Professional Documents
Culture Documents
11 Mechanical Ventilation & Endotracheal Intubation Nursing Care Plans and Management - Nurseslabs
11 Mechanical Ventilation & Endotracheal Intubation Nursing Care Plans and Management - Nurseslabs
Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients
:
who are mechanically ventilated or with endotracheal intubation. Learn about
the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis
for mechanical ventilation and endotracheal intubation in this guide.
Table of Contents
What is a Mechanical Ventilator?
Nursing Care Plans & Management
Nursing Problem Priorities
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Goals
Nursing Interventions and Actions
1. Managing Mechanical Ventilation
2. Promoting Patent Airway Clearance
3. Reducing Anxiety and Fear
4. Administering Medications and Pharmacological Support
5. Preventing Respiratory Injury Risk
6. Optimizing Cardiac Function
7. Facilitating Weaning Process
8. Promoting Communication & Alternative Communication
Methods
9. Initiating Measures for Infection Control & Management
10. Promoting Optimal Nutrition Balance
11. Providing Patient Education & Health Teachings
Recommended Resources
See Also
References
Positive-pressure Ventilators
Positive-pressure ventilators or PPVs inflate the lungs by exerting positive
pressure on the airway, pushing air in, and forcing the alveoli to expand during
inspiration. Endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy is usually necessary.
Ventilator mode refers to how breaths are delivered to the client. The most
commonly used modes are controlled mechanical ventilation, continuous
mandatory ventilation or assist-control (A/C), intermittent mandatory
ventilation (IMV), synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV),
pressure support ventilation, and airway pressure release ventilation.
Nursing Assessment
Assess for the following subjective and objective data:
Nursing Diagnosis
Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to
specifically address the challenges associated with this condition based on
the nurse’s clinical judgement and understanding of the patient’s unique
health condition. While nursing diagnoses serve as a framework for organizing
care, their usefulness may vary in different clinical situations. In real-life
clinical settings, it is important to note that the use of specific nursing
diagnostic labels may not be as prominent or commonly utilized as other
components of the care plan. It is ultimately the nurse’s clinical expertise and
judgment that shape the care plan to meet the unique needs of each patient,
prioritizing their health concerns and priorities.
Nursing Goals
:
The primary goals for the patient include ensuring optimal gas exchange,
maintaining a clear airway, preventing trauma and infection, promoting
mobility, adapting to nonverbal communication methods, developing effective
coping strategies, and preventing complications. Goals and expected
outcomes may include:
3. Assess the client’s respiratory rate, depth, and pattern, including the
use of accessory muscles.
Changes in the respiratory rate and rhythm are early signs of possible
:
respiratory distress. As moving air in and out of the lungs becomes more
difficult, the breathing pattern changes to include the use of accessory
muscles to increase chest excursions. Mechanical ventilation is indicated
when the client’s spontaneous ventilation is inadequate to sustain life. It is
indicated as a measure to control ventilation in critically ill clients and as
prophylaxis for the impending collapse of other physiologic functions such as
respiratory or mechanical insufficiency and ineffective gas exchange (Jackson
et al., 2020).
6. Assess the skin color and examine the lips and nailbeds for cyanosis.
Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis) indicates an excessive
concentration of deoxygenated blood and that breathing pattern is ineffective
to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation. Cyanosis might indicate severe
hypoxia (Bhutta et al., 2022).
10. Assess for the client’s comfort and the ability to cooperate while on
mechanical ventilation.
Client discomfort may be secondary to incorrect ventilator settings that result
in insufficient oxygenation. Once intubated and breathing on the mechanical
ventilator, the client should be breathing easily and not “fighting or bucking”
the ventilator.
11. Assess the ventilator settings and alarm system every hour.
The assessment ensures that settings are accurate and alarms are functional.
Controls and settings are adjusted according to the client’s primary disease
and results of diagnostic testing to maintain parameters within appropriate
limits. Do not turn off alarms, even for suctioning. Ventilators have a series of
:
visual and audible alarms, such as oxygen, low volume or apnea, high
pressure, and inspiratory/expiratory (I:E) ratio. Turning off or failing to reset
alarms places the client at risk for unobserved ventilator failure or respiratory
distress or arrest.
12. Count the client’s respirations for 1 full minute and compare with
desired respirations and ventilator set rate.
