9

Science
Quarter 1 - Module 3
Week 3, Non - Mendelian
Patterns of Inheritance (Part I)

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Quarter 1 - Module 3: Non - Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance (Part I)
Second Edition, Revised 2021

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Published by the Department of Education - Division of Cebu City

Schools Division Superintendent: Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Ed.D.

Development Team of the Module

Writer:
Jessa Mochielo Amil - Gorres, Master Teacher I - Pardo National High School

Content Editors:
Mr. Neil Andrian A. Angtud, Head Teacher I & SHS Assisting Principal - CCDCAGMNHS
Dr. Florenda G. Yap, Master Teacher II & Assistant Principal I - Apas National HS

Language Editor:
Mrs. Wilma Y. Villaflor, Principal III, Don Vicente Rama Mem. ES

Management Team:
Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent
Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief
Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS - SCIENCE
Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS - LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education Division of Cebu City ROVII
Office Address: New Imus Road Barangay Day - as, Cebu City
Telephone Nos: (032) 255 - 1516 / (032) 253 - 9095
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 What I Need to Know

Learning Competency:
Explain the different patterns of non - Mendelian inheritance. (S9LT - Id - 29)

In Grade 8, you learned that cells divide to produce new cells and meiosis is one of
the processes producing genetic variations in Mendelian patterns of inheritance. In Grade 9,
you will focus on explaining the different patterns of non - Mendelian inheritance.

In this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify characters whose inheritance does not conform with predicted outcomes based
on Mendel’s laws of inheritance;
2. Solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance and codominance; and
3. Identify the law that was not strictly followed in the non - Mendelian inheritance.

What I Know
Before you start with the module, be sure to answer the pre - assessment questions.
Pre - Assessment

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What are the two types of inheritance?

A. Autosomal and X - linked C. Mendelian and Non - Mendelian
B. Complete and Incomplete D. Co - Dominance and Dominance
2. What do you call the process of genetic transmission from parents to their offspring?
A. allele B. inheritance C. Mendelian D. trait
3. What are versions of genes that are donated to a zygote by each parent during
reproduction?
A. allele B. dominance C. inheritance D. trait
4. If a set of parents both have Bb genotypes, how many different types of zygotes can they
form?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
5. Having black hair is represented by the following alleles: A, B, and C. Which of the
following genotypes represent the alleles of having brown hair?
A. aabbcc B. AaBbcc C. AAbbcc D. AABBCC
6. One cat has the genotype Ll for long hair while its mate has the recessive genotype ll for
short hair. What are the chances that their offspring will have short hair?
A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%
7. A red carnation (RR) is crossed with a white carnation (rr). All offspring have genotypes of
Rr. Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the offspring?
A. All offspring are red. C. All offspring are white.
B. All offspring are pink. D. Some offspring are pink, and some are white.
8. One parent has straight hair (SS) and the other has curly hair (ss). These traits both
display incomplete dominance and their children will have wavy (Ss) hair. What is the
genotype of their offspring?
A. co - dominant B. dominant C. heterozygous D. homozygous

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9. Which refers to a characteristic that is more strongly inherited than another characteristic?
A. dihybrid B. dominant C. monohybrid D. recessive
10. A red flower is crossed with a white flower, and all the offspring are pink. What law of
inheritance does this follow? Law of ______.
A. Segregation B. Dominance C. Codominance D. Incomplete Dominance
11. What is the basic unit of heredity?
A. autosome B. chromosome C. DNA D. gene
12. What determines the trait of an individual?
A. alleles B. cells C. chromosome D. genes
13. Which of the following describes a phenotype?
A. genes C. genetic make - up
B. recessive alleles D. actual physical appearance
14. Which of the following crosses BEST demonstrates the Law of Segregation?
A. AA x aa B. aa x aa C. Aa x aa D. Aa x Aa
15. Which one is NOT an inherited trait?
A. birds laying eggs C. ability of a fish to swim
B. dogs shaking hands D. curly or straight tails in pigs

Lesson
Non - Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance (Part I)
1
What’s In

Gregor Mendel’s principles form the base for the understanding of heredity and
variation. Although Mendel’s work failed to discuss thoroughly the ‘factors’ or genes he
mentioned in his laws of inheritance, his findings prompted other scientists to probe further
into the mystery of heredity. Several researches were conducted after the rediscovery of
Mendel’s work.

