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A New Species of Dichorisandra (Commelinaceae) with Speckled Leaves from

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DOI: 10.1600/036364419X15710776741396

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 A New Species of Dichorisandra (Commelinaceae) with Speckled Leaves from
Brazil

Authors: Quélita S. Moraes, Marco O. O. Pellegrini, and Anderson Alves-Araújo

Source: Systematic Botany, 44(4) : 783-789
Published By: The American Society of Plant Taxonomists
URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364419X15710776741396

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 Systematic Botany (2019), 44(4): pp. 783–789
© Copyright 2019 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists
DOI 10.1600/036364419X15710776741396
Date of publication November 14, 2019

A New Species of Dichorisandra (Commelinaceae) with Speckled Leaves from Brazil

Quélita S. Moraes,1,3 Marco O. O. Pellegrini,2 and Anderson Alves-Araújo1
Programa de Pós-Graduaç~
1
ao em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espı́rito Santo, Campus de S~ao Mateus,
Laboratório de Sistemática e Genética Vegetal, Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km 60, Litorâneo, CEP 29932-900, S~
ao Mateus, Espı́rito
Santo, Brazil
2
Universidade de S~ ao Paulo, Departamento de Botânica, Rua do Mat~ ao 277, CEP 05508-900, S~
ao Paulo, S~
ao Paulo, Brazil
3
Author for correspondence (smquelita@gmail.com)

Communicating Editor: Chuck Bell

Abstract—A new species of Dichorisandra from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is herein described, illustrated, and compared to morphologically
similar species. Dichorisandra striatula is characterized by leaf blades with small and discontinuous white stripes on the adaxial surface, hirsutulous
indumentum on both surfaces, obovate to broadly obovate petals, and ellipsoid fruits. Information on phenology, habitat, conservation status, and a
geographical distribution map are also provided.

Keywords—Atlantic Forest, Commelinales, Dichorisandrinae, Tradescantieae.

Resumo—Uma nova espécie de Dichorisandra da Mata Atlântica Brasileira é aqui descrita, ilustrada e comparada com espécies morfologicamente
semelhantes. Dichorisandra striatula é caracterizada por lâminas foliares com pequenas e descontı́nuas listras brancas na face adaxial, indumento
hirsutuloso em ambos as faces, pétalas obovadas e frutos elipsoides. Informaç~ oes sobre fenologia, habitat, estado de conservaç~ ao e mapa de
distribuiç~
ao geográfica também s~
ao fornecidas.

Palavras chave—Commelinales, Dichorisandrinae, Mata Atlântica, Tradescantiae.