Respirations may vary depending on the problem requiring ventilatory
assistance; for example, the client may be totally ventilator dependent or be
able to take breaths on their own between ventilator-delivered breaths. Rapid
client respirations can produce respiratory alkalosis and prevent the desired
volume from being delivered by the ventilator. Slow client respirations and
hypoventilation increases PaCO2 levels and may cause acidosis.
13. Maintain the client’s airway. Use the oral or nasal airway as needed.
An artificial airway is used to prevent the tongue from occluding the
oropharynx. Different-sized oral appliances are available and measured from
the lip to the angle of the jaw. These are useful for clients with spontaneous
respirations who need help to keep their airways open (Avva et al., 2022).
18. Place the client in a supine position, hyperextending the neck unless
contraindicated, and align the client’s oropharynx, posterior oropharynx,
and trachea.
This position is necessary to promote the visualization of landmarks for
accurate tube insertion. In the neutral position, the oral, pharyngeal, and
laryngeal axes are not aligned to permit adequate visualization of the glottic
opening. Place the client in the sniffing position for adequate visualization; flex
the neck and extend the head. Studies have shown that simple head extension
alone was as effective as the sniffing position in facilitating endotracheal
:
intubation (Lafferty & Soo, 2020).
21. Assist with the verification of correct ET tube placement. Use an end-
tidal carbon dioxide detector as indicated.
Correct placement is needed for effective mechanical ventilation to prevent
complications associated with malpositioning such as vomiting, hypoxia,
gastric distention, and lung trauma. The current criterion standard is end-tidal
carbon dioxide detection, using either a calorimetric capnometer that changes
color from purple to yellow with CO2 exposure or a quantitative capnometer
that measures CO2 levels and can display a waveform. The yellow color
change should occur rapidly within one to two breaths (Lafferty & Soo, 2020).
Other capnography devices that provide numerical measurements of end-
tidal carbon dioxide (normal value is 35 to 45 mm Hg) and Capnograms may
also be used.
22. Continue with manual Ambu bag ventilation until the ET tube is
stabilized. Assist in securing the ET tube once tube placement is
confirmed.
:
Stabilization is necessary before initiating mechanical ventilation. Blow-by
high-flow oxygen via a nonrebreather mask is usually used, but for clients who
are noted to desaturate beyond 90%, breaths delivered via 100% oxygen BVM
may be required. A client who is hypoxemic during attempts at intubation
should undergo positive pressure ventilation with a BVM to raise PaO2 levels
(Lafferty & Soo, 2020).
25. Anticipate the need for nasogastric and/or oral gastric suction.
Abdominal distention may indicate gastric intubation and can also occur after
cardiopulmonary resuscitation when the air is inadvertently blown or bagged
into the esophagus, as well as the trachea. Suction prevents abdominal
distention. Oral gastric suctioning may also reduce the risk of sinusitis.
28. Position the client by elevating the head of the bed if possible.
Elevating the client’s head and helping the client get out of bed while still on
the ventilator is both physically- helps decrease the risk of aspiration– and
psychologically beneficial. All clients on mechanical ventilation should have
the head of the bed elevated to at least 30 degrees. According to a Cochrane
review on ventilator-associated pneumonia, “ a semi-recumbent position
reduced clinically suspected VAP by 25.7% when compared to a supine
position” (Hickey & Giwa, 2022).
29. Inflate the endotracheal tube cuff properly. Check cuff inflation every
4 to 8 hours.
The cuff must be properly inflated to ensure adequate ventilation and delivery
of desired tidal volume and to decrease the risk of aspiration. Endotracheal
cuff pressures should be monitored initially after intubation and every 4 hours
thereafter, with goal pressures of 20 to 30 cm water, as an increased risk of
pneumonia has been associated with cuff pressures less than 20 cm water
(Amitai & Mosenifar, 2020).
7. Educate the client and family about safety precautions when managing
mechanical ventilators, such as backup power and oxygen supplies and
emergency equipment for suctioning.
Discussing these precautions provides reassurance to help allay unnecessary
anxiety, reduce concerns of the unknown, and preplan for response in
emergency situations. The current standard of care is an approach that
emphasizes interactivity and empowerment of the client and family members
through family engagement (Urner et al., 2018).
1. Induction agents
Induction agents provide a rapid loss of consciousness that facilitates ease of
intubation and avoids psychic harm to the client.
1.1. Etomidate
It has a rapid onset, short duration, is cerebroprotective, and is not
associated with a significant drop in blood pressure. It is
hemodynamically neutral compared with other agents, such as sodium
thiopental.