Mendelian laws of inheritance have important exceptions to them. For example, not
all genes show simple patterns of dominant and recessive alleles.

In the Mendelian patterns of inheritance, the effects of the recessive gene are not
observed when the dominant gene is present.

In this lesson, you will find out that certain traits do not always follow the Mendelian
principles of heredity.

What’s New

What is your hair type? From whom did you inherit your hair type?
Now, what is the chance that one parent with straight hair and one with curly hair can
give birth to a child with wavy hair?
Meet Mang Jose who inherited a wavy hair from his straight - haired mother and curly
- haired father.

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 a. b. c.
Source: bitmojiapp7/1/2020
Figure 1. Hair Types
a. Straight hair: homozygous: incomplete dominant
b. Curly hair: homozygous: incomplete dominant
c. Wavy hair: heterozygous: a mix of straight hair and curly hair

When one parent with straight hair and one with curly hair have a child with wavy
hair, that is an example of incomplete dominance in humans.

What is It

1. Incomplete Dominance

In incomplete dominance, a heterozygote shows a phenotype that is intermediate

between the two homozygous phenotypes. Neither allele is dominant over the other.
An example of incomplete dominance is flower color in Four o’clock plant, like those
shown in Figure 2. When a pure red-flowered Four o’clock plant is crossed with a pure white-
flowered Four o’clock plant, the offspring will produce neither red nor white flowers. Instead,
all flowers will be pink.
Do you think the alleles blended to make pink?
In incomplete dominance, it is only the phenotype that is intermediate. The red and
white alleles remain separate and distinct. Half the gametes of the pink Four o’clock carry
the allele for red and half carry the allele for white. Therefore, the genotypic ratio also
becomes the phenotypic ratio.

Legend:

RR = pure red Four o’clock flower

WW= pure white Four o’clock flower
RW= pink Four o’clock flowers

Source: buffonescience9.wikispaces
Figure 2. Punnett square showing a cross between red and white Four o’clock flowers

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 Did You Know?
Punnett square was named after Reginald Punnett. During World War
I, Punnett successfully applied his expertise to the problem for the
early determination of the gender in chicken.

Punnett Square

Sample Problem 1

Refer to the information provided in Table 1. Then write the genotype and phenotype of the
four offspring in Table 2.

A red (RR) flower is crossed to a white (WW) flower.

Source: DepEd Commons

Table 2. Offspring's genotype and phenotype

Genotype Phenotype
Offspring
Number % Number %
4 4
RW 100 pink 100

Source: DepEd Commons

Sample Problem 2

Pink four o’clock flowers are obtained from a cross between pure bred red flower plant and
white flower plant. What is the genotype of the pink flowers?

Answer: RW

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Sample Problem 3
Fill in the tables with correct information.

A pink (RW) flower is crossed to a red (RR) flower.

Table 3. Parents' genotype and phenotype.

Parent Genotype Phenotype

RW pink

RR red

Source: DepEd Commons

R W

R
Genotype: RR Genotype: RW

Genotype: RR Genotype: RW
R

Source: DepEd Commons

Table 4. Offspring's genotype and phenotype
Genotype Phenotype
Offspring
Number % Number %
2 2
RW 50 pink 50

2 2
RR 50 red 50

Source: DepEd Commons Note:

1/4 of a Punnett square = 25%
Hence, 2/4 = 50%, 3/4 = 75% and 4/4 = 100%
Key Concepts

Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a

specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a third
phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the dominant and
recessive phenotypes.

Do alleles themselves blend in incomplete dominance?

No, alleles always remain separate and distinct even in incomplete dominance.

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 What’s More

Now, work on this activity to help you understand better incomplete dominance.

Learning Task 1
Phenotypes and Genotypes in Incomplete Dominance
Objectives:

Explain incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance.

Illustrate by means of Punnett square a cross involving incomplete dominance pattern of
inheritance.