Dichorisandra J.C.Mikan is one of the largest genera in
Commelinaceae with ca. 60 species, presenting a Neotropical
distribution with the Atlantic Forest as its diversity center
(Faden and Hunt 1991; Aona 2008). Aona (2008), in a taxo-
nomic revision for Dichorisandra, proposed 24 new species and
one new combination. Also, 11 new species were described as
occurring in Brazil, likely the result of the high amount of
collecting efforts, with most of the species being endemic to the
Atlantic Forest (Aona-Pinheiro and Amaral 2012; Aona et al.
2012, 2014, 2016a, 2016b; Aona and Amaral 2017).
The genus is characterized by flowers with five to six stamens,
staminodes sometimes present, basifixed anthers, parallel an-
thers sacs that are elongate and three to four times longer than
the filaments, inconspicuous connectives, poricidal or introrsely
rimose but functionally poricidal dehiscence, stigmatic multi-
cellular papillae that completely conceal the stylar canal, thick-
walled capsules, and arillate seeds (Aona 2008; Pellegrini and
Faden 2017). It is currently placed in subfamily Commelinoi-
deae tribe Tradescantieae subtribe Dichorisandrinae, along with
the Amazonian Cochliostema Lem., Geogenanthus Ule, Plowma-
nianthus Faden & C.R.Hardy, and the Atlantic Forest endemic
Siderasis Raf. emend. M.Pell. & Faden (Faden and Hunt 1991;
Evans et al. 2003; Pellegrini and Faden 2017). Nonetheless,
molecular studies have recovered Dichorisandrinae as para-
phyletic in its current sense, with Dichorisandra and Siderasis
being distantly related to the remaining genera of the subtribe
(Faden and Hunt 1991; Evans et al. 2003).
Dichorisandra is diverse in habits and growth forms (which
can only be compared to the Paleotropical and distantly related
Palisota Rchb. ex Endl.), inflorescence architecture, and floral,
capsule, and seed morphology (Faden 1995; Aona 2008;
Pellegrini and Faden 2017). A great deal of variation can also be
observed in leaf-blade morphology, indumentum, and varie-
gation, with different species described mainly or exclusively
based on these features (M. Pellegrini pers. obs.). Several species
of Dichorisandra have caught the eyes of naturalists and bota-
nists due to their beautiful foliage and flowers (Hunt 2001),
especially due to the striking patterns of variegation which have
been considered diagnostic for several species (e.g. Loddiges
783
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1830; Kock 1866; Regel 1868; Moore 1957; Aona et al. 2012,
2016a, 2016b; Pellegrini and Almeida 2016) and a key character
in the taxonomy of the genus (Aona 2008).
During our ongoing taxonomic study of the Commelinaceae
from the state of Espı́rito Santo, Brazil, we came across a new
species of Dichorisandra with speckled leaves with small and
discontinuous white stripes and/or spots on the adaxial side,
hirsutulous on both sides, five stamens, and yellow anthers. It
is restricted to inselbergs and semideciduous forests. In this
study, we present a full description for this new species, il-
lustrations, an informal conservation status assessment, a
geographical distribution map, and comparisons with mor-
phologically related species focused on diagnostic characters.
Materials and Methods
This study was based on the field work and analysis of material from the
following herbaria: ALCB, BHCB, CEPEC, CESJ, CVRD, ESA, FUEL,
HRCB, HUEFS, HURB, MBM, MBML, R, RB, SP, SPF, UEC, UPCB, US, and
VIES (acronyms according to Thiers 2017). Specimens were kept under
cultivation at Universidade Federal do Espı́rito Santo aiming to photo-
graph and analyze fresh flowers, fruits, and seeds. Morphological termi-
nology for the indumentum and shape follow Radford et al. (1974) and
Harris and Harris (2001), the inflorescence morphology follows Weberling
(1965, 1989) and Panigo et al. (2011), the fruit terminology follows Spjut
(1994), and the seed characters follow Faden (1991). The informal con-
servation assessment was based on the criteria proposed by the IUCN
(2012). GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011) was used to calculate the extent of
occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO), based on data from
herbarium specimens and the literature. Phytophysiognomy terminology
follows IBGE (2012).
Taxonomic Treatment
Dichorisandra striatula Q.Moraes & M.Pell., sp. nov. TYPE:
BRAZIL. Espı́rito Santo: Nova Venécia, Área de Proteç~ao
Ambiental Pedra do Elefante, Afloramento rochoso da
Dona Ecı́la, 18°460 57.90S, 40°260 46.50W, 11 Apr 2017 (fl),
Q.S. Moraes 164 (holotype: RB, isotype: VIES).
Dichorisandra striatula is morphologically similar to Dichor-
isandra glaziovii due to its erect stems, five stamens, and yellow
 784 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 44

Fig. 1. Geographical distribution map of Dichorisandra striatula in the Espı́rito Santo state, Brazil.

anthers with truncate apex, which are introrsely rimose, but
functionally poricidal. However, it differs mainly by its
speckled leaves with small and discontinuous white stripes
and/or spots on the adaxial side, hirsutulous on both sides (vs.
broad stripes which are continuous on the adaxial sides,
hispidulous on both sides), petals obovate to broadly obovate
(vs. petals rotund to broadly rhomboid), and fruits ellipsoid
(vs. fruits cylindrical).
Herbs 35–60 cm tall, terrestrial, rupiculous. Roots fibrous
with terminal fusiform to broadly ellipsoid tubers. Stems erect,
branched on the upper third, internodes 0.6–7.1 3 0.2–0.7 cm,
green at the base and vinaceous at the apex, with small,

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 2019] MORAES ET AL.: A NEW SPECIES OF DICHORISANDRA 785

Fig. 2. Dichorisandra striatula: A. Habit, showing root tubers, spirally alternate leaves, and terminal inflorescence. B–D. Detail of the leaf
blades. B. Hirsutulous indumentum on the adaxial side. C. Hirsutulous indumentum on the abaxial side. D. White variegation on the adaxial
side. E. Inflorescence. F. Front view of a bisexual flower. G. Androecium and gynoecium. H. Stamens, ventral view showing the inconspicuous
connective. I. Stamens, dorsal view showing the introrsely rimose dehiscence. J–K. Open capsules. J. Dorsal view. K. Frontal view. Scale bars: A 5 10 cm;
B–C 5 1.5 mm; D 5 1.5 cm; E–F 5 1.3 cm; G 5 8 mm; H–I 5 5 mm; J–K 5 6.5 mm. Line drawings by Joelcio Freitas.

