Pcqa Finals All Lesson

lOMoAR cPSD| 19984526
PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 1

flOMoA
First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
WEEK 1 : GROUP IA AND GROUP IB  periods – number of shells

 groups – Same valence, same properties
PERIODIC TABLE - also known as the periodic table of elements, is  Ionization Energy – energy required to dissociate a
a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by compound (left to right, bottom to top - increasing)
atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical  Electronegativity – ability to attract ang gain electrons (left
properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. to right, bottom to top – increasing)
 Electron Affinity – amount of energy released by atom when
attached to another element (left to right, down to top)
HISTORY OF PERIODIC TABLE
 Atomic Radius – top to bottom left to right – decreasing
Antoine Lavoisier  Metallic character – from group IA to noble gases –
 Father of Modern Chemistry decreasing
 List 33 chemical elements (Oxygen, Sulfur  F block – inner transition metals
and Hydrogen)
 S and P block – Group A
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner  D block – Group B
 Law of Triads (Dobereiner’s triad) – related
properties, 3 elements have the same chemical and THINGS TO REMEMBER
physical characteristics
 The periodic table has a total of 7 periods and 18 groups.
Dobereiner 5 triads:  Groups A are referred to as representative
 1st Triad – potassium, sodium, lithium elements (s and p block)
 2nd Triad – calcium, strontium, barium  Groups B are transition elements (d and p
 3rd Triad – chlorine, bromine, iodine block)
 4th Triad – sulfur, selenium, tellurium  Inner transition elements include Actinides
 5th Triad – iron, cobalt, nickel and lanthanides series (f block)
Leopold Gmelin GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS

 Gmelin System - he had identified ten triads, three
groups of four, and one group of five.
 Most Reactive Group
Jean-Baptiste Dumas  Don’t occur free in nature
 describing relationships between various  Salt soluble
groups of metals.  Valence electron: 1
August Kekule  Activity ⬆ with atomic number
 Ability of Carbon to bond other 4 elements. (Concept of  Alkalinity ⬆ with atomic number
Benzene)  Degree of solvation ⬇ with atomic number
 Founder of theory of chemical structure
John Newlands
 Law of Octaves
 Arrange the elements according to atomic number but slightly
differ from modern P.T.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Juliu Lothar Meyer

 Published periodic table
Henry Mosley
 Modern Periodic table HYDROGEN
 By Henry Cavendish (1766)

 Aka: “inflammable air”
 Lightest and most abundant element
PARTS OF PERIODIC TABLE
 Cation: monovalent or hydronium; Anion: hydride
 vertical – groups/family
 Preparation: Lane Process & Messerschmidt Process: 99%
Pure Hydrogen BSPH | Lazaro, Javen
 horizontal – periods/ series
 Isotopes:  Cobalt
PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH uranyl acetate
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 1
 1H-most abundant; PROTIUM First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3)
 2H-heavy hydrogen; DEUTERIUM
 3H-radioactive: TRITIUM
 Baking soda
LITHIUM  Systematic antacid

 Carbonating Agent
 Greek word, lithos means stone. “Earth Stone”  HC03 – 2nd major extracellular anion
 Discoverer: J.A. Arfvedson  Side effects:
 Lightest metal on Earth  Systematic alkalosis
 Uses:  Rebound hyperacidity
 Heat exchanger in air condition  Edema
 LiBr – antidepressant
SODIUM CARBONATE (Na2CO3)
 Li2CO3 (Lithase®) –DOC for Bipolar Disorder
 LiD (Deuterium) –used in Hydrogen bombs
 primary standard for acid-base titrations
 Diuretic
 manufacture of “soda lime glass”
 Preparation: SOLVAY PROCESS (reaction of calcium
carbonate plus ammonia and sodium chloride to produce
sodium carbonate in high temperature
 Efflorescence: loss of water of crystallization
 Forms:
 Decahydrate – washing soda, sal soda, soda crystal
 Sesquihydrate – trona, urao
 Anhydrous – soda ash, calcined soda
SODIUM DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE (NaH2PO4)
 Fleet enema (Rectal) – defecation

 Cathartic
 Source of P or phosphate
SODIUM (NATRIUM)  Enhance the elimination of acidic drugs

 Urinary acidifier
 4th most abundant element in Earth  Na metabisulfite
 The cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical  Na2S2O5
utility of organic
medicaments (therapeutic action due to anion, except  sodium pyrosulfite
NaCl)  Water soluble anti-oxidant (REDUCING AGENT)
SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl)
 rock salt, halite, table salt, Soler salt

 Uses:
SALTS OF SODIUM
 Electrolyte replenisher (NSS, Lactated Ringer’s soln.)
SODIUM ACETATE (C2H3NaO2)  Tonicity adjuster
 Condiments
 Urinary and systemic alkalizer  Preservative
 Diuretic  Antidote for Silver poisoning
 Antacid
 Tests: SODIUM CITRATE (Na3C6H5O7)
 Zinc uranyl acetate (ZnUO2(CH3COO)4)

 Alkalizer
 Mg uranyl acetate (MgUO2(CH3COO)4)
BSPH | Lazaro, Javen
 Buffer  WITH
PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY Vasodilator
 Diuretic  First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
Preservative
 Expectorant  Treatment of cyanide poisoning
 Sequestering agent (Benedict’s reagent) – determines if the  NaNO2 is highly correlated to brain tumors, and digestive
carbohydrate is a reducing sugar tract cancer (Pszezola, 1998) due to nitrosamine production
 Anticoagulant in vitro (Sodium citrate is the
ANTICOAGULANT OF CHOICE for most routine CLINICAL CORRELATION
coagulation studies (Harr, 2007)
 Pro-coagulant in vivo  CN Poisoning
 NaNO2
SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF)  Amyl nitrite
 Sodium thiosulfate
 FIRST fluoride compound used in water fluoridation
 Others: Methylene blue, Hydroxocobalamin
 Anticariogenic (2% solution)
 Stimulator of bone formation SODIUM NITRATE (NaNO3)
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)  Chile Saltpeter

 Fertilizer (believed to be the oldest known inorganic
 caustic soda; sosa; Lye; Saponifying agent fertilizer)
 Titrant for acids  Manufacture of explosive
 Component of soda lime (Ca(OH)2; NaOH, KOH) → CO2  Guggenheim process →extraction process from ore
absorber
 Tests:
 Very deliquescent substance
 Browning test – formation of browning, differentiate
 Readily attack glass nitrite and nitrate (Reagent – H2S04 and FeSO4)
 Lunge test – uses diphenylamine
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (NaClO)
 Giess-llossay test – use hydrazine sulfate&CuS
 Dakin’s solution - Chlorox (5% NaClO)

SODIUM SULFATE (Na2SO4)
 Modified Dakin’s soln – contains 0.025% NaClO
 Glauber’s salt
 Sal mirabile
 Saline cathartic
 Production of detergents and paper pulping
 Labarraque’s Solution: oxidizing and bleaching agent – 4% SODIUM TARTRATE (C4H4Na2O6)

NaClO + 2% NaOH or 1% Na2CO3
 Irrigant – for cleaning wounds  primary standard of KFR for water content determination
 (+) K →Rochelle salt
SODIUM IODIDE (NaI)
SODIUM THIOCYANATE (NaSCN)
 Solubilizer of iodine
 Expectorant  Hypotensive agent
 Antifungal
SODIUM THIOSULFATE (Na2S2O3)
 Treatment of goiter
SODIUM LACTATE (NaC3H5O3)  Photographer’s hypo; prismatic rice

 Chemical antidote in cyanide poisoning
 Antacid (management of acidosis)  Management of iodine toxicity (converts iodine to
 Diuretic harmless iodide) → Treatment of iodism: NaCl
SODIUM NITRITE (NaNO2) OTHER SODIUM DERIVATIVES
 Salitre (in Philippine market)  Ion exchangers - Cellulose sodium phosphate: binds with
calcium, Sodium polystyrene
sulfonate: Tx of hyperkalemia duePHARMACUETICAL

to acute INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 1
kidney infection. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
First Semester(KOH)
School Year 2022 - 2023
 Sodium starch glycolate
 Saccharin sodium  caustic potash, lye potash
 Sodium cyclamate  Saponifying agent “Saponification value”
 SLS  Hard soap was made using soda; soft soap with potash.
 Sodium stearate
POTASSIUM BROMIDE (KBr)
 Sodium alginate
 MSG  Depressant
 Sodium nitroprusside (infuse slowly)  Additives in bread
POTASSIUM IODIDE (KI)

POTASSIUM
 Same as sodium iodide
 AKA: kalium, potash
 Expectorant
 Most abundant and predominant INTRACELLULAR
CATION
 Deficiency: Hypokalemia → paralysis
 Toxicity: Hyperkalemia → cardiac arrest
 Component of many reagents:
 WAGNER’S = Iodine-Potassium Iodide
 MAYER’S /VALSER’S REAGENT = Potassium
Mercuric Iodide
 DRAGENDORFF’S/ KRAUTS RGT = Potassium
GLASS MODIFICATION Iodide + Bismuth Nitrate
SULFURATED POTASH (K2Sx.K2S2O3)

 Potassium gives glass brown and light resistant
 MnO2: masks blue-green color
 liver of sulfur
 Boron/ Borates: decreases the coefficient of expansion
 Heparis sulfur
 Pb: increase refractive index
 Preparation of white lotion
PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION  Use to treat acne and parasitic infections

 With zinc sulfate → antipsoriasis
 Diuretic; muscle contraction
POTASSIUM CHLORATE (KClO3)
SALTS OF POTASSIUM
 Oxidizing agent
POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE (KH2PO4)  Use in fireworks
 Components of gargle and mouthwashes
 Cathartic
POTASSIUM NITRATE (KNO3)
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (KCl)
 salt peter, salitre, sal prunella
 Kalium durules®  Diuretic
 Electrolyte replenisher (slow IV drip)  Meat preservative
 Source of potassium
 IMPORTANT NOTE: Never give by rapid IV push POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (KMnO4)
POTASSIUM CITRATE (C6H5K3O7)  Mineral chameleon

 Oxidizing agent
 Diuretic  Antiseptic (1:5000)
 Expectorant  Volumetric solution for permanganometry – determining the
 Diaphoretic reducing agent
 WITH
PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY Sal volatile
POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE (KNaC4H4O6x4H20)
 Hartshorn First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 Preston salt
 Rochelle salt
 Baker’s ammonia
 Sal signette
 Uses:
 Cathartic
 Expectorant (ammonium)
 Sequestering agent
 Antacid (carbonate)
 Citrate vs Tartrate: Denige’s reagent – to differentiate citrate
and titrate  Respiratory stimulant
POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE (KSCN)
 Hypotensive
AMMONIATED MERCURY (ClH2HgN)
 HgNH2Cl
POTASSIUM BITARTRATE (KC4H5O6)  WHITE PRECIPITATE
 Topical anti-infective
 “The Only Insoluble Potassium Salt”
 Cream of tartar AMMONIATED IODIDE (NH4I)
 Creamer
 Source of iodine
 Cathartic
 Expectorant
AMMONIA  Antifungal
 Only hypothetical alkali metal

CESIUM
 Preparation: Haber Process
 Ammoniated products – there concentration measured as
 Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming material
degree Baume
 First element discovered using spectroscope
 16 degrees ammonia = 10% NH3
 Spectral line: Cesium (blue) Rubidium (red)
 PCOL ACTION:
 Properties
 Diuretic
 Can occur in free metal state
 Buffer
 Complexes / chelates
 Expectorant
 Very malleable
 Anti-cariogenic
 Easy to recover from ore
SALTS OF AMMONIA
GROUP 1B: COINAGE METALS
AMMONIUM ACETATE (C2H7NO2)
COPPER
 spirit of Minderesus
 Styptic – prevent bleeding  Syn: Cuprum
 Only reddish metal
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4Cl)
 3rd most malleable metal
 2nd best conductor
 Muriate of Hartshorn
 Component of HEMOCYANIN (respiratory pigment) and
 Urinary acidifier
cytochrome oxidase
 Diuretic
 2 Important Alloys – Metal plus Metal
 Expectorant
 Brass: Cu +Zn
AMMONIUM CARBONATE [(NH4)2CO3)]  Bronze: Cu + Sn