Materials:
paper pen
Procedure:

1. Read the given problem:

In the flower plant named Four o’clock, R is the allele for red color and W is allele for
white color. Two pink flowered Four o’clock plants were crossed.

Show the possible outcome of the cross between two pink flowered Four o’clock plants
by using the Punnett square.

2. Now, another cross was made involving a red flowered Four o’clock plant and a pink
flowered Four o’clock plant.
3. Using the Punnett square again, show the possible outcome.

Guide Questions:
a. How many types of gametes will each parent produce in problem no.1? In problem no. 2?
b. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous Four o’clock flower?
c. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring from the cross of the parental plants in
problem no. 1? In problem no. 2?
d. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring from the cross of the parental plants in
problem no. 1? In problem no.2?

What I Have Learned

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, write the correct word or phrases to complete
each statement.
1. The type of inheritance in which the heterozygote shows a phenotype that is intermediate
between the two homozygous phenotypes is called ______.
2. The result in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of
the ______ and ______ phenotypes.
3. For example, when a homozygous recessive red flower parent is crossed to a
homozygous dominant white flower, their offspring is heterozygous ______ flower.
4. ______ is the method by which one can determine the possible genotypes and
phenotypes when two parents are crossed.

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 What I Can Do

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following:

1. Determine the genotype and phenotype of the offspring when pink flower is crossed to a
white flower.

____________________ ____________________

_______
Genotype: ________ Genotype: ________
Phenotype: _______ Phenotype: ________

Genotype: ________ Genotype: ________

________ Phenotype: ________ Phenotype: ________
Source: DepEd Commons
There are _________ white (WW) flower offspring and ________ pink (RW) flower offspring.

2. What happens to the phenotype of the heterozygotes when traits are inherited in an
incomplete dominance pattern?

What’s In

Now, that you are familiar with incomplete dominance, let us find out what happens
when one allele is not dominant over the other.

What’s New

Read then answer given problem.

In some aliens, one center horn (A) is codominant with two horns (B). If an alien
inherits both alleles (AB), then the alien has three horns. A recessive allele (O) results in an
alien which has no horns. Can you match the genotype to each of the pictures below? Write
the genotype and phenotype of the four aliens in the box provided.

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 What is It

2. Codominance

Another pattern of inheritance is codominance. This results when one allele is not
dominant over the other. The resulting heterozygotes exhibit the traits of both parents.
One example of codominance is the MN blood typing in humans. On the surface of our
red blood cells are proteins bound to sugar molecules, forming complexes called
antigens. One group of antigens are controlled by a pair of alleles, LM and LN. The
pairing of these alleles will determine the blood type of an individual, and there are three:
M, MN and N. Table 5 summarizes the genotypes and phenotypes of the MN blood
typing in humans.
Table 5. Human MN blood types and their genotypes
Blood Types Genotypes

M LMLM
MN LMLN
N LNLN

Note that in the heterozygote condition, both LM and LN alleles are expressed in
that the red blood cells will have the M and N antigens. Just like in incomplete
dominance, the genotypic ratio in codominance also becomes the phenotypic ratio.
Another good example of codominance is roan fur in cattle as shown in Figure 3.
Cattle can be red (RR = all red hairs), white (WW = all white hairs), or roan (RW = red &
white hairs together).

Source: https://www.pikist.com/free-photo-xbgvm 6/25/2020

Figure 3. Codominance in cattle

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Punnett Square
Sample Problem

Determine the genotype and phenotype of the calves when a white (WW) bull is mated to a
red (RR) cow.

W W

Genotype: RW Genotype: RW

R
Genotype: RW Genotype: RW

Source: DepEd Commons

Table 6. Offspring's genotype and phenotype
Genotype Phenotype
Offspring
Number % Number %

4 100 4 100
RW roan calves
Source: DepEd Commons

Key Concepts

In codominance both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the

heterozygote. For example, red cows crossed with white cows will have offspring
that are roan cows. Roan refers to cows with red hair and white blotches.

What’s More

You will work on the activity that demonstrates codominance of traits.