1.2. Ketamine
It produces a “dissociative” state, has analgesic properties, is a
bronchodilator, and may decrease rather than increase intracranial
pressure (Lafferty & Soo, 2020).
:
2. Paralyzing agents
These agents provide neuromuscular blockade and are administered
immediately after the induction agent. The neuromuscular blockade does not
provide sedation, analgesia, or amnesia; thus, administering a potent
induction agent is important.
2.1. Succinylcholine
It has a rapid onset (45 to 60 seconds) and the shortest duration of
action (8 to 10 minutes).
2.2. Rocuronium
It has a slightly longer onset of action (60 to 75 seconds) and a longer
duration of action (30 to 60 minutes) (Lafferty & Soo, 2020).
3. Opioids
3.1. Morphine
Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic that acts on the central nervous
system to reduce pain perception, helping to alleviate pain and improve
patient comfort during mechanical ventilation.
3.2. Fentanyl
Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic commonly used in mechanical
ventilation to provide pain relief and sedation. It helps to reduce anxiety
and patient agitation, allowing for better synchronization between the
patient and the ventilator.
4. Diuretics
5.1. Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine is a potent vasopressor that acts on alpha-adrenergic
receptors, causing vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure. It is
commonly used to maintain blood pressure and perfusion in patients
with septic shock or other forms of distributive shock.
5.2. Epinephrine
Epinephrine is a potent vasopressor and inotrope that acts on both
alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. It increases heart rate,
myocardial contractility, and systemic vascular resistance, thereby
improving blood pressure and cardiac output. Epinephrine is commonly
used in cases of severe hypotension or cardiac arrest.
5.3. Dopamine
Dopamine can act as both a vasopressor and an inotrope, depending
on the dosage. At lower doses, it primarily acts on dopamine receptors
and helps improve renal blood flow and urine output. At higher doses, it
stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction and
increasing blood pressure.
5.4. Dobutamine
:
Dobutamine is an inotrope that primarily acts on beta-1 adrenergic
receptors, increasing myocardial contractility and cardiac output. It is
commonly used to improve cardiac function in patients with heart
failure or cardiogenic shock.
6. Broad-spectrum antibiotics
These antibiotics have activity against MRSA and are effective in treating or
preventing MRSA-related respiratory infections in patients on mechanical
ventilation.
8. Antifungals agents
8.1. Fluconazole
Fluconazole is an antifungal medication that may be used during
mechanical ventilation to treat or prevent fungal respiratory infections,
such as Candida or Aspergillus species.
8.2. Voriconazole
Voriconazole is an antifungal medication that is usually used during
mechanical ventilation to treat or prevent invasive fungal infections,
particularly those caused by Aspergillus species.
1. Review the ventilator settings every hour, especially the tidal volume
and plateau pressures. Notify the respiratory unit of any discrepancy in
the ventilator settings immediately:
Frequent assessment guarantees that the client is receiving the correct mode,
rate, tidal volume, FiO2, positive end-respiratory pressure (PEEP), and
pressure support. Important attention to detail can prevent problems. As the
tidal volume increases, so does the pressure required to force that volume
into the lung. Persistent breath-to-breath peak pressures greater than 45 cm
in water are a risk factor for barotrauma. Some researchers also suggested
that plateau pressures should be monitored as a means to prevent
barotrauma when the plateau pressure is maintained at less than 30 cm of
water (Hickey & Giwa, 2022).
6. Monitor chest x-ray reports daily and obtain a stat portable chest x-
ray film if barotrauma is suspected.
Vigilant monitoring helps to reduce complications. The portable chest
radiograph often provides the first indication of barotrauma, especially in an
otherwise asymptomatic client. Initial findings can be subtle because clients
often have other pulmonary opacities that may obscure the appearance of
extra-alveolar air (Soo & Mosenifar, 2022).
9. Listen for alarms. Know the range in which the ventilator will set off
the alarm and how to troubleshoot.
The ventilator is a life-sustaining treatment that requires a prompt response to
alarms. The apnea alarm is indicative of disconnection or absence of
spontaneous respirations. The low exhale alarm indicates that the client is not
returning the delivered TV (through disconnection or leak). The low-pressure
alarm indicates a possible disconnection or mechanical ventilator malfunction.
The high peak pressure alarm indicates bronchospasm, retained secretions,
obstruction of the ET tube, atelectasis, acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS), or pneumothorax, among others.