 Pharmacologic Action

 Protein precipitant PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 1
 Enhances physiological utilization of iron First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 Toxicity: Wilson’s disease (Antidote: penicillamine) AMMONIATED SILVER NITRATE (AgH3N2O3)
 Ag(NH3)2NO3
 HOWE’S SOLUTION – ammoniated silver nitrate + 1%
permalin/eugenol
 Dental protective
 Desensitizing agent
 Tollen’s rgt
SALTS OF COPPER
COPPER SULFATE (CuSO4)
 CuSO4.5H2O
 blue vitriol, blue stone, Roman vitriol, Salzburg vitriol
 Uses:
 Component of Benedict’s, Barfoed’s and Fehling’s
ingredient
 Antidote for Phosphorous poisoning
 Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture – Cupric sulfate +
calcium oxide (antifungal)
GOLD
 Aka: Aurum, shining dawn, KING OF ALL METALS

 Most malleable and ductile
 3rd best conductor of electricity
 Dissolved by:
 Aqua regia (Royal Water) – 3 moles of HCl and 1
mole of HNO3
 Selenic acid (H2SeO4) > the only SINGLE acid that can
dissolve gold
SILVER
 Aka: argentum, shining, bright

 Oligodynamic property (germicidal action) – property of
metals in which they are active and potent in concentration
 Protein ppt
 Best conductor of electricity
 2nd malleable metal
 Toxicity: argyria
 Antidote: NSS
SILVER NITRATE (AgNO3)
 Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic, indelible ink, caustic pencil

 Treatment of warts
 Eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with
gonorrhea
 Wet dressing for 3rd degree burns at 0.5%




lOMoA
IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR MAGNESIUM

GROUP IIA AND GROUP IIB
 p-nitrobenzene resorcinol / MagnesonI in alkaline solution

PROPERTIES: → blue lake
 Oxine reagent → yellow precipitate
 Strong reducing agents but not as strong as IA
 Diphenyl carbazide → violet-red
 The chemical activity of this metal increases as the
atomic radius increases  Quinalizarin reagent → blue precipitate
 All these metals combine directly with oxygen,  Magnesium vs Beryllium → both produces blue
halogens, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen wild cold water precipitate with quinalizarin reagent; addition of bromine
expect Mg (steam) water differentiates the two.
 All oxides are basic except Beryllium (amphoteric)
 Increase basicity as going down the group SALTS OF MAGNESIUM
 These are all good conductors of heat and electricity
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE (MgCo3)
although magnesium is the only used as a metal
 Beryllium is quite rare and costly
 Magnesia
 Calcium, strontium and barium are too reactive,
 Antacid, laxative
radium only occurs as radioactive species
 Many metals such as copper, zinc, tin, lead, aluminum MAGNESIUM OXIDE (MgO)
and beryllium form amphoteric oxides or hydroxides
 The salts of these metals are not as soluble as are those  CALCINED MAGNESIA
of the alkali metals
 Antacid, laxative
 COMPONENT OF UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE
GROUP IIA – ALKALINE EARTH METALS  (1 part) MgO - precipitates heavy metals
 (2 parts) Activated charcoal - absorption of toxins
BERYLLIUM coming from different chemicals such as fireworks
 (1 part) tannic acid - precipitate alkaloidal toxins
 Never employed in medicine because it is the most
toxic metal MAGNESIUM SULFATE (MgSO4)
 Fluorescent lamp
 The mineral Beryl, [Be3Al2(SiO3)6] is the most  Epsom salt
important source of beryllium  Cathartic (PO)
 Least metallic in the group  Anticonvulsant (IM)
 Rare and costly  Pre-eclampsia triad - HPN, proteinuria, edema
 Highly toxic, No biological role  Eclampsia - triad + seizure
 48TH most abundant element in earth's crust  Antidote for Ba toxicity, barbiturates poisoning
 Employed mostly as alloys
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (Mg(OH)2)
 2ND most abundant intercellular cation
 Present in chlorophyll (Significance: Photosynthesis)  milk of magnesia, magnesia magma
 Present in Grignard’s reagent  propofol - milk of amnesia, a powerful anesthetic
 Natural sources:  same as magnesium carbonate
 As silicates: (talc, asbestos)  Component of Maalox (MgOH2 + AlOH3 +
 As CO3 (magnesite, dolomite) Simethicone)
 As SO4 (kieserite)  Side effect: diarrhea → add aluminum hydroxide
 PCOL Action:  Type of bottle for dispensing milk of magnesia: BLUE

BOTTLE
 Depressant
 Laxative HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE
 Natural Ca-channel blocker (H2Mg2O9Si3)
 Antidote for Magnesium poisoning: Ca gluconate
 talc, soapstone, French chalk
 “Softest mineral” known  WITH

PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY marble
 Uses:  LimestoneFirst Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 Filtering agent  Uses:
 Clarifying agent  Antacid
 Dusting powder  Ingredient of toothpaste
 Dentifrice
MAGNESIUM CITRATE (C6H6MgO7)
CALCIUM GLUCONATE (C12H22CaO14)
 Lemonada purganti
 purgative lemon  Ca supplement and replenisher
 Antidote for Mg2+ poisoning
CALCIUM
CALCIUM LACTATE (C6H10CaO6)
 ND
2 most abundant cation in EXTRACELLULAR
fluid  Ca supplement
 major constituent of bones and teeth → hydroxyapatite
CALCIUM BIPHOSPHATE (CaH4P2O8)
 Vitamin D is needed for its maximum absorption
 Pharmacologic action:  source of Ca and PO4
 Blood coagulation factor
 Important muscle contraction CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (Ca(OH)2)
 Important release of neurotransmitter
 slaked lime
 Primary element of bones and teeth, (98-99%)
 milk of lime
 Sources:
 calcium hydrate
 Dolomite
 Uses:
 Gypsum
 Antacid
 Phosphate rock
 saponifying agent
 Apatite
 prevention of milk curdling → promoting digestibility of
 Deficiency States: the milk
 Osteoporosis: most common bone disorder;
CALCIUM OXIDE (CaO)
 lime
 defective bone resorption  Quicklime
 Osteomalacia: defective bone mineralization  Calx
 Rickets: defective bone mineralization in CHILDREN  Uses:
 Hypocalcemia  Component of Bordeaux mixture
 Insecticide
SALTS OF CALCIUM
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (Ca3(PO4)2)
CALCIUM BROMIDE (CaBr2)
 chlorinated lime
 Sedative – depressant
 chloride of lime
CALCIUM CHLORIDE (CaCl2)  Uses:

 Disinfectant
 “Muriate of lime”  Bleaching agent
 Ca replenisher
CALCIUM SULFATE (CaSO4)
CALCIUM CARBONATE (CaCO3)
 CaSO4. ½H2O or 2H2O - plaster of paris
 precipitated chalk (hemihydrate form)
 prepared chalk  gypsum (dihydrate) - terra alba
 calcite  Uses:
 Rodenticide
 Prep of surgical casts and dental impressions

PHARMACUETICAL  Diagnostic
INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH purpose
DIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (CaHPO4) GROUP IIB – VOLATILE METALS
 Recommended calcium salt as electrolyte replenisher PROPERTY
STRONTIUM (Sr2+)  Exhibit auto complexation

 Only zinc is amphoteric
 Use: manufacture of flares (red fireworks)
 Radioactive strontium is used as bone scanner
 Strontium has an affinity for bones and useful in ZINC
studying bone lesions
 Soft metal together with Cd
SALTS OF STRONTIUM  Present in insulin
STRONTIUM CHLORIDE (SrCl2)  Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme

 Used to coat iron to make galvanized iron
 Sensodyne™  Deficiency: Parakeratosis
 temperature desensitizing agent  Toxicity: Metal Fume Fever
 ADR: Darkens the teeth  Antidote: NaHCO3
SALTS OF ZINC
ZINC CHLORIDE (ZnCl2)
BARIUM  Burnett’s disinfectant fluid

 Component of Lucas reagent
 Aka: heavy  Astring-o-sol (original formula)
 Toxicity: Baritosis  Uses:
 Antidote: Epsom salt  Disinfectant/antiseptic
 Use as green flares  dentin desensitizer
 corrosive
SALTS OF BARIUM
ZINC OXIDE (ZnO)
BARIUM SULFATE (BaSO4)
 Zinc white
 “Barium meal”
 Lassar’s paste, Flowers of Zinc
 Radiopaque subs used for GIT imaging - Doesn’t
dissociate in the GIT
 Component of Calamine Lotion:
 Zinc carbonate 15%
 CO2 absorber
 Zinc oxide 5%
BARRIUM HYDROXIDE (Ba(OH)2)  Glycerin 5%
 Water 75%
 CO2 absorber  Ferric oxide 0.5%
RADIUM ZINC SULFIDE (ZnS)
 Discovered by Curie  white lotion ingredient

 Measurement: Becquerel  Zinc sulfate + Sulfurated potash
 Board Question: What is the first radioactive element  Only “white sulfide”
discovered by curie? POLONIUM.  Lithopone: 30% ZnS, 70% BaS
 Radioactive element use for:  Uses:
 Cancer radiotherapy  Parasiticide
 topical protectant  Question:

PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH How toANALYSIS|
QUALITATIVE remove mercury
FINALSthat falls into
LESSON 2 cracks?
 Antiseptic CoverFirst
withSemester
sulfur School Year 2022 - 2023
ZINC SULFATE (ZnSO4) SALTS OF MERCURY
 ZnSO4. 7H2O MERCURIOUS CHLORIDE (Hg2Cl2)
 white vitriol  HgClor or Hg2Cl2
 Uses:  Calomel
 Pharmaceutical necessity for white lotion  Use: cathartic
 Emetic
 Black lotion: calomel + lime water
 Ophthalmic astringent (only FDA approved OTC
ophthalmic astringent) → relief of minor eye irritation
MERCURIC CHLORIDE (HgCl2)
 Corrosive sublimate
 Disinfectant
MERCURIOUS IODIDE (Hg2I2)
HYDRATED ZINC SULFATE (ZnSO4x7H2O)  Treatment of syphilis
 natural calamine MERCURIC IODIDE (HgI2)

 Use: topical protectant
 Stimulant of indolent ulcers
ZINC EUGENOL CEMENT (C10H12O3Zn)  Mercuric potassium iodide - Mayer’s reagent
 “Yellow precipitate”
 Dental protective
AMMONIATED MERCURY (ClH2HgN)
CADMIUM
 “White precipitate”
 Pcol action: astringent  Water soluble mercury
 Other use: manufacture of stink bomb  mercury (10-20%)
 Poisoning: “Itai-Itai Disease”  cetylalcohol (70%)
 Antidote: BAL  SLS, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, glycerin and water
 Management: Palliative therapy, EDTA immediately
given after exposure
SALTS OF CADMIUM
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
 Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) – Emetic

 Cadmium sulfide (CdS) – Anti-seborrheic
 Cadmium sulfide (CdS) - Only “yellow sulfide”
MERCURY
 Aka: QUICKSILVER, messenger of gods

 Industrial use: thermometer, amalgams (dental cement)
 Disease: Minamata disease, “Pink Disease” Erethism
 Antidote: EDTA
 MERCURY(Hg) Board Questions:
 All mercury salts are poisonous. The best antidote is
SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE.



lOMoA
GROUP IIIA – BORON FAMILY  4 M + 3 O2  2 M2O3 (M – Al, B)