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 786 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 44

Fig. 3. Dichorisandra striatula: A. Habit. B. Detail of the stem showing the leaf sheaths. C. Detail of the petiole. D. Adaxial side of the leaf blade showing
the white speckles. E. Abaxial side of a young leaf showing the purple color. F. Inflorescence showing the alternate cincinni. G. Detail of a cincinnus. H. Detail
of the indumentum of the inflorescence branches. I–J. Flower. I. Front view of a bisexual flower. J. Dorsal view of a bisexual flower. K–L.
Androecium. K. Detail of the androecium showing the orientation of stamens. L. Stamens. M. Gynoecium. N–O. Capsule. N. Immature capsule showing the
slight constriction at the apex. O. Longitudinal section of the capsule showing the white and spongy arils. P. Seed showing the dried aril covering the testa,
the scrobiculate ornamentation, the semilateral embryotega, and the C-shaped hilum. Photos by Q. S. Moraes.

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 2019] MORAES ET AL.: A NEW SPECIES OF DICHORISANDRA 787

Fig. 4. Morphologically similar Dichorisandra species. A–C. Dichorisandra incurva. A. Flowering branch. B. Front view of a bisexual flower. C. Floral
bud. D. Dichorisandra glaziovii: Flowering branch. E–F. Dichorisandra glabrescens. E. Flowering branch. F. Front view of a bisexual flower. G–I. Dichorisandra
paranaensis. G. Habit. H. Detail of the erect inflorescence. I. Front view of a bisexual flower. J–K. Dichorisandra velutina. J. Detail of the pendulous
inflorescence. K. Front view of a staminate flower. A–B by M. S. Wängler, C by G. Shimizu, D by V. Bittrich, E–F by C. N. Fraga, G–I by M. O. O. Pellegrini,
and J–K by Q. S. Moraes.

longitudinal and discontinuous white stripes, hispidulous, tri- hirsutulous, margins setose, trichomes hyaline; petiole 0.5–1.8 cm
chomes hyaline. Leaves spirally alternate, congested at the apex long, canaliculate, hirsutulous, trichomes hyaline; blades
of the stem; sheaths 0.5–2.7 cm long, green, vinaceous at the 4.7–23.1 3 3.2–9 cm, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate to obovate, slightly
apex, with small and discontinuous, longitudinal white stripes, succulent, medium to dark green adaxially, speckled with small,