16. Clamp the tubing to determine the origin of the air leak, as indicated.
When an air leak persists, it is important to determine that the air leak is from
the pleural space rather than a break in the tubing apparatus to the pleural
drainage. Clamping the tube at the site of exit from the chest wall can help in
this determination. Air leaks that continue even with the tube clamped
indicate a leak somewhere in the system (Soo & Mosenifar, 2022).
3. Note restlessness; changes in BP, heart rate, and respiratory rate; use
of accessory muscles; discoordinated breathing with ventilator; inability
to cooperate; and skin color changes.
These are indicators that the client may require slower weaning and an
opportunity to stabilize, or may need to stop the program. During T-piece
trials, the nurse monitors the client closely for signs of hypoxia. Signs of
exhaustion and hypoxia correlated with deterioration in the blood gas
measurements indicate the need for ventilatory support.
7. Place a call light or bell within the client’s reach, ensuring that the
client is physically capable of using it. Answer the call light or bell
immediately.
Ventilator-dependent clients may be better able to relax, feel safe and not
abandoned, and breathe with the ventilator knowing that the nurse is vigilant
and needs will be met. The nurse should also inform the client that the nurse
is available immediately as much as possible should assistance is required.
8. Inform staff on duty at the nurses’ station that the client is unable to
speak.
This will alert all the staff members to respond to the client at the bedside
instead of over the intercom. The client’s encounter with the staff should be
characterized by positive experiences, and nurses play a vital role in this
process.
8. Provide oral hygiene every two hours, including the use of a dental oral
antibiotic rinse. Instruct in proper secretion disposal.
Oral hygiene reduces oral bacterial flora, which could be aspirated. Encourage
the client to brush their teeth two to three times per day and rinse with a
:
chlorhexidine-based mouthwash. Swabs and toothbrushes with built-in
suction catheter capability may facilitate oral care. Instruct the client and
family members in secretion disposal such as disposing of tissues and soiled
tracheostomy dressings to reduce the transmission of fluid-borne organisms.
12. Use sterile suctioning procedures and reduce the number of times
the ventilator tubes are open.
This technique decreases the introduction of microorganisms into the airway.
The CDC recommends changing the tubing no more often than every 48
hours. Research indicates that less frequent tubing changes every five to
seven days may be acceptable (Amanullah & Mosenifar, 2015).
6. Offer food that the client desires and document when oral intake
resumes.
The client’s appetite is usually poor and intake of essential nutrients may be
reduced. Offering favorite foods can enhance oral intake.
:
7. Provide small, frequent meals of soft and easily digested foods as
appropriate.
This prevents excessive fatigue, enhances intake, and reduces the risk of
gastric distress. The updated ASPEN guidelines emphasize adequate protein
delivery to critically ill adults. Protein is the most important nutrient to support
wound healing and immune function and to maintain lean body mass
(VanBlarcom & McCoy, 2018).
6. Explain to the client the reason for the inability to talk while intubated.
Explain alternative efforts for communicating.
The endotracheal tube passes through the vocal cords and attempts to talk
can cause more trauma to the cords. However, clients must understand how
to use supplementary methods for communication such as paper, pen, and
pictures. Not being able to communicate verbally or using assistive equipment
is one of the worst experiences for these clients and leads to anger and
hopelessness among them. Communications about pain can also become
unsuccessful, resulting in client frustration, fear, and anger (Hosseini et al.,
2018).
8. Explain that the client will not be able to eat or drink while intubated
but assure him or her that alternative measures (IV fluids, gastric
feedings, or hyperalimentation) will be taken to provide nourishment.
The risk for aspiration is high if the client eats or drinks while intubated.
Clients may eat and drink after a swallow evaluation in long-term care
settings. Other measures such as early placement of a nasogastric tube and
oral care with a soft toothbrush and chlorhexidine rinses may also be
considered (Amitai & Mosenifar, 2020).
9. Explain that alarms may periodically sound off, which may be normal,
and that the staff will be in close proximity.
Explaining expected events can help reduce anxiety. A 2014 report by the
Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation identified
challenges regarding mechanical ventilation alarms. Some alarm systems do
not properly distinguish life-threatening alarms from nuisance alarms. This
overexposure to non actionable alarms results in decreased alertness and
lower confidence in the accuracy and urgency of audible alarms (Scott et al.,
2019).
14. Ensure that all safety concerns have been addressed and all needed
equipment is in place.
Predischarge preparations can ease the transfer process. Planning for
potential problems increases the sense of security for the client and caregiver.