 2 M + 3 X2  2 MX3 (M – Al, B)
FACTS:  Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl  AlCl3 + 3 H2O
 Al(OH)3 + NaOH  NaAlO2 + 2 H2O
 Except for Boron, the group 3 elements are all metals,
known as ‘poor metals’ due to their low melting points
IDENTIFICATION TEST
and hardness
 Melting points:  ALUMINUM
 Gallium - 30C  NH3: white gelatinous ppt. of Al(OH)3 (Al(OH)3
 Indium - 156C adsorbs the color of the dye, aluminon producing a red
lake)
 Thallium - 303C
 Thenard’s Blue Test - Co(NO3)2 + NH3 
 Aluminum - 660C
Co(AlO2)2, Blue ash -- cobalt meta-aluminate
 Boron - 2076C
 BORON (BORATE BO3 -3)
 Boron is a metalloid and the only non-metal in group  CH3OH + H2SO4  (CH3)3BO3
3
 green bordered flame – methyl borate
 All of the group 3 elements have 3 valence electrons
 Acidic solution of borate will turn turmeric paper
 Gallium is solid at room temperature but is liquid at
brownish red; while in basic or alkaline medium it will
larger temperatures than any other element
color the turmeric paper greenish black
 Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the
earth’s crust and the most abundant metal
 Group 3 elements react with oxygen to form metal COMPOUNDS
oxides (M2O3)
 1 gram is the average lethal dose for the toxic element BORON
Thallium
 Non-metal
 Uses of ICOSAGENS:
 Component of glass
 Boron – Glassware, detergent
 Sources: Tincal – Na3BO3, H3BO3
 Aluminum – Drink cans, Aircraft bodies
 Hardness of Crystalline Boron - Valuable substitute
 Gallium – Electronic components for diamond in glass cutting and gem polishing
 Indium – Touch screens  its largest material is in the combined forms as for
 Thallium – Rat poison example:
 Na2B4O7 x 4H2O (rasorite or kernite)
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Na2B4O7 x 10H2O (borax)
 Cab4O7 x 4H2O (borocalcite)
 Boron bonding tends to be more covalent than ionic; it
is also referred to as a metalloid.  Ca3B6O10 X 5H2O (colemanite)
 Aluminum may form both covalent and ionic bonds.  H3BO3 x Na2B4O7 x 2CaB4O7 x 18H2O (tincal)
 The metals of this group readily oxidize when heated in
air, although they are stable at ordinary temperatures.
 The oxides are readily reduced back to the free metal.
SALTS OF BORON
BORATES (BO3 -3)
 The metals react readily with sulfur and the halogens.  Reacts with turmeric paper
 • Use in vulcanizing rubber
 The hydroxides tend to show amphoteric properties
with the exceptions of the top and bottom elements of BORIC ACID (H3BO3)
the group.
 “Boracic acid”, “sal sedativum”

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
 Toxic by ingestion BSPH | Lazaro, Javen
 Absorbed in broken skin PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 3
 Buffer in ophthalmic preparation ALUMINUM
 Tonicity adjusting agent
 E-VALUE= 0.52
 SOURCES:
 Antiseptic
 Cryolite - (Na3AlF6, sodium hexafluoro aluminate)
 Eyewash: 2.45% - 2.5%  Chief Source: Bauxite ore
 Boroglycerin glycerite – suppository base  Aluminon, the triammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic
acid, is a dye commonly used to detect the presence of
SODIUM BORATE (NA2B4O7) the aluminum ion in an aqueous solution
 Pharmaceutical Uses:
 Borax  Deodorant
 Sodium tetraborate  Protectant
 Dobell’s Solution – astringent or antiseptic wash for  Antiseptic
throat and nose  Antiperspirant
 Eye wash  Adverse Effects: Constipation
 Component of cold cream and in the preparation of  Toxicity: Shaver’s disease/ Bauxite pneumoconiosis -
sodium borate preparation.
A progressive lung disorder caused by exposure to
aluminum oxide which is present in bauxite fumes
BUFFERS
SALTS OF ALUMINUM
PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM
ALUMINUM CHLORIDE
 Buffers the pH level of blood

 astringent, antiseptic, component of deodorant
 Has the advantage of containing the dihydrogen and
monohydrogen phosphate ions, one of the physiological
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE AL(OH)3
buffer pairs normally found in the body (Ex: Sorensen
phosphate buffer system)
 Amphojel
 Disadvantages:
 Cremalin gel
 insolubility of the phosphate salts of such metals such as
Ag, Zn and Al
 it supports microbial growth  ADVERSE EVENTS: Constipation, PO4 deficiency
BORATE BUFFER SYSTEM ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE (AlPO4)
 Commonly used in lungs and outside of the cells  “Phosphagel”

 Borate buffer system has been used in preparations  Antacid
containing metals that would otherwise precipitate in  Astringent
the presence of phosphate.
ALUMINUM CARBONATE (Al2(CO3)3)
 Treatment of phosphatic calculi - phosphate growth in

 Since BORATES ARE TOXIC, these buffer system kidney
are suitable in external preparations, ophthalmic and
nasal solutions but are contraindicated in parenteral ALUM
solutions
 3 primary borate buffer system:  Al K(SO4)2.12H2O
 Feldman’s Buffer System (pH 7-8.2) – consists of  Deodorant
solution containing boric acid, sodium chloride (to make
it isotonic) and the alkaline solution containing sodium ALUMINUM OXIDE (Al2O3)
borate
 Atkins and Pantin Buffer System (pH 7.6-11) –  Alumina
consists of alkaline solution of sodium carbonate and  Treatment of silicosis
acid buffer solution of boric acid and sodium chloride
 silicosis - inhalations of silicon/silicon dust
 Gifford Buffer System (pH 6-7.8) – similar to
Feldman’s Buffer System however in place of NaCl, ALUMINUM ACETATE (Al(CH3COO-)3
potassium chloride is used to make it hypotonic.
 Burrow’s solution, Domeboro’s soln GROUP IIIB ANALYSIS|

PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE - ELEMENTS FINALS LESSON 3
 Astringent First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
FACTS in LANTHANIDES
DIHYDROXYALUMINUM AMINO ACETATE
 The lanthanides all form stable 3+ ions
 Gastric antacid  The lanthanides have electrons in the 4f orbital leading
 Magma and tablet to the lanthanide contraction
 Phosphorent europium and terbium compounds are used
ALUMINUM SILICATES
in Anti-counterfeit bank notes
 KAOLIN  Several of the lanthanides form colored ions

 native hydrated aluminum silicate  Neodymium alloys are used to make the strongest
permanent magnets found in loudspeakers and in
 “China clay”
headphones
 adsorbent & demulcent in diarrhea
 Some lanthanides are used as color phosphors in some
 BENTONITE (willkinite) tv screens
 “Native hydrated colloidal Al silicates”
 Lanthanides react with oxygen to give oxides
 mineral soap, soap clay (Ln2O3)
 suspending agent  Lanthanides compounds are used to color ceramics and
 PUMICE glass
 ” Na, K, Al silicates”, Piedra Pomez
 volcanic origin  Many of the Lanthanides were found in mineral ores
 dental abrasive, dentifrice from a mine in the village of Ytterby, Sweden
 grades of pumice: flour/superfine, fine, coarse  YTTERBIUM, ERBIUM, TERBIUM and YTTRIUM
are all named after YTTERBY
 In 2010, china accounted for 95% of global rare earth
element production
 Samarium and Cobalt alloy is used to make the magnets
found in electric guitar picks
GALLIUM
FACTS in ACTINIDES
 Aka eka-aluminum
 Substitute for Hg in manufacture of arc lamps.  The Actinides all form stable 3+ ions
 Treatment of cancer related hypercalcemia
 Berkelium is the rarest naturally occurring element
 source: gallite (CuGas2)
 Some actinides have oxidation states of varying colors
 35th most abundant element in earth's crust
 Electronics – semiconductors  Uranium and Plutonium are used for nuclear power
 Radiopharmaceuticals - Gallium67 (for tissue  Thorium can form more covalent bonds that any other
imaging) element
 Thorium is pyrophoric element
THALLIUM
 Curium is so radioactive that it glows purple
 “Thalos”
LANTHANIDES
 Green shoot or green twig
 2nd most toxic metal  rare elements
 resembles tin  atomic number 58 to 71
 60th most abundant element on earth's crust  All the lanthanides’ elements (La through Lu) occur in
 Found in: Mineral crookesite (TlCu7Se4), Hut mixtures, which are hard to extract
clintonite (TlPbAs5S9), lorandite (TlAsS2)  Lanthanides tend to form ionic compounds
 both thallium and its compound are very toxic -  Bright and silvery in appearance, many of the
Prussian blue (antidote) lanthanides - though they are metals - are so soft they
 Radiopharmaceuticals - Thallium 81 (coronary artery can be cut with a knife
disease)  The reactive tendencies of other lanthanides vary: for
instance, gadolium and lutetium do not oxidize (stable

without oxygen) until they have been  WITH

exposed to air forINFORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PHARMACUETICAL TheyQUALITATIVE ANALYSIS|
dissolve in acids FINALS LESSON 3
to form salts
a very long time First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium and
europium are highly reactive
ACTINIDES
 Lanthanides tend to be rather 'temperamental' as a
class. if contaminated
 Atomic number 89 to 103
 The actinide series encompasses the 15 chemical
elements that lie between actinium and lawrencium on
the periodic table.
with other metals, such as calcium, they

 The actinide series is named after actinium.
 All the actinide elements (Actinium through
Lawrencium) beyond uranium are prepared
synthetically and only exists as radioactive isotopes,
which are usually not very stable.
 The actinides series is included in some definitions of
corrode easily and if contaminated with nonmetals,
the rare earth elements. IUPAC is currently
such as nitrogen or oxygen they become brittle
recommending the name actinoid rather than actinide,
 Contaminations also alter their boiling points, which as the suffix 'ide' generally indicates ions.
range from 1,506.2 degrees Fahrenheit (819 degrees
 An = Actinides
Celsius) for ytterbium to 3,025.4 degrees Fahrenheit
(1663 degrees Celsius) for lutetium  Some actinides exist in several oxides form such as
An2O3, AnO2, An2O5, AnO3.
 Lanthanides react rapidly with hot water or more slowly
with cold water, to form hydrogen gas  For all actinides, oxides AnO3 are amphoteric.
 An2O3, AnO2, An2O5 are basic, they easily react with
OXIDATION STATES OF LANTHANIDES water, forming bases.
 The strongest base is actinium.
 All of the lanthanide’s elements are commonly known  All compounds of actinium are colorless, except for
to have +3 oxidation state Black actinium sulfide (Ac2S3).
 It was thought that only samarium, europium, and  All have silvery or silvery-white luster in metallic form.
ytterbium had the +2 oxidation readily accessible in
solution  All have the ability to form stable complexes with
ligands, such as chloride, sulfate, carbonate and
 Now, it is known that all of the lanthanides can form acetate.
+2 complexes in solution
 The emission of radioactivity, toxicity, pyrophoricity,
and nuclear criticality are properties that make them
HYDRIDES
hazardous to handle.
 Lanthanide metal react exothermically with hydrogen to  While actinides have some established daily life
form LnH2, dihydrides applications, such as smoke detectors (americium) and
gas mantles (Thorium).
HALIDES  The elements have physical properties that are typical

metals.
 All of the lanthanides form trihalides with fluorine,  They are all quite reactive chemically and oxides are
chlorine, bromine and iodine except cerium, basic.
praseodymium and terbium which are tetrahalides
 The fluorides are only slightly soluble in water and YTTRIUM
are not sensitive to air
 And this contrasts with the other halides which are air  30th most abundant element in earth's crust
sensitive, readily soluble in water and react at high  Main source: Lunar rock
temperature to form oxyhalides
OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES
 All of the lanthanides form sesquioxide (Ln2O3)

 Radiopharmaceuticals - Yttrium 90 (for cancer)
 All of the sesquioxide is basic, and absorb water and
carbon dioxide to form carbonates, hydroxides, and  Positive 3 oxidation state
hydro carbonates.  Yttrium forms a water-insoluble fluoride, hydroxide
and oxalate but its bromide, chloride, iodide, nitrate, INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 3
PHARMACUETICAL
and sulfate are all soluble in water. First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 With halogens, yttrium forms trihalides such as Yttrium
(III) Fluoride (YF) @ 200 degrees Celsius
 Concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids do not
rapidly attack yttrium, but the other strong acids do
 Responsible for red coloration in colored TV
SCANDIUM
 Scandium is a soft metal with a silvery appearance.

It develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast when
oxidized by air
 Dissolves readily in diluted airs
 Scandium turnings ignite in air with a brilliant yellow
flame to form scandium (III) oxide
 36th most abundant element in earth's crust
 Major sources: euxenite and gadolinite
 Non-toxic
 Alloying agent
 No biological role
 The oxide ScO3 and the hydroxide Sc(OH)3 are
amphoteric
 The halides, ScX3 are very soluble in water
 But ScF3 is insoluble
LANTHANUM
 29th most abundant element on earth's crust

 Monzonite (LaPO4) and bastnasite (LaCO3F) are the
principal ores in which lanthanum occurs
 No biological role
 Used to absorb excess PO4 in terminal stage of renal
disease
 Can caused hyperglycemia
ACTINIUM
 Actinium is found only in traces of Uranium ores -

One ton or uranium in ore contains about 0.2 mg of Ac
 Uranite - main source
 No industrial use due to its scarcity and radioactivity
 Used as for radiation therapy (cancer)


lOMoA
GROUP IVA - CRYSTALLOGENS  Carbon bonded to other carbons covalently

 Nanotubes - composed of carbon that is used in
nanotechnology
FACTS:
 Has great affinity for bonding with other small atoms,
 Silicon is the second most abundant element in the including other carbon atoms
earth’s crust at 25.7 %  Capable of forming multiple stable covalent bonds with
such atoms
 MELTING POINTS:
 The greatest importance attaches to its function as the
 TIN - 232C basic building unit of organic compounds
 LEAD - 327C  It also occurs in compounds such as carbonates,
oxalates, tartrates and acetates
 GERMANIUM - 937C
 Used as a reducing agent in the preparation of many
 SILICON - 1410C metals especially on carbon monoxide (antioxidant)
 CARBON - 3730C  Relatively inert at room temperature
 All of the group 4 elements have 4 valence electrons  At elevated temperature, it combines directly with
OXYGEN, HALOGENS and most other NON-
 Exposure to lead can cause lead poisoning METALS
(PLUMBISM)
 Allotropic forms (same element but different on
 Carbon has 8 allotropes including diamond, graphite structural forms)
and Buckminster fullerene
 Flerovium (Fl) is one of the man-made elements NANOTECHNOLOGY
discovered in 1999
 Tin is the largest element with the largest number of  Nanotechnology involves the applications of
nanoparticles, which are collections of atoms or
stable isotopes
molecules less than 100 nm across
 Tin – Galvanizing agent (Coating of metal to prevent
corrosion)
 Characterized by being light-weighted and having a
strong properties
 Lead – Radiation shielding
 100 times strong as steel
 The group 4 elements from hydrides with Hydrogen
(EH4) tetrahalides with halogens (EX4) and a variety
 Uses of NANOTECHNOLOGY:
of oxides with oxygen  ANTI-MICROBIAL USES – Products such as
 Carbon makes up 18.5% of the human body bandages, soaps and surgical implements use silver
nanoparticles for their antimicrobial effects
 Carbon also forms organic compounds the study of
which is known as organic chemistry  SUNSCREENS – Many sunscreens contain titanium
dioxide and/ or zinc oxide nanoparticles because the
 USES OF CRYSTALLOGENS: materials can absorb UV radiation
 CARBON – Diamonds and Carbon dating
 CLOTHES – UV-absorbing titanium oxide and zinc
 SILICON – Glass and Electronics oxide nanoparticles can be incorporated into clothes to
 GERMANIUM – Microscope and Camera lenses prevent sunburn and sometimes act as antistatic agents.
Silicon dioxide nanoparticles can prevent stains and
 TIN – Tin cans helping clothing repel water
 LEAD – Radiation shielding, Leaded petrol
COMPOUNDS
 SPORTS EQUIPMENT – Sport equipment such as
tennis rackets and bicycles are sometimes built using
CARBON
nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes. The
nanotubes improve strength and durability and decrease
 Abundant nonmetallic, tetravalent element, has several
weight. Titanium nanoparticles can also be used
allotropic forms
 Exhibits remarkable properties, some paradoxical - the  QUANTUM DOTS – Quantum dots, which are
properties of allotropes of carbon are contradicting nanoparticles of semiconductors such as cadmium
to each other (Ex: Diamond and Graphite) selenide, absorb light of one color, such as blue light,
and emit it as another depending on particle size. The
 Different forms include the hardest naturally particles are more energy-efficient than light-emitting
occurring substance (diamond) and one of the softest BSPH | Lazaro, Javen
diodes
substances (graphite) known
CARBON
PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITHDIOXIDE (CO2)ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 4
QUALITATIVE
CARBON ALLOTROPES First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 Carbonic acid gas
 Respiratory stimulant (CO poisoning)
 Diamond – tetrahedrally
 Treatment of persistent hiccups
 Graphite - honeycomb lattice  Used in the manufacturing of soda, carbonated water
 Lonsdaleite – Hexagonal  DRY ICE:
 C60 (Buckminster fullerene) - truncated icosahedron,  Refrigerants
60 vertices-32 faces (20 hexagons and 12 pentagons
 Solid CO2
where no pentagons share a vertex)
 C540 (Fullerenes)
 Acne, corns, calluses, moles, warts and eczema
 C70 - more of hexagons

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO2)
 Amorphous carbon - random structure
 Carbon nanotube  Cherry red color of blood
 210X affinity to hemoglobin
HISTORY OF BUCKMINSTER FULLERENE  Automobile exhaust
 ANTIDOTE:
 ‘Buckyballs’
 oxygen (100%)
 Football-shaped form of carbon  artificial air (20% Oxygen 80% Helium)
 Truncated Icosahedron  hyperbaric O2
 Nobel prize: 1996  O2-CO2 mixture
 It’s named after Buckminster Fuller, an architect
whose geodesic domes it resembles SILICON
 TIME FRAMES:
 1970 – Existence of c60 molecule proposed by the  A tetravalent metalloid, silicon is less reactive than its
Japanese scientist Eiji Osawa chemical analog carbon (same properties on carbon)
 1985 – C60 discovered during work investigating carbon  Silicate minerals in the crust include those in the pyroxene,
clusters formed in conditions similar to those red giant amphibole, mica and feldspar
stars  Needed for synthesis of elastin (elasticity of the
 1990 – Astrophysicist Wolfgang Krastchmer and Donald
Huffman develop a method to make C60 in larger
quantities  skin) and collagen
 1996 – Nobel prize awarded to Harry Koto, Robert Curl  On Earth, it is the second most abundant element (after
and Richard Smalley, for discovery of fullerenes oxygen) in the crust, making up 25.7% of the crust by
(including C60) mass.
 SILICON POWDER - as coarse powder with a dark gray
color with bluish tinge.
 2010 - Buckyball detected in space; they could be

responsible for mystery interstellar absorptions SALTS OF SILICON
SILICON DIOXIDE (SIO2)

SALTS OF CARBON
 Silica
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
 Abundant in nature
 Poisoning: Silicosis (hemoptysis)
 Component of universal antidote (Component: Tannic
acid, magnesium oxide and activated charcoal)  ANTIDOTE: Alumina (Al2O3)
 Tannic acid - naturally occurring alkaloids
GLASS
 Magnesium oxide - complexation of metals
 Activated charcoal - absorption of toxins  Formed by fusion of Silicon with base agents used to
modify glass. (Na2CO3 with pure silica)
 Adsorbent  MODIFIED BY ADDITION OF:
 Used in Diarrhea and in poisoning  B - ↓coefficient of expansion
 Pb - ↓refractive index PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 4
 K - amber color, light resistant properly  Sn+2, Sn+3First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 MnO2 - mask color of Fe2O3  Occurs chiefly as the oxide, SnO2 (AMPHOTERIC)
 TYPES OF GLASS:  Silvery, malleable poor metal that is not easily
oxidized in air and resists corrosion
 Type I - Highly resistant borosilicate glass
 Is found in many alloys and is used to coat other
(temperature)
metals to prevent corrosion
 Type II - Treated soda lime glass (For parenteral)
 Not easily oxidized
 Type III - Soda lime (Syrups)  USES:
 Type IV - General soda lime glass, NP (Non-  Manufacture of cans
parenteral)
 Household utensils
PURIFIED SILICACEOUS EARTH  Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral
CASSITERITE, where it occurs as an oxide.
 SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide)  It is the classic alloying metal to make bronze.
 “KIESELGUHR silica” – Purified silica from the
shells of aquatic plants SALTS OF TIN
 Adsorbent
TIN FLUORIDE (SNF2)
 Filtering aid
 Clarifying agent  Anti-cariogenic – To prevent tooth decay
ATTAPULGITE (POLYMAGMAÒ, QUINTESSÒ)  8% - 1 application
 Magnesium Aluminum Phyllosilicate

 (Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH) x 4(H2O) TIN OXIDE (SNO2)
 Anti-diarrheal agent
 Germicidal against Staphylococcus aureus
ALLOYS OF TIN
NATURAL CALAMINE  Bronze (Tin plus copper) – For medals

 Brass (Tin plus zinc) – For music instruments
 Zn silicate
 Gun metal (10% tin and 90% copper)
SIMETHICONE  Plumbers Alloy (33% lead and 66% tin) – For pipe
 Pewter Metal (75% tin and 25% lead) – For casting,
 Anti-flatulent metal designing
 Type Metal (75% lead, 5% tin, and 20% antimony)
GERMANIUM  Bearing Metal (82% tin,14% antimony, and 4%
copper)
 53rd most abundant metal on Earth's crust  Phosphor Tin (made by adding phosphorus to molten
tin in Phosphor-Bronze)
 There are only a few minerals like argyrodite,
briartite, germanite, and renierite that contain
appreciable amounts of germanium TIN ALLOTROPES
 Have been marketed as an alternative medicine
capable of treating leukemia and lung cancer  ALPHA (GRAY TIN) - nonmetallic, low conductivity
 A lustrous, hard, silver-white metalloid that is  Tin cry - Making a crying sound (In Good condition)
chemically similar to tin
 Forms a large number of organometallic compounds  Tin pest - The tin start to deteriorates and turn grey (In
and is an important semiconductor material used in Bad condition)
transistors  BETA (WHITE) 13.2 degrees Celsius - stable but
 Is a rare element and occurs in minute quantities in brittle
many metal sulfides  GAMMA (RHOMBIC) AND SIGMA - exist at
 No biological role temperatures above 161 degrees Celsius (322 degrees
F) and pressures
TIN
LEAD Subacetate
PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH solution ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 4
QUALITATIVE
 Pb+2, Pb+4 LEAD(II) ACETATE (Pb2O(CH3COO)2)
 USES:
 “Goulard’s Extract”
 Astringent  Solution of lead acetate and lead oxide
 Protein precipitant  Astringent, antiseptic
 Occurs mainly as the sulfide PbS called galena
LEAD OXIDE (PbO)
 Soft, heavy, toxic and malleable poor metal, lead is bluish
white when freshly cut but tarnishes to dull gray when  “Litharge”
exposed to air  Preparation for Lead Subacetate
 Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries,
bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, and fusible
alloys.
 Lead has the highest atomic number of all ALLOYS OF LEAD
 Pewter Metal - 80% tin and 20% lead