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 788 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY
Table 1. Morphological comparison between Dichorisandra striatula and Dichorisandra glaziovii. * Based on Aona (2008).
Character Dichorisandra striatula
Stems Branched in the upper third of the plant
Petioles 0.5–1.8 cm long
Leaf blades Acute to acuminate at the apex, with discontinuous and small white
stripes or spots adaxially, hirsutulous on both sides
Floral buds Broadly ellipsoid
Flowers 1.5–2 cm diam
Petals Obovate to broadly obovate, purple with the basal third white
Staminode ca. 2 mm long
Fruits Ellipsoid, 1.7–2 cm long
Seeds 3.9–4.1 mm long
Distribution and Espı́rito Santo state; Atlantic Forest domain; currently known to be
habitat restricted to inselbergs and semideciduous seasonal forest
and discontinuous longitudinal white stripes and/or small spots,
light to medium green abaxially, sometimes vinaceous in young
leaves, hirsutulous on both sides, base symmetric, cuneate,
margins hirsutulous, flat, trichomes hyaline, apex acute to acu-
minate; primary vein conspicuous adaxially, flat to slightly
canaliculate, white to greenish white, prominent abaxially, ob-
tuse; secondary veins 4–6 pairs, slightly conspicuous on both
sides, becoming more evident upon drying. Inflorescence ter-
minal, erect; basal bract 1–1.6 3 0.2–0.4 cm, bracteole-like to leaf-
like, linear-lanceolate, medium green, hispidulous; peduncle
1.7–5.6 cm long, medium green to brownish green, hispidulous;
main axis 5.8–16.9 cm long, green, brownish green to vinaceous,
hispidulous; cincinni 18–29, alternate, 3–9-flowered, peduncle
0.5–2.1 cm long, cincinnus bract 6–12 3 1.2–3.1 mm, triangular,
medium brown, glabrous adaxially, shortly pilose abaxially, apex
aristate to acuminate; bracteoles 1.6–3.8 mm long, ovate to
elliptic-lanceolate, sparsely hispidulous, trichomes hyaline.
Flowers bisexual or staminate, zygomorphic due to the position
of the stamens, 1.5–2 cm diam; pedicels 1–3 mm long, green,
sparsely hispid, trichomes hyaline; floral buds 3–5.5 3
2.5–3.5 mm, white to greenish white, apex lilac, broadly ellipsoid;
sepals 4–6 mm long, obovate, membranous, white to purplish
white, basal half green, apex lilac to purple, sparsely hirsutulous,
margins glabrous, apex ciliate, trichomes hyaline; petals 7–8 3
8–9 mm, obovate to broadly obovate, purple, basal third white;
stamens 5, subequal, curved upwards, filaments 0.6–1.3 mm
long, white, slightly twisted, trichomes eglandular, hyaline; an-
thers 2–3 mm long, anthers introrsely rimose and functionally
poricidal, yellow, oblongoid, slightly falcate, base cordate, apex
truncate to rounded; upper medial staminode present or not, if
present ca. 2 mm long, filiform, white; ovary 1–1.7 mm diam.,
globose to ovoid, glabrous, surface smooth, greenish white; style
3–3.8 mm long, recurved at the apex, white; stigma truncate,
white. Capsules 1.7–2 3 0.5–0.6 cm, loculicidal, ellipsoid, gen-
erally with a slight constriction at the apex or middle, glabrous,
smooth, green when immature, brown when mature. Seeds 3–4
per locule, 3.9–4.1 3 1.8–2 mm, ellipsoid, dorsiventrally com-
pressed, dark brown to black, testa scrobiculate; hilum C-shaped,
as long as the seed; embryotega semilateral; aril slightly hyaline,
spongy, thick. Figures 1, 2, 3.
Distribution, Habitat, and Phenology—Dichorisandra
striatula is restricted to inselbergs and semideciduous forests
from 50–500 m above sea level in the northern region of the
state of Espı́rito Santo (Fig. 1). Flowers were recorded from
January to July and fruits were recorded from January to
March, but also in July and August.
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[Volume 44
Dichorisandra glaziovii *
Unbranched or rarely branched at the base of the plant
ca. 0.3 cm long to inconspicuous
Caudate at the apex, with continuous and broad silver stripes
adaxially, hispidulous on both sides
Ovoid
2–2.3 cm diam
Rotund to broadly rhomboid, almost entirely purple to bluish
purple with a small white base
ca. 0.5 mm long
Cylindrical, 0.8–1.2 cm long
2–3 mm long
Bahia and Minas Gerais states; Cerrado and Caatinga domains;
currently known to occur in campos rupestres
Conservation Status—If a formal assessment were per-
formed, Dichorisandra striatula would probably be considered
Endangered, EN [B1ab(iii), B2ab(iii)] according to the IUCN
red list criteria (IUCN 2012), due to its restricted distribution,
occurring in only two neighboring municipalities (Nova
Venécia and Vila Pav~ ao) with few individuals (, 50 mature
individuals), extent of occurrence (EOO) of 5429 km2, and area
of occupancy (AOO) of 12,000 km2.
Etymology—The specific epithet makes reference to its
speckled leaves, bearing small and discontinuous white stripes
throughout the blade, a unique character among the species of
Dichorisandra.
Taxonomic Comments—Dichorisandra striatula is morpho-