:
The nurse may also explain how to handle a power failure, which usually
involves converting the ventilator from an electrical power source to a battery
power source. Conversion is automatic in most home ventilators and lasts
approximately one hour. Instruct the family on using a manual self-inflation
bag should it be necessary.
Recommended Resources
Recommended nursing diagnosis and nursing care plan books and resources.
Disclosure: Included below are affiliate links from Amazon at no additional cost from
you. We may earn a small commission from your purchase. For more information, check
out our privacy policy.
See Also
Other recommended site resources for this nursing care plan:
Nursing Care Plans (NCP): Ultimate Guide and Database MUST READ!
Over 150+ nursing care plans for different diseases and conditions.
Includes our easy-to-follow guide on how to create nursing care plans
from scratch.
Nursing Diagnosis Guide and List: All You Need to Know to Master
Diagnosing
Our comprehensive guide on how to create and write diagnostic labels.
Includes detailed nursing care plan guides for common nursing
diagnostic labels.
Asthma
:
Aspiration Risk & Aspiration Pneumonia
Airway Clearance Therapy & Coughing
Bronchiolitis
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Cystic Fibrosis
Hemothorax and Pneumothorax
Influenza (Flu)
Ineffective Breathing Pattern (Dyspnea)
Impairment of Gas Exchange
Lung Cancer
Mechanical Ventilation
Near-Drowning
Pleural Effusion
Pneumonia
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Tracheostomy
References
To further your research and reading about mechanical ventilation, check out
these sources:
Alvarado, A. C., & Panakos, P. (2022, July 13). Endotracheal Tube Intubation Techniques
– StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. NCBI. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
Amanullah, S., & Mosenifar, Z. (2015, December 31). Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia:
Overview of Nosocomial Pneumonias, Epidemiology of VAP, Clinical Presentation of VAP.
Medscape Reference. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
Amitai, A., & Mosenifar, Z. (2020, April 7). Ventilator Management: Introduction to
Ventilator Management, Modes of Mechanical Ventilation, Methods of Ventilatory
Support. Medscape Reference. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
Avva, U., Lata, J. M., & Kiel, J. (2022, May 1). Airway Management – StatPearls – NCBI
Bookshelf. NCBI. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
Bhutta, B. S., Alghoula, F., & Berim, I. (2022, August 9). Hypoxia – StatPearls – NCBI
Bookshelf. NCBI. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
Cardoso, S. (2022, August 18). Inotropes And Vasopressors – StatPearls – NCBI
Bookshelf. NCBI. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
Cheever, K. H., & Hinkle, J. L. (2018). Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-surgical
Nursing. Wolters Kluwer.
:
Clare, M., & Hopper, K. (2005, April). Mechanical Ventilation: Ventilator Settings, Patient
Management, and Nursing Care. Compendium.
Dale, C. M., Carbone, S., Istanboulian, L., Fraser, I., Cameron, J. I., Herridge, M. S., & Rose,
L. (2020, June). Support needs and health-related quality of life of family caregivers of
patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation and admission to a specialised
weaning centre: A qualitative longitudinal interview study. Intensive and Critical Care
Nursing, 58.
De Haro, C., Ochagavia, A., Lopez-Aguilar, J., Fernandez-Gonzalo, S., Navarra-Ventura, G.,
Magrans, R., Montanya, J., Blanch, L., & Asynchronies in the Intensive Care Unit (ASYNICU)
Group. (2019). Patient-ventilator asynchronies during mechanical ventilation: current
knowledge and research priorities. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, 7(43).
Farrell, M. (2017). Smeltzer And Bare’s Textbook Of Medical-Surgical Nursing (First ed.).
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Hickey, S. M., & Giwa, A. O. (2022). Mechanical Ventilation – StatPearls – NCBI
Bookshelf. NCBI. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
Hosseini, S.-R., Valizad-Hasanloei, M.-A., & Feizi, A. (2018, September-October). The
Effect of Using Communication Boards on Ease of Communication and Anxiety in
Mechanically Ventilated Conscious Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units. Iranian
Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 23(5), 358-362.
Hussein, K. (2018, July 24). Communication with invasive mechanically ventilated
patients and the use of alternative devices: integrative review. NCBI. Retrieved
December 24, 2022.
Jackson, C. D., Mosenifar, Z., & Poe, G. (2020, September 15). Mechanical Ventilation:
Background, Classifications of Positive-Pressure Ventilators, Indications for
Mechanical Ventilation. Medscape Reference. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
Kim, H. S., Lee, C. E., & Yang, Y. S. (2021, July). Factors associated with caring behaviors
of family caregivers for patients receiving home mechanical ventilation with
tracheostomy: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 16(7).
