JX (P, =0)sumption in Devices Resistors only consume real power 2 Presistor = [TResistor| R Inductors only consume reactive power 2 Qinductor = I Taduceae'| x Es Capacitors only generate reactive power 1 2 Qcapacit =-Ic it | Xe Xc=— ‘apacitor ‘apacitor oC 2, Vespa Capacit : Qcapacitor = — LR apacttorl (Note-some define Xc negative) c+ First solve Sido _ loos. ‘teovole V hasic circuit 7 = 4000020°V _ 40020° Amps 10020°Q V = 4000040°+(5+ j40) 40020° = 420004 j16000 = 44.9720.8° kV S = VI" =44.9k220.8°x 40020° = 17.98220.8°MVA =16.8+ j6.4 MVAye Now add additional (~) fo WV ZloX GS jlon. Leactive power load = and resolve Zioad = 10.7Z45° pf =0.7 lagging T = 5642-45° Amps V = 59.7213.6° kV S = 33.7258.6° MVA =17.6+ j28.8 MVAtem Notation Power system components are usually shown as “one-line diagrams.” Previous circuit redrawn 17.6 MW 16.0 MW 28.8 MVR -16.0 MVR 59.7 kV 40.0 kV 17.6MWw ieee zsamvn (C=) 16.0 MVR. Generators are Transmission lines are shown as a single line show loads Atrows are . used to shown as circles aKey idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive power locally. In the previous example this can be done by adding a 16 Mvar capacitor at the load 16.8MW 16.0 MW 6.4MVR 0.0 MVR 44.94 kv 40.0 kV 16.8 MW 16.0 MW —— 6.4MVR = 16.0 MVR 16.0 MVR Compensated circuit is identical to first example with just real power loadompensation, cont’d e Reactive compensation decreased the line flow from 564 Amps to 400 Amps. This has advantages ~ Lines losses, which are equal to I? R decrease — Lower current allows utility to use small wires, or alternatively, supply more load over the same wires — Voltage drop on the line is less e Reactive compensation is used extensively by utilities e Capacitors can be used to “correct” a load’s power factor to an arbitrary value.tor Correction Example Assume we have 100 kVA load with pf=0.8 lagging, and would like to correct the pf to 0.95 lagging S = 80+ j60kVA ¢ = cos!0.8= 36.9° PF of 0.95 requires djosireqd = COS 0.95 = 18.2° Snew =80+ J(60 ~ Qeap) 60- oan = tanl8.2° => 60—-Qcap = 26.3 kvar Qeap = 33.7 kvar“ i ° = o © 2 © oO E ® 2 a > n cPhase (6) Systems e A balanced 3 phase () system has — three voltage sources with equal magnitude, but with an angle shift of 120° — equal loads on each phase — equal impedance on the lines connecting the generators to the loads e Bulk power systems are almost exclusively 36 e Single phase is used primarily only in low voltage, low power settings, such as residential and some commercial-- No Neutral Current = 1,+1,+1, I, = s(t 20° +12 =120° +12120°)=0 S = Vogl +Vonin +Venlen = 3Vanl an* an cn’ cne Can transmit more power for same amount of wire (twice as much as single phase) e Torque produced by 3¢ machines is constrant e Three phase machines use less material for same power rating e Three phase machines start more easily than single phase machinesse - Wye Connection e There are two ways to connect 3¢ systems ~ Wye (Y) — Delta (A) Wye Connection Voltages Ven Van = ViZe° : Vin = V\Za°-120° y,, Ven Ven = V[Za°+120° 2ection Line Voltages (a = 0 in this case) Vip = Van —Von = VIA Za@-1Za@ +120°) = V3 |V|Za +30° Line to line Vi. =V3\V|Za-90° voltages are Vig = N3\V\ Za +150° also balancedection, cont’d e Define voltage/current across/through device to be phase voltage/current e Define voltage/current across/through lines to be line voltage/current jay Viine = 3 Venase 1230° = V3 Venase eds I Line = [ Phase Ss. 360 3 Vphase L PhaseFor the Delta phase voltages equal line voltages For currents Ty = Igy Fea = VBI, Z—-30° I, = Ibe — lan To = Lea 1 be S34 =3 Vehase L PhaseAssume a A-connected load is supplied from a 3 13.8 kV (L-L) source with Z = 100220°Q Vy, =13.8.20° kV Ve =13.82-120° kV Veq =13.82120° KV _13.8.20° kV 100220° Q T,. =1382Z—140° amps Tq =1382100° amps La = 1382 — 20° ampsse Example, cont’d Tgp — Iq =138Z — 20° -138.2100° = 2392-—50° amps I, = 239Z-170° amps I, = 23970° amps S = 3xV,yly =3x13.820°KV x138220° amps 5.7220° MVA 5.37 + j1.95 MVA pf = cos20°=0.94 laggingTransformation To simplify analysis of balanced 3¢ systems: 1) A-connected loads can be replaced by Y-connected loads with Zy =—Z, 2) A-connected sources can be replaced by Y-connected sources with Vjnase = =H? passe“ /3.230°Transformation Proof From the A side we get = Vg = Veen = Vup = Mee : Zr, Zs Za Hence Z,= Va» —Vea I aTransformation, cont’d From the Y side we get Vy = ZyTa-ty) Vea = 2 Tea) Vas Ven = Zy(2lq—Iy Ie) Since 1,41,+1,=0>1,=-I,-1, Hence V,,—-V.g = 3Zyl, Vab — Vea 3Zy = “= Za a Therefore Zy = 2 ‘Ahase Transmission Line