 Rose Metal - 25% tin, 25% lead, and 50% bismuth
stable elements - although the next element, bismuth, has a (used as conductors)
half-life so long (longer than the estimated age of the
 Solder Metal - 50% tin and 50% lead
universe) it can be considered stable.
 Like mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a POTENT
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
NEUROTOXIN which accumulates in soft tissues and bone
over time.
 PLUMBISM – Lead poisoning  Ge, Sn, Pb are active metals, they will displace
hydrogen gas from acids and combine with most non-
 SOURCES OF LEAD: metals
 Lead pipe  May exhibit 2+ and 4+ oxidation states, in keeping
 Cocktail glass with their s2p2 valence electrons
 Canned food  Pb and Sn may give up their two unpaired p electrons

to form Pb2+ and Sn2+.
 Automobile exhaust
 IN THE 4+ OXIDATION À COVALENT BOND
 Paints CHARACTER
 Earthen utensils  stability of 2+ ↑ as atomic weight ↑
 Cable wires  stability of 4+ ↓ as atomic weight ↑
 EXAMPLES: SN AND PB FORM COMMON
PLUMBISM OXIDES –––
 SnO2 the stable tin oxide
 Lead Encephalopathy
 PbO the stable lead oxide
 Characterized by memory loss, irritability, projectile
vomiting  OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES:
 Paints caused plumbism to children  Sn and Pb  amphoteric
 ANTIDOTE:  SNO/ SN(OH)2 + BASE
 EDTA
 stannite ion (SnO2 2- )
 Calcium Sodium Ver senate
 PBO/ PB(OH)2 + BASE
 plumbite (PbO2 2- )
SALTS OF LEAD
 IN THE +4-OXIDATION STATE:
LEAD ACETATE (Pb(CH3COO)2)  SnO2 + BASE  stannate (SnO3 2- )
 PbO2 + BASE  plumbate (PbO3 2- )
 “Sugar of Lead”
 “Salt of Saturn”
GENERAL CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
 Astringent
 Pharmaceutical necessity for preparation of Lead  M + O2  MO2 (stability ↓ = ↑ atomic weight)
 2 M + O2  2 MO (stability ↑ = PHARMACUETICAL
↑ atomic weight) INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 4
 M(OH)2 + 2 NaOH  2 H2O + Na2MO2 or H2MO2 First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
TITANIUM
 M(OH)4 + 2 NaOH  3 H2O+Na2MO3 or
H2MO3.H2O
 “Titans-Sons of Earth”
 MO + 2 KOH  K2MO2 + H2O
 Powerful reducing agent
 MO2 + 2 KOH  K2MO3+ H2O
 THE PRINCIPAL ORE ARE:
 Rutile, TiO2 (tetrahedral structure)
 Brookite, TiO2 (orthorhombic structure)
 Anatase, TiO2 (orthorhombic structure)
IDENTIFICATION TEST OF IONS  Ilmenite, FeTiO3

 Sphene or Titanite, CaO.SiO2 x TiO2
Pb 2+
 Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4): yellow ppt of Lead SALTS OF TITANIUM

chromate (PbCrO4) soluble in NaOH
 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): white ppt of Lead chloride TITANIUM OXIDE
(PbCl2) soluble in boiling or hot water
 Solar ray protectant
Sn 2+
 Lotions & sun blocking creams
 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) - Brown ppt of Tin (II)  Opacifying agent
Sulfide (SnS)  Protective – PABA
 Mercury (II) Chloride (HgCl2) - White ppt of
Mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2) turning gray ZIRCONIUM
Sn 4+  Used as deodorant & antiperspirant

 Causes pulmonary granuloma formation
 Hydrogen sulfide H2S - Yellow ppt of SnS2
 Can lead to cancer
 Mercury (II) Chloride (HgCl2) HgCl2 - No reaction
 The principal ores are:
CARBON  Zircon, ZrSiO4, and
 Baddeleyite, ZrO.
 CH3COO- (C2H3O2 -, Ac-, Oac-)  Acids will evolve
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) (vinegar-like odor)
HAFNIUM
 CH3COOH heated with C2H5OH  fruity odor,
C2H5C2H3O2(ethyl acetate)
 Neutron Absorber
 CO3 2- and HCO3
 Acids will evolve CO2 manifested by effervescence
(bubbling of gas through the liquid)
 Phenolphthalein: dark pink or red for CO3 2- ;

colorless or light pink for HCO3
GROUP IVB – TITANIUM SUBGROUP


lOMoA
GROUP VA – NITROGEN FAMILY  M + H2  HYDRIDES

 Ammonia (NH3)
FACTS:  Phosphine (PH3)
 Arsine (AsH3)
 MELTING POINTS:  Stibine (SbH3)
 Nitrogen - -210 °C  Bismuthine (BiH3)
 Phosphorous – 44 °C  All except NH3 are inflammable and poisonous
 Bismuth – 271 °C  M + CL2  TRI/PENTA-HALIDES
 Arsenic – 600 °C  Nitrogen Trichloride
 Antimony – 631 °C  M + O2  OXIDES [P2O5 AND P4O6 – DIMER
 Bismuth is the only metallic element present on group OF P2O3]
5
 N + P = Strongly acidic solution
 All of the group 5 elements have 5 valence electrons  As + Sb = Amphoteric solution
 Ancient Egyptians used the Antimony compound  Bi = Basic solution
called stibnite as Eye-makeup
 0.006 grams – Lethal dose of arsenic COMPOUNDS
 Nitrogen is the most abundant element on the earth’s NITROGEN
atmosphere (78%)
 The PNICTOGENS Form Pnictides with most elements  “Phlogisticated air” – Burnt air
 PNICTOGENS FORMS:  “Azote/Mephitic air” – Without life (Because it’s too
 Hydrides – with Hydrogen abundant and no longer significant)
 Oxides – with Oxygen  Forms 3 bonds (its great stability to oxidation and
 Halides – with Halogens reduction and its great non-polar character)
 Phosphorous containing calcium phosphate compounds  Black Cylinders – Contain nitrogen
make up 70% of human bone  Occurs free in atmosphere
 USES OF PNICTOGENS:  Component of plant and animal tissues
 Nitrogen – Explosives, Fertilizers, Preservatives  Use by plants - NITROGEN FIXATION
 Phosphorous – Safety matches, Smoke bombs
 Black cylinder
 Arsenic – Ammunition manufacturing
 Antimony – Flame retardants, Cosmetics
SALTS OF NITROGEN
 Bismuth – X-ray shields, Medicine
NITROGEN GAS (N2)
PROPERTIES:
 Replace air in container for parenteral solution

 Group V-A elements are characterized by an outer s2p3
electron configuration. Sharing of 3 or 5 outer electrons  Triple bond-responsible for inertness
accounts for the 3+ and 5+ oxidation states.
 They could also have a 3 - oxidation except bismuth
since it does not have the tendency to accept electron. LIQUID NITROGEN (LN2)
 OUTER S2P3 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION:
 Sharing of 3 or 5 outer electrons  +3 & +5  Refrigerant
 Could also have a -3 oxidation (Except Bi since it does NITROUS OXIDE (N2O)
not have tendency to accept electrons)
 “Laughing Gas”
 Sb, As, P, N may accept three electrons to pair up  General anesthetic (Inhalational)
electrons in the outer p-orbitals  antimonides,
arsenides, phosphides, and nitrides
 Not use alone-causes diffusion: HYPOXIA
 Blue cylinder
 COMPOUNDS  COVALENT
 Nitrogen – Triple Bond DINITROGEN TRIOXIDE (N2O3)
 Arsenic and Phosphorous – Tetrahedral Bond BSPH | Lazaro, Javen
 Gas (Brown color or pale blue liquid) ARSENIC

NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)
 As+3
 Brown gas  As+5

 Toxic, protoplasmic poison
PHOSPHOROUS  Lewisite metal

 Anti-syphilis discovered by Paul Ehrlich
 “St. Elmo’s Fire”  Component of Salvarsan, Arsphenamine, Compound 606

or Magic bullet
 Light carrier (match)
 VARIETY  Antileukemia
 White/Yellow – Poisonous  Preparation of various insecticide
 Red - Non-poisonous, Use in preparation of matches  SOURCE:
 Arsenopyrite (Iron Arsenic Sulfide (FeAsS))
ALLOTROPIC MODIFICATION  COMPOUNDS OF ARSENIC:
 Cu Aceto Arsenate - “Paris Green”
 WHITE PHOSPHOROUS  Fowler’s Solution - K Arsenite
 Discrete tetrahedral p4 molecules  Donovan’s solution - red solution containing AsI3 or
 Present in liquid and gaseous phosphorous up to the HgI2
temperature of 800 C when it starts to decomposing to
 ALLOTROPES:
P2 molecules
 Gamma (Ordinary) – Gray arsenic
 Very reactive
 Alpha
 Glows in the dark
 Beta
 Translucent waxy solid
 Cause pale nail bonds on finger nails
 Soluble in Cs2 but insoluble in water
 BIND WITH SULFHYDRYL GROUP:
 RED PHOSPHOROUS  Cysteine - rich in sulfhydryl
 Polymeric structure consisting of chains of p4 unit  Curly hair - cysteine
linked together
 ANTIDOTE: BAL (British Anti-Lewisite)
 Less reactive than white P
 TEST:
 Does not glow in the dark
 GUTZEIT TEST - When arsenic is present, a light
 Has an iron-grey luster brown spot is generated in the filter paper moistened
 Insoluble in water as well as Cs2 with silver nitrate solution
 SCARLET PHOSPHOROUS
 Made by heating PBr3 (Phosphorous Tribromide) to
Hg at 240 C SALT OF ARSENIC
 VIOLET PHOSPHOROUS
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
 Heating P with small quantity of sodium at 200 C
 White Arsenic”
 Tonic, Anti-leukemic
 Ingredient in Paris green, Fowler’s and Donovan’s
Solution.
 METALLIC/BLACK PHOSPHOROUS
 Exist on two forms: Alpha black P and Beta black P  1° standard for CeSO4
 Heating P with Pb at 530 C
ANTIMONY
 Very less reactive
 Has an opaque monoclinic or rhombohedral crystals  SOURCE:
 Senarmontite (Antimony Trioxide)
COMPONENT OF PHYSIOLOGIC BUFFER
 Valentinite (Antimony Oxide)
 HCO3, H2CO3 - plasma and kidneys  Cervantite (Antimony Tetroxide
 HPO4 -2, H3PO4 - cells and kidneys  PRINCIPAL SOURCE:
 Hgb and CHON – RBC, most effective single system  Antimony glance (Stibnite)
for buffering H2CO3 during metabolic process  “Orange red sulfide”
 PHARMACEUTICAL USE: PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 5
MILK OF BISMUTH
 Expectorant, emetic, anthelmintic First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 “Bismuth Cream”
SALT OF ANTIMONY  Bi(OH)3 + Bismuth Sub carbonate
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE  For H. pylori – Bacteria causing ulcer
 Internal protective for gastric ulcer
 “Tartar Emetic”
 Component of Brown mixture IDENTIFICATION TEST
 Emetic
 Expectorant NH4+ (Ammonium)
 Treatment of Schistosomiasis
 Nessler’s reagent (alkaline K2HgI4): orange ppt of
HgO.HgNH2 I (iodide of Millon’s base)
ALLOYS OF ANTIMONY
 Heated with strong alkali: evolution of NH3 detected
BABBIT METAL by its characteristic odor and change red litmus paper
to blue
 An antifriction metal first produced by Isaac Babbit
CN (Cyanide)
 Alloy of antimony
 80% Tin and 20% Antimony  AgNO3: white ppt of AgCN insoluble in HNO3
 Hg2 (NO3) 2: black ppt of metallic Hg
BISTMUTH
SCN (Thiocyanate)
 “Beautiful meadow”
 Use in silvering of mirror  FeCl3: blood red solution of Fe(SCN)2
 PHARMACEUTICAL USE:
 astringent, antiseptic, internal protective  If HAc or dilute H2SO4 is used instead of
 Protoplasmic poison concentrated H2SO4, the brown ring will appear
only for nitrite
Sb3+ (Antimony)
 ADVERSE EFFECTS:  H2S: orange ppt of Sb2S3 soluble in Na2S

 Blue-black lining of gums  Al metal: black ppt of metallic Sb insoluble in NaOBr
 Black stools reagent (Sodium hypo bromide reagent)
 ANTIDOTE: BAL (British Anti-Lewisite)
Bi3+ (Bismuth)
SALTS OF BISMUTH  H2S: brownish black ppt of Bi2S3 insoluble in Na2S

reagent
BISMUTH SUBCARBONATE  Na2SnO2: black ppt of metallic Bi
 Antacid, antiseptic, astringent
GROUP VB – CHROMIUM SUBGROUP
BISMUTH SUBGALLATE
PROPERTIES:
 Active ingredient in Devrom®, an over the-counter

FDA-approved medicine commonly used to treat
 Elements of this group (Tantalum Family) do not show
much similarity to the group V-A elements except as
malodor by deodorizing flatulence and stool
related to their electronic structure.
BISMUTH SUBNITRATE  They form compounds with oxidation states of 2+
through 5+, the lower valence states become less
 “White bismuth” stable as the atomic number increases
 Incompatible with tragacanth (Remedy: add NaHPO4)  However, in the higher oxidation states, the bonding
 Used in the treatment of ulcer and inflammation of becomes more covalent along with increasing volatility
the GIT of the compounds

 Although they show a good reducing action on the basisINFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 5
PHARMACUETICAL
of oxidation potentials, they are inert to chemical First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
action in finely divided form
 It is this property of tantalum, which permits it to be
used for corrosion-resistant applications in medicine
COMPOUNDS
TANTALUM
 Unaffected by bloody fluid

 Use in sheet form for surgical repair of bones, nerves,
tissues
 Corrosion resistant in medicine
VANADIUM
 It is a hard, silvery gray, ductile and
malleable transition metal.

