Nebular Hypothesis

Earth Science
Proponents: Pierre-Simon Laplace,
L1 Immanuel Kant,
and Emanuel Swedenborg (P.I.E)
Universe and the Solar System
Idea: There was a rotating gaseous cloud
that cools
Big Bang and contracts in the middle to form the sun
and the
rest into a disc that become the planets.
• Widely accepted
scientific theory.
• Expansion of the The Characteristics of Earth that
universe.
Can Support Life:
Steady State
1. Temperature
Not too hot, not too cold.
• Known as Infinite
Universe Theory.
2. Water
• Constant universe.
You cannot live without water.

Pulsating Universe 3. Atmosphere

Traps the heat. Shield from harmful
• Expansion and radiation.
contraction of the
Universe. 4. Energy
To run life processes.(ATP)

5. Nature
What is a Solar System Build and maintain an organism‟s
body.
Geocentric- the idea that the Earth is the
center 6. Magnetic field
of the universe and other objects go around Protect from flares coming from nearby
it(Ptolemy) stars and from harmful radiation.

Heliocentric- one in which the planets (New Mat or Wat Men)

revolve around a fixed sun.(Nicolaus)

Earth’s 4 Subsystems

Biosphere-
 Core 33% 16% Fe,Ni

Theories
Hydrosphere The Modern Laplacian Theory
-(P.I.E)+Andrew Prentice

-"Modern Laplacian Theory" each planet

accretes within a discrete circumsolar gas
ring. Prentice's nested gas rings arise due
to the effect of 'supersonic turbulent
convection' in slowing the infall of interstellar
dust and gas.

-Instead of collapsing directly to form a flat

Atmosphere continuous disk, due to 'turbulent stress' the
gas temporarily remains puffed up in a vast
rotating spheroidal atmosphere around the
protosolar core. This atmosphere spins
faster as it slowly contracts. It rids itself of
excess angular momentum by sequentially
shedding gas rings from its equator.

Protoplanet Theory
-Protoplanets are relatively small space
Geosphere(Inner Core is solid) objects, similar in size to a moon or slightly
larger.
They can be thought of as tiny planets, even
smaller than dwarf planets.
Layer Mass Volume Material

Crust 1% 0.5% to Si, O

1% ● Formation of Protoplanetary Disks

Mantle 67% 83% Si, O, -protoplanetary disk forms when a

Mg cloud of gas and dust collapses
 under gravity, creating a flat,
spinning disk. Within this disk,
particles collide and stick together to
form planetesimals, which are the
building blocks of future planets.
● Accretion and Planetesimal
Formation
-describes how small dust particles
come together to form
planetesimals, which then
accumulate more material to
become protoplanets. These
protoplanets continue to grow until
they eventually become planets
within our solar system.
-gradual aggregation of solid
particles to create larger celestial
objects. It occurs within a gas and
solid particle-filled disk, where the
solid particles make up around 1%
of the disk's total mass
● Growth and Differentiation of
Protoplanets
-Protoplanets grow by accumulating
more material through collisions and
gravitational attraction. As they grow,
they can undergo differentiation,
where denser materials migrate to
their core, while lighter materials
form their outer layers.
-This process leads to the
development of distinct layers within
the protoplanet, such as a core,
mantle, and possibly a crust, setting
the stage for further planetary
evolution.
● Clearing of Orbital Paths
-Protoplanets and planets clear their
orbital paths of smaller debris and
dust through gravitational
interactions, ensuring the stability of
the planetary system. This
phenomenon involves celestial
objects gradually removing or
altering smaller bodies like asteroids
and comets within their orbital
zones, resulting in well-defined
orbits around their host stars.
● Planetary Migration
-Planetary migration is the
movement of planets within a
protoplanetary disk. It occurs due to
gravitational interactions with other
planets or objects in the system.
Planetary migration can lead to
changes in a planet's position and
orbital characteristics, impacting the
final arrangement of a planetary
system.
Capture Theory
-Proposed by Michael Mark Woolfson in
1964
-the Solar System formed from tidal
interactions between the Sun and a
low-density protostar.
-The Sun's gravity would have drawn
material from the diffuse atmosphere of the
protostar, which would then have collapsed
to form the protoplanets, eventually turning
into planets.
-When the solar system was forming, a
large object came too close to the earth and
was trapped in the earth’s gravitational pull rotating material and flattened out
and formed the moon into a disk shape.

3. Formation of a Planetesimal

Chunks of smaller rocky material

Solar Nebula Theory collide

-(P.I.E) 4. Growth of a Planetesimal

-The solar nebula theory describes the
formation of our solar system from a nebula Gravity increases with size,
cloud made from a collection of dust and attracting the surrounding smaller
gas. rocks, gases and dust.

5. Formation of a Protoplanet
Accretion
-In astrophysics, the term accretion refers to Planetesimals begin to collide and
the growth in mass of any celestial object join together through gravity
due to its gravitational attraction. The becoming Protoplanets. (continually
formation of stars and planets and the growing, but with a more regular,
powerful emissions from quasars, radio spherical shape).
galaxies, X-ray binaries.
6. A new solar system is formed
Supernova
The remaining dust and gas are
eventually removed. leaving planets
-Derived from nova (Latin: “new”), the name
around the sun
for another type of exploding star. Any of a
class of violently exploding stars whose
luminosity after eruption suddenly increases
many millions of times its normal level.

Nebula
-(Latin: “mist” or “cloud”) plural nebulae or
nebulas, any of the various tenuous clouds
of gas and dust that occur in interstellar
space.

1. Nebula Starts to Collapse

a large cloud of dust and gas (a
nebula) collapsed under its own
gravity

2. Force of rotation in the center

As the nebula collapsed, it spun
faster and develops a center point of