Koontalay, A., Suksatan, W., Sadang, J. M., & Prabsangob, K. (2021, June 10). Optimal
Nutritional Factors Influencing the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation Among Adult
Patients with Critical Illnesses in an Intensive Care Unit. NCBI. Retrieved December 26,
2022.
Lafferty, K. A., & Soo, G. W. (2020, April 7). Rapid Sequence Intubation: Background,
Indications, Contraindications. Medscape Reference. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
Murr, A. C., Moorhouse, M. F., & Doenges, M. E. (2016). Nurse’s Pocket Guide: Diagnoses,
Prioritized Interventions, and Rationales. F.A. Davis Company.
Nandig, N., Huff, N. G., Cox, C. E., & Ford, D. (2016, September). Coping as a Multi-
Faceted Construct: Associations with Psychological Outcomes among Family
Members of Mechanical Ventilation Survivors. Critical Care Medicine, 44(9), 1710-1717.
Roberts, K. (2020, October 1). Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety During Mechanical
Ventilation. AARC Times Digital.
Scott, J. B., De Vaux, L., Dills, C., & Strickland, S. L. (2019, October). Mechanical
Ventilation Alarms and Alarm Fatigue. Respiratory Care, 64(10), 1308-1313.
Sinha, V., Semien, G., & Fitzgerald, B. M. (2022, September 25). Surgical Airway
Suctioning – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. NCBI. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
Soo, G. W., & Mosenifar, Z. (2022, February 11). Barotrauma and Mechanical Ventilation:
Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology. Medscape Reference. Retrieved
:
December 23, 2022.
Swearingen, P. L. (2018). All-in-one Nursing Care Planning Resource: Medical-surgical,
Pediatric, Maternity, and Psychiatric-mental Health (J. Wright & P. L. Swearingen, Eds.).
Elsevier.
Thapa, D., Dahal, A., & Singh, R. (2019). Communication Difficulties and Psychological
Stress in Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation. Birat Journal of Health Sciences,
4(2).
Tingsvik, C., Johansson, K., & Martensson, J. (2014). Weaning from mechanical
ventilation: factors that influence intensive care nurses’ decision-making. British
Association of Critical Care Nurses.
Tonelli, R., Marchioni, A., Tabbi, L., Fantini, R., Busani, S., Castaniere, I., Andrisani, D., Gozzi,
F., Bruzzi, G., Manicardi, L., Demurtas, J., Andreani, A., Cappiello, G. F., Samarelli, A. V., &
Clini, E. (2021, March). Spontaneous Breathing and Evolving Phenotypes of Lung
Damage in Patients with COVID-19: Review of Current Evidence and Forecast of a New
Scenario. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(5).
Treas, L. S., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2014). Basic Nursing: Concepts, Skills, & Reasoning. F.A.
Davis Company.
Urner, M., Ferreyro, B. L., Doufle, G., & Mehta, S. (2018, December). Supportive Care of
Patients on Mechanical Ventilation. Respiratory Care, 63(12), 1567-1574.
VanBlarcom, A., & McCoy, M. A. (2018, June). New Nutrition Guidelines: Promoting
Enteral Nutrition via a Nutrition Bundle. Critical Care Nurse, 38(3).
Volpe, M. S., Guimaraes, F. S., & Morais, C. C. (2020, August). Airway Clearance
Techniques for Mechanically Ventilated Patients: Insights for Optimization. Respiratory
Care, 65(8), 1174-1188.
General Nursing Care Plans, Nursing Care Plans, Respiratory Care Plans
Acid-Base Balance and Arterial Blood Gas, Anti-Anxiety Drugs and
Anxiolytics, Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders, Blood Pressure and Hypertension,
Decreased Cardiac Output and Risk for Decreased Cardiac Output, Deficient
Knowledge (Knowledge Deficit), Disorders of the Respiratory System,
Diuretics, Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements, Ineffective
Airway Clearance, Risk for Dysfunctional Ventilation, Risk for Trauma,
Tracheostomy Care and Intubation
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Non-Organic Failure to Thrive
Dr Dhanasekaran B S
March 7, 2024 at 6:23 PM
Thanks so much for the compliment! We’re really glad you find
Nurseslabs to be a valuable knowledge resource.
Reply
Leave a Comment
Name *
:
Name *
Email *
Post Comment