NEW

BRUNSWICK

RODNEAL HANNA
Presenter
 Physical
GEOGRAPHY
 Geographic features
- APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS: THE NORTHERN PART OF NEW BRUNSWICK IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS, PROVIDING SCENIC LANDSCAPES AND OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL
OPPORTUNITIES.

- ATLANTIC COASTLINE: NEW BRUNSWICK IS BORDERED BY THE ATLANTIC OCEAN, OFFERING PICTURESQUE
COASTAL VIEWS, SANDY BEACHES, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FISHING AND BOATING.

- SAINT JOHN RIVER: ONE OF THE MAJOR RIVERS IN NEW BRUNSWICK, THE SAINT JOHN RIVER FLOWS
THROUGH THE PROVINCE, OFFERING OPPORTUNITIES FOR WATER ACTIVITIES AND SCENIC DRIVES ALONG ITS
BANKS.

- FUNDY COASTLINE: THE BAY OF FUNDY, KNOWN FOR HAVING THE HIGHEST TIDES IN THE WORLD, SHAPES
THE COASTLINE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CREATING UNIQUE COASTAL LANDSCAPES AND ECOSYSTEMS.

- ACADIAN PENINSULA: LOCATED IN NORTHEASTERN NEW BRUNSWICK, THE ACADIAN PENINSULA IS KNOWN
FOR ITS ACADIAN HERITAGE, SANDY BEACHES, AND COASTAL SCENERY.

- FORESTS: NEW BRUNSWICK IS PREDOMINANTLY COVERED BY FORESTS, INCLUDING CONIFEROUS AND

DECIDUOUS TREES, PROVIDING HABITAT FOR WILDLIFE AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION
SUCH AS HIKING AND CAMPING.

- INTERIOR PLATEAUS: INLAND REGIONS OF NEW BRUNSWICK FEATURE ROLLING HILLS AND PLATEAUS,
OFFERING SCENIC VISTAS AND AGRICULTURAL LAND.

- WETLANDS: THE PROVINCE IS HOME TO VARIOUS WETLANDS, INCLUDING MARSHES, BOGS, AND ESTUARIES,
WHICH SUPPORT DIVERSE PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES AND PROVIDE IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
SUCH AS WATER FILTRATION AND FLOOD CONTROL.
S T. JOHN'S
RIVER
 NATURALVegetation
1. FORESTS: NEW BRUNSWICK IS PREDOMINANTLY COVERED BY FORESTS, WITH SPECIES SUCH AS RED
SPRUCE, BALSAM FIR, WHITE PINE, AND VARIOUS HARDWOODS LIKE MAPLE, BIRCH, AND BEECH. THE
ACADIAN FOREST REGION, CHARACTERIZED BY A MIX OF CONIFEROUS AND DECIDUOUS TREES, IS
PROMINENT.

2. WETLANDS: WETLANDS ARE ABUNDANT IN NEW BRUNSWICK, ESPECIALLY IN COASTAL AREAS AND
ALONG RIVERBANKS. THESE AREAS SUPPORT VEGETATION SUCH AS CATTAILS, BULRUSHES, SEDGES,
AND VARIOUS SPECIES OF AQUATIC PLANTS.

3. COASTAL VEGETATION: ALONG THE COAST, YOU'LL FIND SALT MARSHES AND COASTAL DUNES WITH
VEGETATION ADAPTED TO SALINE CONDITIONS. COMMON SPECIES INCLUDE SALTMARSH CORDGRASS,
SEASIDE GOLDENROD, AND BEACH PEA.

4. RIVER VALLEYS: RIVER VALLEYS IN NEW BRUNSWICK ARE OFTEN CHARACTERIZED BY RICH RIPARIAN
VEGETATION, INCLUDING WILLOWS, ALDERS, AND OTHER SHRUBS, AS WELL AS A MIX OF DECIDUOUS
AND CONIFEROUS TREES.

5. BOGS AND PEATLANDS: NEW BRUNSWICK HAS NUMEROUS BOGS AND PEATLANDS, SUPPORTING
UNIQUE VEGETATION SUCH AS SPHAGNUM MOSSES, PITCHER PLANTS, SUNDEWS, AND BLACK SPRUCE.
SOILS
- ACIDITY AND PH LEVELS: THE SOIL IN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA, VARIES IN ACIDITY LEVELS,
WITH SOME REGIONS HAVING ACIDIC SOILS AND OTHERS CLOSER TO NEUTRAL PH LEVELS. THIS
INFLUENCES THE TYPES OF CROPS THAT CAN BE GROWN AND THE NEED FOR SOIL AMENDMENTS.