logically similar to D. glaziovii Taub., D. glabrescens (Seub.)
Aona & M.C.E.Amaral, D. incurva Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.,
D. paranaensis D.Maia, Cervi & Tardivo, and D. velutina Aona
& M.C.E.Amaral due to its erect stems, five stamens plus a
staminode or six perfect stamens, and yellow anthers with a
truncate apex, which are introrsely rimose, but functionally
poricidal (Aona 2008; Aona-Pinheiro and Amaral 2012; Aona
et al. 2016b; Maia et al. 2006). Furthermore, D. striatula,
D. glaziovii, and D. velutina also possess membranous sepals,
rotund to broadly rhomboid petals, capsules that are longer
than wide, and a slightly opaque aril which becomes in-
conspicuous shortly after the capsules open. Dichorisandra
striatula, D. glaziovii, and D. paranaensis are all known to
present variegated leaves (Pellegrini, pers. obs.). In D. striatula
the leaves are evenly speckled with small, discontinuous, and
white stripes and/or spots (Figs. 2A–B, 3D–E, 4), whereas in
D. glaziovii they generally present broad, continuous, and
silver longitudinal stripes, or rarely are non-variegated, and in
D. paranaensis they may present broad, continuous, and silver
longitudinal stripes or may be non-variegated. Although not
constant, leaf variegation in D. paranaensis is easily observed in
large and well-preserved populations, and is sometimes also
persistent in dried specimens.
Dichorisandra striatula can be easily differentiated from
D. glaziovii (Table 1) by its speckled leaves with small and dis-
continuous white stripes and/or spots on the adaxial side (vs.
broad, continuous, and silver longitudinal stripes), leaves that are
hirsutulous on both sides and on the margins (vs. hispidulous or
the margins usually densely hispidulous), obovate to broadly
obovate petals that are white in the basal third (vs. rotund petals
with a small white base), and capsules that are 1.7–2 cm long (vs.
0.8–1.2 cm long). Dichorisandra striatula also differs from
D. glabrescens and D. incurva by its spirally alternate leaves (vs.
 2019] MORAES ET AL.: A NEW SPECIES OF DICHORISANDRA
distichous alternate), and flowers with five stamens (vs. six
stamens in D. glabrescens and D. incurva). It differs from
D. paranaensis by its smaller stature (58 cm vs. up to three m tall),
leaves that are hispidulous (vs. glabrous), and capsules that are
ellipsoid and entirely green (vs. globose, green, and apically atro-
vinaceous). Lastly, D. striatula differs from D. velutina mainly by
its spirally alternate phyllotaxy (vs. distichously alternate).
Additional Specimens Examined (Paratypes)—Brazil. —ESPÍRITO SANTO:
Nova Venécia, Área de Proteç~ ao Ambiental Pedra do Elefante, 25 June 2016
(fr), Q.S. Moraes 121 (NY); 25 June 2016 (fl), Q.S. Moraes 122 (US); 25 June 2016
(fl) Q.S. Moraes 123 (CEPEC); 23 August 2017 (fl), Q.S. Moraes 125 (SAMES);
23 August 2017 (fl, fr), Q.S. Moraes 126 (US; RB); 7 May 2018 (fl, fr), Q.S.
Moraes 299 (RB); 7 May 2018 (fl, fr), Q.S. Moraes 300 (RB); 7 May 2018 (fl, fr),
Q.S. Moraes 301 (US); 18 February 2008 (fl), P. Labiak 4682 (MBML!); 25 April
2008 (fl), A.M. Assis 1511 (MBML!); 25 April 2008 (fl), A.M. Assis 1527
(MBML!); 14 January 2009 (fl), A.P. Fontana 5785 (MBML!); 14 April 2009 (fl),
C. N. de Fraga et al. 2517 (RB!); 28 November 2009 (fl), A.M. Assis 2273
(MBML!); 26 April 2010 (fl), A.M. Assis 2503 (MBML!); 23 April 2013 (fl)
M.O.O. Pellegrini 377 (RB!); 7 March 2016 (fl), A. Alves-Araújo et al. 1806
(VIES!); 7 March 2016 (fl), A. Alves-Araújo et al. 1809 (VIES!); 7 March 2016 (fl),
A. Alves-Araújo et al. 1867 (VIES!); 7 March 2016 (fl), A. Alves-Araújo et al. 1824
(VIES!); 16 March 2016 (fl), R.C. Forzza 8782 (RB!); Vila Pav~ ao, 15 March 2016
(fr), R.C. Forzza 8768 (RB!).
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank CAPES (Coordenaç~ ao de Aperfeiçoamento de
Pessoal de Nı́vel Superior) for QSM’s graduate scholarship and for
MOOP’s Ph.D. scholarship, and Fundaç~ ao Flora de Apoio à Botânica and
Smithsonian Institution for MOOP’s REFLORA grant. We are also grateful
to the IEMA (Instituto Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hı́dricos)
staff of the conservation unit APA Pedra do Elefante, for support during
field work and collection permits, to the superintendent of the APA Pedra
do Elefante, Gilcimar S. Pereira, and Dona Ecila for all support and col-
laboration. Finally, we would like to thank the Universidade Federal do
Espı́rito Santo for logistical support, Marı́lia Suzy Wängler, Gustavo
Shimizu, and Claudio N. de Fraga for the field photos, and Joelcio Freitas
for the line drawings.
Author Contributions
QSM examined morphological characters, assembled the figures of
photographs, and wrote the manuscript with support from MOOP and
AAA. All authors collected the types in the field and contributed to writing
the final version of the manuscript.
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