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 Learning Task 2
Mystery Bull
Objectives:

List the genotypes of the bull and cow in the given problem.
Make a Punnett square.
Give the phenotypic percentages of the offspring.

Materials:
paper pen
Procedure:

1. Read the given problem:

Mang Marcelino owns purebred red cows. In his farm he noticed that after a
typhoon several months ago, all the fences that separate his cattle from his
neighbor’s cattle were destroyed. During the time that the fences were down,
three bulls, one from each neighbor, mingled with his cows. For a while, he
thought that none of the bulls found his cows, but over the months, he noticed
that all his cows are pregnant. He suspected that one of the bulls is the father.
Which bull is it? Help Mang Marcelino look for the father by solving the given
problem.

Determine the possible traits of the calves if:

a red (RR) bull is mated with a red (RR) cow 1
a red (RR) bull is mated with a white (WW) cow 2
a roan (RW) is mated with a red (RR)cow 3

2. Illustrate your answers using a Punnett square.

3. Write your answers on a sheet of paper.
4. Answer the following questions:

a. Will you be able to trace the father of the calves? What are the possible phenotypes of the
calves for each cow?
b. Do you think you will make Mang Marcelino happy about the result of your investigation?
c. How are you going to explain it to him?
d. How would you apply what you have learned to improve the breeds of livestock in your
area?
e. What possible suggestions can you give to animal breeders in your area?

What I Have Learned

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, write the correct word or phrases to complete
each statement.

1. In codominance, both ______ are expressed ______ in the phenotype of the

heterozygote.
2. ______ cows refer to cows with red hair and white blotches.
3. ______ is a different form of gene that controls a trait.
4. ______ are reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell.

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 What I Can Do

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following:

1. A roan (RW) cow is mated to a white (WW) bull. Determine the phenotype and genotype
of offspring.

W W
R

Genotype: ________ Genotype: ________

Phenotype: _______ Phenotype: _______

Genotype: ________ Genotype: ________

W
Phenotype: _______ Phenotype: _______
Source: DepEd Commons
There are ________ roan calf/calves and _________ white calf/calves.

2. What is the name of the inheritance pattern in which both alleles are expressed equally?

Points to Ponder:
Solving problems involving non-Mendelian inheritance makes you realize that there
are no absolutes in real life. Codominance is the result of two alleles sharing their territory
equally, so no color is dominant; they simply share traits, representing their color. In cows,
red and white do not combine to make pink; instead, roan is produced.
Remember, codominance is all about sharing space and being independent.

Assessment

Post Assessment
Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1.1. A white Four o'clock flower is crossed with red Four o'clock flower. What will be the color
of offspring?
A. orange B. pink C. red D. white

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1.2 Why do you think so? It follows the ______.
A. ABO system C. codominance pattern of inheritance
B. sex - related inheritance D. incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance

For numbers 2 & 3, refer to the situation below.

A hybrid red flower (Rr) is crossed with a white flower.

2. What percentage of the offspring will be red?

A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%
3. What percentage of the offspring will be white?
A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%
4. What pattern of inheritance is depicted when a round watermelon crossed with a long
watermelon yielding oval offspring?
A. Segregation B. Dominance C. Codominance D. Incomplete Dominance
5. Which of the following represents an individual who is heterozygous for two genes?
A. Aabb B. AAbb C. AaBb D. AABb
6. In snapdragon flowers, the colors red and yellow have incomplete dominance. What will
happen when a gardener cross breeds a red flower with a yellow flower? A/n ______.
A. red flower will grow C. yellow flower will grow
B. blue flower will grow D. orange flower will grow
7. Which of the following is an alternate form of a gene?
A. allele B. genotype C. linkage D. phenotype

For numbers 8 - 10, refer to the given scenario.

Two pink Japanese four o’clock flowers (RW) are crossed.