 Lower oxidation states = Basic forms ionic bonds
 Higher oxidation states = More covalent, with higher
volatility of compounds
NIODIUM
 It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often

found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main
commercial source for niobium, and columbite.


lOMoA
GROUP VIA – CHALCOGENS  Selenium and tellurium occur much less abundantly
than sulfur. They are found along with sulfur in metal
sulfides and are recovered in some quantity from lead
FACTS: and copper refining processes
 Polonium occurs only in the form of radioisotopes as
 MELTING POINTS: a result of the decay of the actinide elements
 Oxygen - 219 °C
 Sulphur – 120 °C COMPOUNDS
 Selenium – 221 °C
 Polonium – 254 °C
OXYGEN
 Tellurium – 450 °C
 All of the solid chalcogens are soft and don’t conduct  “Dephlogisticated Air” (According to Joseph
heat well Priestly)
 All of the group 6 elements have 6 valence electrons  “Empyreal Air” (According to Carl Wilhelm
 All the group 6 elements form -2 ions when reacting Scheele)
with electropositive metals
 Oxygen – Named by Antoine Lavoisier
 Sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor to form
sulfuric acid and cause acid rain  Derived from the word ‘oxy’ means sharp and ‘gonos’
means produce/be getter
 Oxygen makes up 65% of the human body
 NUMBER OF ALLOTROPES:  Most abundant element on Earth’s crust
 Oxygen – Nine (9)  Nonmetallic element
 Sulfur – Twenty (20)  2nd most electronegative
 Selenium – Five (5)  Essential of all elements
 Polonium – Two (2)  Exist as a Gas and as a Diatomic molecule (while the
 All of the compounds of hydrogens with chalcogens others exist in chain structures)
are toxic apart from water  Responsible for the oxidative changes
 Oxygen is the only gaseous chalcogen  Present in paints, fats and fixed oils
 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium are all Metalloids
 Green cylinder – Oxygen tank on hospital
 USES OF CHALCOGENS:
 Oxygen – Making steel, Rocket fuel  Administration – tubes, masks and tents
 Sulfur – Gunpowder, Sulfuric Acid  Diluent for anesthetic agent

 Selenium – Photocopiers, Glass-making  3 OXYGEN ALLOTROPES:
 Tellurium – CD-RW discs  Ozone (O3)
 Polonium – Alpha particle generator on research  Oxygen gas/Atmospheric Oxygen (O2)
 Nascent Oxygen (O)
PROPERTIES:  OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS:
 Anoxic - inadequate O2 tension in air
 Sulfur is also a very common element and was known
to the ancients as brimstone, that is- “burning
 Anemic - decrease hemoglobin
stone”  Histotoxic -t issue or cell oxidation
 Oxygen is non-metallic, Polonium is metallic and  Stagnant - blood circulation is retarded
Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium are metalloids
 It occurs on the earth’s crust as a free element and in
combined form as metal sulfides and sulfates  USE:
 Treatment of hypoxia (lack of O2)
 Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s
crust
 Sulfur + higher elements = -2, 0, +2, +4, +6 SALT OF OXYGEN
 Oxides, Sulfides, etc. – First group that forms
monoatomic ions OXYGEN GAS (O2)
 Negative oxidation state is the most electronegative  Administration - tubes, masks, tents
element
 Diluent for anesthetic agent
 Selenium and Tellurium forming similar acids BSPH | Lazaro, Javen
SULFUR  WITH
PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY “Oil of
QUALITATIVE
Vitriol” ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 6
 SulfonatingFirst Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
agent
 “Brimstone”  Dehydrating agent
 “Burning Stone”
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
 Shulbari - enemy of copper
 ALLOTROPES OF SULFUR:
 Use in photography
 Crystalline – Rhombic (Octahedral or a alpha sulfur)
 For ringworm
and Monoclinic (Prismatic or beta sulfur)
 Antidote for cyanide and Iodine poisoning
 Amorphous – Plastic, Colloidal and Milk of Sulphur
 Rhombic – ex. Rock sulfur, roll sulfur, flower of S HYDROGEN SULFIDE
 Monoclinic – needle like crystal
 Mobile – straw-colored liquid  Aitch-tu-es- gas
 Viscous – thick and sticky like molasses  Reducing agent, precipitating agent of metal ions
 Plastic or Amorphous– rubbery, plastic mass  Rotten egg odor
 Sulfur Vapor – form when sulfur is heated above 1000 SULFUR OINTMENT
C
 SOURCES:  Precipitated sulfur
 FeS (Iron(II) Sulfide) – Iron pyrite  Liquid petrolatum
 PbS (Lead(II) Sulfide) – Galena  White ointment
 HgS (Mercury Sulfide) – Cinnabar  Scabicide
 ZnS (Zinc Sulfide) – Zinc blend  Parasiticide
 CaSO4 (Calcium Sulfate) x 2H2O (Hydroxide) –
Gypsum SELENIUM
 BaSO4 (Barium Sulfate) – Heavy spar, used to
diagnose certain disorders on esophagus, stomach and  “moon”
intestine  Trace element
 FORMS OF SULFUR:  Anti-oxidant
 Precipitated Sulfur -milk of sulfur, fine, component of  Synergistic with Vitamin E
cream, ointment  Too toxic when taken internally
 Sublimed sulfur - flower of sulfur, azufre, coarse,  Use in the manufacture of photocopying machine
cathartic  Catalyst in Nitrogen determination
 USE:
 Preparation of scabicidal & keratolytic ointments &
lotions
 Stimulant cathartic SALT OF SELENIUM
 Stimulant in alopecia
SELENIUM SULFIDE
 Active constituent of Selsun Blue

 Anti-seborrheic
 Fumigant (SO2)
 Pyrithione zinc
 Depilatory (sulfides)
 Keratolytic (SrS)
POLONIUM
 Anti-seborrheic (CdS)
 Free sulfur (Rhombic)  Monoclinic sulfur at 96 C 
 A radioactive isotope as a result of decay of actinide
Mobile sulfur at 113 C  further heating will produce
elements
Viscous sulfur  Cooled rapidly, immersed on cold
H2O – Plastic/ Amorphous sulfur  Sulfur vapor at
1000 C IDENTIFICATION TEST
SALTS OF SULFUR S2- (Sulfur)
 1 Dilute H2SO4 evolves H2S characterized by its odor

SULFURIC ACID
of rotten egg.
 Pb(C2H3O2) 2: black ppt of PbSPHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 WITH
Cr+3QUALITATIVE
- blue ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 6
 CrO4-2 (Chromate) – yellow
SO3 2- (Sulfite Ion)  Cr2O7-2 (Dichromate) – orange
 SOURCES:
 Dilute H2SO4 evolves SO2 characterized by its odor of  Chrome iron ore
burnt sulfur.
 Chromite Fe(CrO2)2
 KMnO4 or I2 solutions: the solutions are decolorized
 Crocoisite PbCrO4
SO4 2- (Sulphate)  DEFICIENCY:
 mimics Diabetes Mellitus
 Dilute (Sulfuric Acid) H2SO4: no reaction  K2Cr2O7 - Powerful oxidizing agent
 BaCl2: white ppt of BaSO4, which is insoluble in all
acids. ALLOYS OF CHROMIUM
S2O3 2- (Thiosulphate)  Ferrochrome – An alloy containing 40% to 80%

Chromium, Cr with Iron (Fe)
 1Dilute H2SO4 evolves SO2 with the precipitation of  Nichrome – An alloy containing 10% to 25%
yellow S. Chromium and 50% to 70% Nickel
 2 KMnO4 or I 2 solutions: the solutions are  Stellite – An alloy of Chromium, Cobalt and Tungsten
decolorized. that is used for surgical instruments
GROUP VIB – CHROMIUM GROUP
PROPERTIES:
 Chromium forms compounds with oxidation states of

2+, 3+ and 6+. Molybdenum and tungsten form MOLYBDENUM
compounds in which they exhibit oxidation states of 2+
through 6+. For chromium the most stable oxidation  Essential trace element
state is 3+.
 Cofactor of enzyme that are flavin dependent
 Use in nitrogen fixation involve in bacterial fixing of
atmospheric nitrogen
 MoO+FeSO4 (Mol-Iron®)
 Compounds in which chromium exhibits a 2+ oxidation  Metal present on xanthine oxidase
state are good reducing agents (since they are readily
 An important component on steel alloys
oxidized to 3+); compounds such as dichromates
(Cr2O7 2- ) having 6+ oxidation number are readily  Nickel molybdenum steels are used for the barrels of
reduced to the 3+ state and are thus good oxidizing guns and propeller shafts
agents.  Used for support for filaments in electric lamps
 The elements of group VI-B form oxides of which those  SOURCES:
of higher molecular weight are acidic.  Molybdenite (MoS2)
 The oxides form a series of compounds such as the  Wulfenite (PbMoO4)
chromates, the molybdates, etc., Chromium (III)  Molybdite (MoO3)
hydroxide is amphoteric salt or will dissolve in excess
of alkali to form chromite (CrO2 -).
URANIUM
CHROMIUM  Radioactive element

 Discovered by Becquerel
 Trace element  Manufacture of atomic bombs (Ex: Nuclear Little
 Glucose tolerance factor Boy – dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 19,
 Increases insulin sensitivity 1945 during WW2)
 Found in brown sugar & butter  SOURCES:
 Salts of chromium are destructive to tissues  Uraninite (Uranium Oxide ‘UO2’)
 Cr+2 – green  Pitchblende or Uraninite (U3O8)
 Cr+3-blue  Carnotite (KUO2(VO4) x 3H2O
 USES: PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 6

 Fuel for nuclear power plants First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 Colorant in pottery and manufacture of glass
TUNGSTEN
 Comes from the Swedish word ‘tungsten’ meaning

heavy stone
 Wolfram – Original name of the element
 Use in making special steel alloys
 Filaments of electric lamps
 As the anti-cathode in X-ray tubes
 SOURCES:
 Wolframite (FeMn) WO4
 Scheelite (CaWO4)
 Stolzite (PbWO4)
 Cuproscheelite (CuWO4)
 Tungstite (WS2)
IDENTIFICATION TEST
Cr3+ (Chromium)
 NaOH: grayish green ppt of Cr(OH)3 which will

dissolve in excess of the alkali to form a green solution
 NaCrO2. When an oxidizing agent like Na2O2 is
added, it turns yellow due to Na2CrO4.
Cr3+ (Chromium)
 BaCl2: yellow ppt of BaCrO4

 AgNO3: brownish red ppt of Ag2CrO4
 Perchromic Acid Test or Vanishing Blue Test
 H2O2 and ether ➔ blue ethereal layer due to
perchromic acid


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more violent manner than the other halogens

