TOPIC OVERVIEW

● Fire up
● Metals and nonmetals
● Digestive system
● Mitosis
● Meiosis
● Designing your experiment

Topic 1 - Fire up!

Solid sphere model, created by John Dalton in 1803
- states that atoms are invisible particles
- the atoms cannot be further divided into smaller particles
Plum pudding model, created by J.J Thomson in 1904
- The electrons were embedded in a uniform sphere of positive charge
(think of electrons in positive soup)
Nuclear model, created by Ernest Rutherford in 1911
- in the nuclear atom, the protons and neutrons which comprise nearly all of
the mass of the atom, are located in the nucleus at the center of the atom.
Planetary model, created by Niels Bohr in 1913
- electrons in an energy level have a specific amount of energy
- Electrons move to a higher energy level when they gain energy
- Electrons release energy when they move to a lower energy level
Quantum model, created by Erwin Shrodinger in. 1926

Visible light spectrum

_____________________
Longest wavelength ————————————> Shortest wavelength
Lowest frequency —————————————> Highest frequency
Least energy ———————————————> Most energy
What causes electrons to become excited?
electrons gain energy when heated, causing them to become ‘excited’ so they
jump to higher energy levels
Why did the tested substances produce different colors of light?
electrons release energy in the form of light as they go back to a lower energy
level. The color of light depends on the difference between two energy levels

Topic 2 - Metals and nonmetals

Element color luster malleability metal or

nonmetal

carbon black dull not malleable nonmetal

aluminum silver/gray shiny malleable metal

magnesium silver/gray shiny malleable metal

Topic 3 - Digestive system

Ingestion - act of taking in food

digestion - the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
absorption - cells of the digestive system take in small molecules of digested
food
elimination - the removal of undigested food and other wastes

Mechanical digestion - food is physically broken into smaller pieces

Chemical digestion - chemical reactions break down food into small molecules

Parts of the digestive system

1, mouth
● where mechanical digestion begins
 ● salivary glands produce saliva
2, esophagus
● a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
● peristalsis pushes food down the esophagus
3, stomach
● large hollow organ that temporarily stores food
● has folds that enable it to expand
● food and gastric juice forms chyme
4, small intestines
● where chemical digestion occurs
● where nutrient absorption occurs
5, large intestines
● also called the colon
● reabsorbs water from undigested food
6, liver
● produces bile which is important for fat digestion
● bile is a fluid made and released in the liver.
7, gallbladder
● stores bile
8, pancreas
● produces amylase which breaks down carbohydrates
● amylase is an enzyme found in saliva

TOPIC 4 - MITOSIS
Most cells go through a cycle of growth, development and division.
Five stages of mitosis
1, Interphase
- rapid growth and replication or organelles
- copying of the dna
- preparation for cell division
2, prophase
 - copied DNA condenses into chromosomes
- the nucleolus disappears
- the nuclear membrane breaks down
- spindle fibers begin to form
3, metaphase
- spindle fibers pull and push duplicated chromosomes to the middle of the
cell
- chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell
4, anaphase
- sister chromatids separate
- spindle fibers shorten, pulling chromatids toward the opposite sides of
the cell
- the cell begins to lengthen
5, telophase
- a nuclear membrane forms around the chromatin
- chromosomes begin to unwind
- spindle fibers begin to break down
- two identical nuclei form
TOPIC 5 - MEIOSIS
TOPIC 6 - DESIGNING YOUR EXPERIMENT
The scientific method is a systematic process that involves observing, making
predictions, gathering data, and making conclusions

Alternative hypothesis - expected outcome of the experiment. Shows

relationship between IV and DV
Null hypothesis - states that there is no relationship between the variables
An experiment is a type of scientific investigation that is performed under
controlled conditions. Usually in a laboratory

an experiment generally tests how one variable is affected by another

IV —> affects change in the —> DV

A fair test changes only one variable while other variables are kept constant

CHANGE one variable

MEASURE one variable
keep others the SAME

In the control setup, nothing is changed.

In the experimental setup, the IV is changed.