8. What is the chance that an offspring will be pink?

A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%
9. What is the chance that an offspring will be red?
A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%
10. What is the chance that an offspring will be white?
A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%

11. Why is testcross done? To ______.

A. prevent crossover from occurring
B. determine if crossover has occurred
C. prevent sex - linked traits from being passed on
D. determine if an organism with the dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or hybrid
12. An animal with black fur is crossed with an animal with white fur, and all the offspring are
gray. What law of inheritance is shown? Law of ______.
A. Segregation B. Dominance C. Codominance D. Incomplete Dominance
13. What pattern of inheritance is involved when both traits are shown?
A. Segregation B. Dominance C. Codominance D. Incomplete Dominance
14. The leaf color of a plant varies with the plant's exposure to light. A plant that is well -
lighted has greener leaves than plants in darker areas. What can you say about this
condition?
A. The color of a plant totally depends on sunlight.
B. The color of a plant is affected by the environment.
C. A polygenic trait, like leaf color, is influenced by environment.
D. The color of a plant is a monogenic trait because it is influenced by environment.

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References
Printed:

Goldberg, Deborah T., M. S. 2007. SAT SUBJECT TEST. BIOLOGY E/M 2008. Barron’s
Educational Series, Inc. United States of America.

Santos, Gil Nonato C. et. al. 2014.Worktext in Science and Technology SCIENCE
LINKS.REX Book Store. Manila Philippines.

SCIENCE 9 LEARNING MATERIALS Unit 1 Module 2 (pages 1 - 8)

SCIENCE 9 TEACHERS’ GUIDE Unit 1 Module 2 (pages 1 - 5)

Electronic:

Sales, Princess Ann Bajar.2019. SCIENCE 9 Learner’s Work Book. DepEd Commons

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-incomplete-dominance.html 6/25/2020

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ffaf7d2b76d000200231c/curriculum#curriculum 7/1/2020

Answer Key

d. Problem # 1 RR, RW, WW Problem # 2 RR, RW

c. Problem # 1 Red, Pink & White flowers Problem # 2 Red & Pink flowers
b. pink flowers
their genotypes are RR & RW.
Problem # 2: One parent will have one type of gamete and the other two types of gametes, since
a. Problem # 1: Two types of gametes for each parent since their genotypes are RW & RW.

What’s More Incomplete Dominance

NON - MENDELIAN Patterns of Inheritance

4. Punnett square 2. dominant; recessive

3. pink 1. incomplete dominance

What I Have Learned Incomplete Dominance

NON - MENDELIAN Patterns of Inheritance

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NON - MENDELIAN Patterns of Inheritance
Codominance What I Can Do
1. W W
G: RW G: RW
R
P: roan calf P: roan calf
G: WW G: WW
P: white calf P: white calf
W
There are 2 roan (RW) calves and 2 white (WW) calves.
2. Codominance
NON - MENDELIAN Patterns of Inheritance
Codominance What I Have Learned
1. alleles; equally 3. Alleles
2. Roan 4. Gamete
NON - MENDELIAN Patterns of Inheritance
Codominance What’s New
1. OO – No 2. AA – One center 3. BB – two 4. AB – three horns
horn horn horns
NON - MENDELIAN Patterns of Inheritance
Incomplete Dominance What I Can Do
There are 2 white (WW) flower offspring and 2 pink (RW) flower offspring.
2. A third phenotype results when traits are inherited in incomplete dominance.
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E-mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph
Telephone Nos.: (032) 255 - 1516 / (032) 253 - 9095
Office Address: New Imus Road Barangay Day - as, Cebu City
Department of Education - Cebu City Division
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
NON - MENDELIAN Patterns of Inheritance
Codominance What’s More
Cow 1
R R
R RR RR
R RR RR
Phenotypic ratio: 100% - red calves
Cow 2
R R
W RW RW
W RW RW
Phenotypic ratio: 100% - roan calves
Cow 3
R W
R RR RW
R RR RW
Phenotypic ratio: 50% - red calves & 50% - roan calves
a. Yes. Cow 1 will have red calves; Cow 2 will have roan calves; Cow 3 will have red and roan calves.
b. Yes
c. Student answers should be based on the Punnett square they have already prepared in their activity.
d. Students may give varied answers.
e. Students may give varied answers.
Possible answer: Animal breeders can cross breed
animals for them to get the desired traits that will improve livestock in terms of meat quality
and milk production.