GROUP VIIA – HALOGENS
 Fluorine will react directly with all non-metals
except nitrogen, oxygen and noble gases
FACTS:
 Chlorine in addition to the elements mentioned above,
does not directly react to carbon
 Berzelius suggested the word “halogen” derived from
the Greek words “sea salt” and “to produce” which  Bromine and Iodine are much reactive towards non-
thus means “producer of sea salt.” The term is metals, with the exception of noble gases
applied to the four elements – and iodine because the
sodium salt of their respective hydro acids are very
COMPOUNDS
similar to ordinary salts.
 The halogens constitute the most active family or
group of non-metals in the periodic table. In the free FLUORINE
state, these elements exist as diatomic molecules and
due to their activity, the halogens are never found free  Is the first element in the Halogen group in the
in nature. periodic table
 The oxidation property of Halogens decreases with. The  Its atomic number is 9 and its atomic weight is 19
tendency to be oxidized is, of course, greatest with
iodide and least with fluoride. In fact, the two heaviest
 Physical State - Pale Yellow Gas
halides may be used as reducing agents, whereas the  13th most abundant element on earth’s crust
two lightest halogens are commonly used as  It is found only in combined mineral forms of fluorite,
oxidizing agents. fluorapatite and cryolite
 There is a gradual change on their physical states at  Dental care
atomic number increases (when heated)
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
 Fluorine is a pale-yellow gas
 Most electronegative element
 Chlorine is greenish yellow or pale green gas
 Strongest oxidizing agent, pale yellow gas
 Bromine is reddish brown or dark red liquid with  Reacts with more non-metals and in a more violent
brown vapor
manner than the other halogens
 Iodine is black solid with purple vapor  Will react directly react with all non-metals except
 Astatine is black solid with dark vapor nitrogen, oxygen and the noble gases
 Due to their activity, the Halogens are never found free  NATURAL SOURCES:
in nature. Fluorine occurs chiefly as fluorite (CaF2)  Fluorspar, Apatite, Cryolite
and cryolite (Na3AlF6) Iodine’s most important
 Poisoning - Fluorosis (mottled enamel and abnormal
commercial source is Sodium Iodate (NaIO3)
bone growth)
 Chlorine is found on large quantities as sodium  IDENTIFICATION TESTS:
chloride in seawater and in-land deposits
 Etching test: the etches or markings on the
 Bromine is often found with sodium chloride as the
sodium, potassium and magnesium bromide
 The most important properties of the Halogens are those glass become permanent after allowing H2SO4 (conc) to
in which they are reduced and promote oxidation of
stay on the glass for some time.
some other substance
 AgNO3: no ppt (difference from Cl¯ , Br¯ , I¯ )
 Fluorine is the best oxidizing agent and consideration
of the oxidation potential shows that the oxidizing  COMPOUNDS AND THEIR USE:
property decreases with increasing atomic number  NaF (Sodium Fluoride) - 2% in 4 application
 They also form compounds in which they exhibit  SnF2 (Tin Fluoride) - 8% freshly preparation
positive oxidation +1, +3, +5, +7, in the series of
 CHCl2F (Dichlorofluoromethane) - Freon,
oxyacid:
refrigerant, propellant
 HXO (Hypohalous Acid)
 HXO2 (Halous Acid)
CHLORINE
 HXO3 (Halic Acid)
 HXO4 (Perhalic Acid)
 The halogens will react directly with most non-metals  21st most abundant element on earth’s crust
to form covalent compounds  AKA Dephlogisticated muriatic acid
 Again, fluorine reacts with more non-metals and in a  Physical State – Greenish Yellow Gas BSPH | Lazaro, Javen
 found in large quantities as sodiumPHARMACUETICAL  WITH

chloride in seawater INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS|
IDENTIFICATION TESTS: FINALS LESSON 7
and in-land deposits  AgNO3: yellow pptSchool
First Semester Yearinsoluble
of AgBr 2022 - 2023
in HNO3
 It is used as H2O Disinfectant  KMnO4, H2SO4, chloroform: orange to brown layer
 A chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic due to the liberation of Br2
number 17
 The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears  COMPOUNDS AND THEIR USE:
between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table  Koppeschaar’s Solution - 0.1N Bromine Solution -
 its properties are mostly intermediate between them Sedative, use in iodometry
 Disinfectant/antiseptic
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: IODINE
 Most predominant ANION (responsible for
maintenance of osmotic pressure and anion- cation  63rd most abundant element in earth’s crust
balance)  Minerals containing iodine include caliche
 Does not readily react to carbon  A chemical element with the symbol I and atomic
 IDENTIFICATION TESTS: number 53
 AgNO3: white ppt of AgCl soluble in NH3 but  CCl4 or CHCl3 – violet
insoluble in HNO3  Synthesis of thyroid hormones
 Hg2(NO3)2: white ppt of Hg2Cl2  USES: Expectorant, antiseptic, antimicrobial
 Antidote: Starch, Na2S2O3
 COMPOUNDS AND THEIR USE:
 NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite) – Dakin’s solution  IODINE PREPARATIONS:
 Strong Iodine Solution / Lugol’s Solution
 Ca(OCl)2 (Calcium Hypochlorite) – Muriate of lime
 Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide (KISS)
 Diluted HCL (Hydrochloric Acid) 10% - treatment to
achlorhydria (lacking of HCl)  PHYSICAL STATE:
 Labarraques solution aka diluted Dakin’s solution
(2.5%) – chlorinated soda lime solution
 Grayish black solid, violet colored vapor
 Iodine gives a red solution in benzene, which is
BROMINE regarded as the result of a different type of charge
transfer complex
 59th most abundant element on earth’s crust  In inert solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride or carbon
disulfide, violet-colored solutions that contain
uncoordinated iodine molecules are obtained
 Recovered from bromide-rich from the Dead Sea water
 Iodine combines directly with many elements
 Flame retardant – stop the flame (component of fire
extinguisher and modern paints)  Iodine combines readily with most metals and some
nonmetals to form iodides; for example, silver and
 Is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic
aluminum are easily converted into their respective
number 35 and is the third-lightest halogen
iodides, and white phosphorus unites readily with iodine
 Often found with sodium chloride as the sodium,
potassium and magnesium bromide  The iodide ion is a strong reducing agent; that is, it
readily gives up one electron
 Sedative and antidepressant
 TOXICITY:  Although the iodide ion is colorless, iodide solutions
may acquire a brownish tint as a result of oxidation of
 Brominism (skin eruption, psychosis, weakness, H/A) iodide to free iodine by atmospheric oxygen
 Treatment: NaCl or NH4Cl
 IDENTIFICATION TESTS:
 Reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor  AgNO3: yellow ppt of AgI insoluble in HNO3
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:  KMnO4, H2SO4, chloroform: violet layer due to the
 The electron affinity of bromine is high and is similar to liberation of I2
that of chlorine
 COMPOUNDS AND THEIR USE:
 It is, however, a less powerful oxidizing agent, chiefly
 Potassium Iodide - Increase solubility of I2
because of the weaker hydration of the bromide ion as
compared with the chloride ion  Iodine Tincture - 2% iodine in 50% alcohol with NaI
 Bromine combines violently with the alkali metals and  Povidone - Iodine (Betadine®)
with phosphorus, arsenic, aluminum, and antimony but  Boulton’s Solution - Phenolated Iodine Solution, -
less violently with certain other metals Disinfectant

 Mandel’s Solution - Carbolized Iodine Solution, INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH agent

PHARMACUETICAL since the manganese
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| isFINALS
in the 7+LESSON
oxidation
7 state
Antiseptic and isFirst
easily reduced
Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 TWO SALFT FORMS:
ASTATINE  Haus mannite - Is a complex oxide of manganese
containing both di- and trivalent manganese
 Is the rarest naturally occurring element (about 25g)  Braunite is a silicate mineral containing both di- and
 Exist only in our planet trivalent manganese
 Decay product of Thorium 
 Radiopharmaceuticals: Astatine 211 – radioactive
tracer for cancer like Iodine
 AKA Eka-Iodine
 IDENTIFICATION TESTS:
 Least electronegative element
 H2S: salmon or flesh colored ppt of MnS
 Only Synthetic halogen  NaBiO3: purple solution of HMnO4 (permanganic
 Only Radioactive halogen acid)
 Only Metallic Halogen

SALTS OF MANGANESE
MANGANESE SULFIDE (MnS)
 Salmon-colored sulfur
GROUP VIIB – MANGANESE SUBGROUP  Trace element
FACTS:  Cofactor in CHON synthesis for riboflavin

 Phosphorylation, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
 The only metal of pharmaceutical importance in this  Poisoning: Similar to parkinsonism
group is Manganese
 Technetium is a product of radioactive decay POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (KMnO4)
 Rhenium is extremely rare although fair amount of
knowledge is available concerning on its properties  Mineral chameleon
 Oxidizing agents, volumetric solution in
COMPOUNDS permanganometry
TECHNETIUM
MANGANESE
 12th most abundant element on earth’s crust

 The lightest element
 Occurs mostly as the oxide, MnO2 called braunite

 AKA Eka-manganese
 Additive on unleaded gasoline

 Produced synthetically (Do not occur naturally)
 Alloying agent
 Radiopharmaceuticals – Technetium-99 –
Radioactive tracer for different organs such as brain,
 Constituents of many enzymes – Detoxifies lungs and kidney
superoxides
 Non-toxic, No biological role
 A chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic
number 25
 Corrosion inhibitor for steel even in small amount
 Manganese occurs mostly as the oxide (MnO2), It is  Diagnostic agent
difficult to prepare the pure state
 Since manganese is used mainly in alloy steels, it can RHENIUM
be used without extensive purification
 PHYSICAL STATE:  75Th Most abundant element on earth’s crust
 a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. It is hard and  Known as the by product of extraction of Mo and Cu
very brittle, difficult to fuse  Radiopharmaceuticals – Rhenium 186 – used to treat
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: skeletal pains and diseases
 Manganese exhibits oxidation states of 2+, to 7+. The 2+  ALLOYING AGENT:
compounds are good reducing agents  With nickel – combustion chambers and turbine
 The permanganate ion (Mno4¯ ) is a good oxidizing blades




lOMoA
respect
GROUP VIIIA – NOBLE GASES
COMPOUNDS
FACTS:
 During the early 1960s, some inert compounds were HELIUM

reported as notable compounds of Xe (tetrafluoride
and hexafluoride)  2nd lightest gas
 Argon is the most widely distributed and most  Inhalation of pure helium -> Donald duck like sound
abundant of the inert gases. It is present in the air
(0.94 % v/v) in natural gas  Carrier diluent for medicine
 The noble gases have weak interatomic force, and  Placed in BROWN CYLINDER
consequently have very low melting and boiling  Artificial gas – BROWN GREEN CYLINDER
points
 The lowest boiling and melting point all of known
 They are all monoatomic gases under standard substances
conditions, including the element with larger atomic
mases than many normally solid elements
 Liquid helium – refrigerant (-268.95 C)
 The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless,  Inhalant – replacement for nitrogen
nonflammable gases  Balloons – replace hydrogen
 The noble gases show extremely low chemical
reactivity (Ne<He<Ar<Kr<Xe<Rn) NEON
 Xenon compounds are the most numerous of the
noble gases compounds that have been formed
 Lighting
 Most of them have the xenon atom in the oxidation state  Advertising purposes
of +2, +4, +6, or +8 bonded to highly electronegative
atoms such as fluorine or oxygen  2nd lightest noble gas
 In theory, radon is more reactive than xenon, and  Bright reddish orange light
therefore should form chemical bonds more easily than  Liquid neon (cryosurgery) - -248.45 C
xenon does. However, due to high radioactivity and  40 times the refrigerating capacity of liquid helium and
short half-life of radon isotopes, only a few fluorides three times that of liquid hydrogen
and oxides of carbon have been formed in practice
 NEON LIGHTS
 Krypton is less reactive than xenon, but several  Incandescent light bulbs – Argon + Nitrogen
compounds have been reported with krypton in the
oxidation state of +2  High performance light bulbs (Halogen lamps) –
Krypton + I or Br
 Krypton difluoride is the most notable and easily
characterized. Under extreme conditions, krypton  Neon lights – with phosphorous (bright reddish-orange
reacts with fluorine to form KrF2 light)
 Some of these compounds have found use in chemical  Xenon are lamps (automobile head lamp)
synthesis as oxidizing agents; Xef2. In particular, is  Laser lights (ultraviolet light) – ArF, KrF, XeF, or XeCl
commercially available and can be used as fluorinating (Used in surgery)
agent
 They traditionally have been labeled Group 0 in the
periodic table because for decades after their discovery
it was believed that they could not bond to other atoms; ARGON
that is, that their atoms could not combine with those of
other elements to form chemical compounds.

 The most widely distributed and most abundant of
the inert gases.
 In 1933, Linus Pauling predicted that the heavier  Cryosurgery, Anti-Oxidant, Component of fire
noble gases could form compounds with fluorine extinguisher
and oxygen. He predicted the existence of Krypton
hexafluoride (KrF6) and Xenon hexafluoride
 It is present in the air (0.94% v/v) in natural gas,
occluded in minerals and dissolved in the oceans and
(XeF6), speculated that XeF8 might exist as an
all fresh waters
unstable compound and suggested xenic acid could
form perxenate salts  Used substitute to nitrogen gas, inert atmosphere for
pharmaceuticals
 Krypton and Xenon have been investigated as the
general anesthetics and found to be quite active in this
KRPYTON ores QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 8

PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH
 PLATINUM
FirstMETALS:
 Investigated for its use as inhalational anesthetic  These metals are very unreactive and occur chiefly in the
free state
XENON  They occur together and are difficult to separate
 They are corrosion-resistant metals and are good
 Least abundant noble gas catalysts especially when hydrogen is involved
 Used in the production of flash lamps and arc lamps  The platinum metals, along with silver, gold, and
 Anesthetic Action mercury are sometimes called the noble metals because
they show low oxidation potentials and low reactivity
RADON  One of the differences between iron and the platinum
metals is the marked tendency of the iron group to form
simple cations in contrast to platinum metals seem to
 “Niton”
prefer the higher oxidation states (+2 and +4)
 Inert gas given off by radium salts as decomposition
product  There is an increase in atomic size when comparing the
iron triad with platinum metals
 It is itself radioactive, being a short half-lived alpha
emitter and this property has a limited utility in the  This accounts for the much greater density of the heavy
treatment of cancer platinum metals as compared to the triads
 Radiopharmaceuticals: Radon 222 – anti cancer, treat  Indeed, osmium is the heaviest known substance
arthritis  All of the GROUP VIII elements are grayish-white
metals with high melting and boiling points
GROUP VIIIB - TRIADS
 THIS GROUP IS DIVIDED INTO THREE

TRIADS:
 1st Triad ---- Fe, Co, Ni (Iron Family) COMPOUNDS
 2nd Triad---- Rh, Ru, Pd (Palladium Family)
 3rd Triad---- Os, Pt, Ir (Platinum Family) IRON
 Iron, cobalt and nickel are above hydrogen in the
activity series  A transition metal with an atomic number of 26
 Cobalt and nickel are less reactive than iron  Iron, which is the chief constituent of Earth’s core, is
 They all slowly dissolve in most acids and they all react the most abundant element in Earth
with the active non-metals like hydrogen, sulfur and  Essential to organisms since it’s needed for the creation
oxygen of hemoglobin
 ALLOY: Misch Metal (30% Fe 70% Ce)
 PHYSICAL STATE:
 lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge
 In their compounds, they all exhibit oxidations states  Chemically, the most common oxidation states of iron
of 2+ and 3+ are iron (II) and iron (III)
 The metals on the iron triad do not occur free in nature.  Iron shares many properties of other transition metals,
The chief source of iron in industry is hematite including the other group 8 elements, ruthenium and
(Fe2O3). The sulfide iron pyrite (FeS2) looks similar to
osmium
gold and is often called “Fool’s Gold”
 Observation of the relative stabilities of the divalent and  SOURCES:
trivalent states of the three elements lead to the  Iron Pyrite or Fool’s Gold (FeS2)
conclusion that the higher valence state becomes less  Magnetite
stable as the atomic number increases  Limonite
 Hence, Iron (II) Hydroxide is a very weak base and is  Shooting Star
readily hydrolyzed in water solution
 Siderite
 The magnetic properties of the iron triad are unique in
that these are the only elements possessing this  Hematite (Fe2O3)
property at room temperature  Falling Star
 Ores of cobalt and nickel are much less abundant than  TOXICITY:
those of iron; they are gradually obtained from sulfide
 GIT distress and cardiac collapse (antidote:
DEFEROXAMINE)  Cobalt
PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH violet – Cobalt
QUALITATIVE phosphate
ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 8
 COMPOUNDS AND ITS USES:  CobaltFirst
yellow – (Aureolin)
Potassium cobaltinitrite
 Ferrous Sulfate - Green Vitriol / Copperas, Most  CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
economical, most satisfactory ferrous salt A/E: black
 Common oxidation states of cobalt include +2 and +3,
stool and constipation
although compounds with oxidation states ranging from
 Ferrous Fumarate - BN: Toleron, Most stable, for −3 to +5 are also known
pregnant
 COMPOUNDS AND ITS USES:
 Ferrous Gluconate - BN: Fergon, Less gastric irritation
 Cobaltous Chloride - - Lover’s Ink, Sympathetic Ink,
(in px with peptic ulcer)
Use as indicator for silica gel beads
 Ferrous Carbonate - Chalybeate pills, blaud pills,
Ferruginous taste
 Iron + NH4CH3COO - BASHAM’S MIXTURE,
Astringent, styptic (causes coagulation)
 Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate - Ammonium iron (II)
sulfate, Mohr’s Salt NICKEL
 Ferric Chloride - Astringent, styptic, rgt for detection of
tannins  24th most abundant element on earth’s crust
 Ore minerals are nickeliferous limonite: (Fe, Ni)O(OH),
garnierite ( a hydrous nickel silicate): ( Ni,
Mg)3Si2O5(OH)4 and pentlandite: (Ni,Fe)9S8
 Alloying agent
 The plant enzyme urease (an enzyme that assists in the
hydrolysis of urea) contains nickel
SALTS OF IRON  Urease: (NH2)2CO + H2O  CO2 + 2NH3
 Old nicks copper, Raney Nickel
FERROUS FERRICYANIDE [Fe3(CN)6]2  Found in fossil fuel combustion
 Metal present in fancy jewelry (fake)
 TURNBULL’S BLUE (cherry red blood)
 Catalyst and Poison
 TOXICITY:
FERRIC FERROCYANIDE [Fe4(CN6)]3
 Nephritis and Hypotension
 PRUSSIAN BLUE (chocolate brown/brownish red  IDENTIFICATION OF NICKEL:
blood)  Dimethylglyoxime (+ result = green color)
 PHYSICAL STATE:
COBALT  lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge
 32nd most abundant element in earth’s crust  The most common oxidation state of nickel is +2
 Occurs as (CoAsS), safflorite (CoAs2), glaucodot ((Co,  COMPOUNDS AND ITS USES:
Fe)AsS), and skutterudite (CoAs3) minerals  Nickelous Ion - Green/bluish green in solution
 Alloying agent
 Ni+ Pectinate - Treatment of diarrhea, Tomectin
 Responsible for the blue colorization of blue glass
 Ni+ Sulfate - Parasiticide, tonic
 Metal present in Vitamin B12
 Ni+ Carbonate – Tonic
 Essential for development of erythrocytes
 Use in manufacture of beer
 Permanent magnet making
RUTHENIUM
 Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia
 PHYSICAL STATE:  73rd most abundant element in earth’s crust
 Anhydrous – blue  Important quantities are also found in pentlandite, and
 Hydrated – pink in pyroxenite
 Pure – pinkish white  Alloying agent
 COLORING PIGMENT  Catalyst – Oil refinery
 Cobalt blue – Cobalt aluminate
 Cyan blue – Cobalt (II) Stannate (Cerulean blue)
PALLADIUM
 Cobalt green – Cobalt (II) oxide + ZnO
 74th most abundant element in earth’s

PHARMACUETICAL
crust  WITH
INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY Use inQUALITATIVE
making crucibles and wiresFINALS LESSON 8
ANALYSIS|
 Found in the rare minerals cooperate and polarite  CISPLATIN:First Semester School Year 2022 - 2023
 Cis-diaminedichloroplatinum
 Antineoplastic
 Tx of prostate cancer
 Ototoxic agent
 Constituent of dental amalgams (o.5%)

 Absorb Hydrogen at room temperature IDENTIFICATION TEST:
 Jewelry – alternative to platinum (white gold)
 Effective catalyst
COBALT
OSMIUM  NH4(OH) – Pink ppt of Co(OH)2 which dissolves

upon the addition of an excess reagent forming a
 78th most abundant element in earth’s crust yellow solution of Co(NH3)4 -2
 Found in nature as an uncombined element or n natural  KNO2 x Hac: Yellow ppt of K3Co(NO2)6
alloys: especially the iridium-osmium alloys,
osmiridium (osmium rich) and iridosmium (iridium NICKEL
rich)
 Oxides are extremely toxic  NH4(OH) – Green ppt of Ni(OH)2 which dissolves
upon the addition of an excess reagent forming a blue
 Finger print detection
solution of Ni(NH3)4 -2
 Heaviest and densest metal known
 Osmic acid + Osmium Tetroxide ‘Staining of
microscopic specimen used in electron microscopy’
(Gram + bacteria)
IRIDIUM
 76th most abundant element in earth’s crust

 Found in nature as an uncombined element or n natural
alloys: especially the iridium-osmium alloys,
osmiridium (osmium rich) and iridosmium (iridium
rich)
 Not biologically important
 Radiopharmaceuticals: Iridium 192 – brachytherapy
RHODIUM
 77th most abundant element in earth’s crust

 Catalyst
 Component of jewelry
PLATINUM
 71st most abundant element on earth’s crust

 Occurs as sulfides: Tellurides, Antimonides, and
Arsenides
 Sperrylite (PtAs2) – major source of platinum
 One of the most expensive metal
 Watch making
 Catalyst

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lOMoAR cPSD| 19984526

PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 1

WEEK 1 : GROUP IA AND GROUP IB  periods – number of shells

Leopold Gmelin GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Juliu Lothar Meyer

 By Henry Cavendish (1766)

LITHIUM  Systematic antacid

SODIUM DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE (NaH2PO4)

 Fleet enema (Rectal) – defecation

SODIUM (NATRIUM)  Enhance the elimination of acidic drugs

SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl)

 rock salt, halite, table salt, Soler salt

 Zinc uranyl acetate (ZnUO2(CH3COO)4)

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)  Chile Saltpeter

 Dakin’s solution - Chlorox (5% NaClO)

 Labarraque’s Solution: oxidizing and bleaching agent – 4% SODIUM TARTRATE (C4H4Na2O6)

SODIUM LACTATE (NaC3H5O3)  Photographer’s hypo; prismatic rice

SODIUM NITRITE (NaNO2) OTHER SODIUM DERIVATIVES

sulfonate: Tx of hyperkalemia duePHARMACUETICAL

POTASSIUM IODIDE (KI)

SULFURATED POTASH (K2Sx.K2S2O3)

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION  Use to treat acne and parasitic infections

POTASSIUM CITRATE (C6H5K3O7)  Mineral chameleon

POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE (KSCN)

AMMONIATED MERCURY (ClH2HgN)

 Only hypothetical alkali metal

AMMONIUM CARBONATE [(NH4)2CO3)]  Bronze: Cu + Sn

BSPH | Lazaro, Javen

 Toxicity: Wilson’s disease (Antidote: penicillamine) AMMONIATED SILVER NITRATE (AgH3N2O3)

COPPER SULFATE (CuSO4)

 Aka: Aurum, shining dawn, KING OF ALL METALS

 Aka: argentum, shining, bright

SILVER NITRATE (AgNO3)

 Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic, indelible ink, caustic pencil

BSPH | Lazaro, Javen

PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 1

BSPH | Lazaro, Javen

PHARMACUETICAL INFORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS| FINALS LESSON 2

IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR MAGNESIUM

 p-nitrobenzene resorcinol / MagnesonI in alkaline solution

 PCOL Action:  Type of bottle for dispensing milk of magnesia: BLUE

 “Softest mineral” known  WITH

CALCIUM OXIDE (CaO)

CALCIUM CHLORIDE (CaCl2)  Uses:

 Prep of surgical casts and dental impressions

 Recommended calcium salt as electrolyte replenisher PROPERTY

STRONTIUM (Sr2+)  Exhibit auto complexation

STRONTIUM CHLORIDE (SrCl2)  Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme

ZINC CHLORIDE (ZnCl2)

BARIUM  Burnett’s disinfectant fluid

RADIUM ZINC SULFIDE (ZnS)

 Discovered by Curie  white lotion ingredient

 topical protectant  Question:

ZINC SULFATE (ZnSO4) SALTS OF MERCURY

 ZnSO4. 7H2O MERCURIOUS CHLORIDE (Hg2Cl2)

 white vitriol  HgClor or Hg2Cl2

MERCURIOUS IODIDE (Hg2I2)

HYDRATED ZINC SULFATE (ZnSO4x7H2O)  Treatment of syphilis