- COMPOSITION AND TEXTURE: THE SOIL COMPOSITION IN NEW BRUNSWICK RANGES FROM
SANDY SOILS ALONG COASTAL AREAS TO CLAYEY SOILS IN INLAND REGIONS. THIS VARIATION
AFFECTS WATER RETENTION, DRAINAGE, AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY, INFLUENCING
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND LAND USE.

- ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT: THE AMOUNT OF ORGANIC MATTER IN NEW BRUNSWICK'S SOIL
CAN VARY, WITH HIGHER LEVELS IN FORESTED AREAS AND LOWER LEVELS IN AGRICULTURAL
REGIONS. ORGANIC MATTER CONTRIBUTES TO SOIL FERTILITY, STRUCTURE, AND OVERALL HEALTH.

- TOPOGRAPHY AND EROSION: THE TOPOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK, INCLUDING ITS HILLS,
VALLEYS, AND RIVER SYSTEMS, AFFECTS SOIL EROSION RATES AND SEDIMENT DEPOSITION.
EROSION CONTROL MEASURES ARE ESSENTIAL TO MAINTAIN SOIL PRODUCTIVITY AND PREVENT
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION.

- 1 HISTORICAL LAND USE: THE SOIL IN NEW BRUNSWICK REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF HISTORICAL
LAND USE PRACTICES SUCH AS LOGGING, AGRICULTURE, AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT.
UNDERSTANDING THESE LEGACIES HELPS INFORM SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
FOR SOIL CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION EFFORTS.
 Freshwater
Resources
- ABUNDANCE: NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA, IS ENDOWED WITH ABUNDANT
FRESHWATER RESOURCES, INCLUDING NUMEROUS RIVERS, LAKES, AND
STREAMS SPREAD ACROSS ITS DIVERSE LANDSCAPE.

- RIVER SYSTEMS: THE PROVINCE IS HOME TO SIGNIFICANT RIVER SYSTEMS LIKE

THE SAINT JOHN RIVER, MIRAMICHI RIVER, AND RESTIGOUCHE RIVER, WHICH
CONTRIBUTE TO ITS FRESHWATER WEALTH.

- LAKES AND RESERVOIRS: NEW BRUNSWICK BOASTS SEVERAL LAKES AND

RESERVOIRS, SUCH AS GRAND LAKE, WHICH PROVIDE VITAL FRESHWATER
RESOURCES FOR DRINKING WATER, RECREATION, AND WILDLIFE HABITATS.

- GROUNDWATER: THE PROVINCE ALSO BENEFITS FROM EXTENSIVE

GROUNDWATER RESERVES, SUPPLYING WATER TO WELLS AND SUSTAINING
ECOSYSTEMS THROUGHOUT THE REGION.

- MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION: EFFORTS ARE UNDERWAY TO MANAGE

AND CONSERVE THESE FRESHWATER RESOURCES THROUGH SUSTAINABLE
PRACTICES, INCLUDING MONITORING WATER QUALITY, PROTECTING WETLANDS,
AND PROMOTING RESPONSIBLE WATER USAGE.
 Population
- NEW BRUNSWICK, LOCATED IN EASTERN CANADA, HAS A
POPULATION OF APPROXIMATELY 780,000 PEOPLE AS OF 2021.
- THE PROVINCE EXPERIENCES STEADY BUT SLOW POPULATION
GROWTH, PRIMARILY DRIVEN BY IMMIGRATION AND NATURAL
INCREASE.
- NEW BRUNSWICK'S POPULATION IS RELATIVELY SPREAD OUT, WITH
THE LARGEST CITY, SAINT JOHN, HAVING AROUND 70,000
RESIDENTS.
- DEMOGRAPHICALLY, THE PROVINCE HAS A SIGNIFICANT
PROPORTION OF FRENCH SPEAKERS, PARTICULARLY IN AREAS LIKE
ACADIAN PENINSULA AND MADAWASKA COUNTY.
- CHALLENGES SUCH AS OUTMIGRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE AND AN
AGING POPULATION ARE FACTORS AFFECTING NEW BRUNSWICK'S
POPULATION DYNAMICS.
 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY: NEW BRUNSWICK'S CULTURE IS ENRICHED BY ITS DIVERSE POPULATION,
INCLUDING INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, ACADIANS, ANGLOPHONES, AND VARIOUS IMMIGRANT
COMMUNITIES, EACH CONTRIBUTING TO THE PROVINCE'S UNIQUE CULTURAL TAPESTRY.

- ACADIAN HERITAGE: ACADIAN CULTURE PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN NEW BRUNSWICK'S

IDENTITY, WITH ACADIANS COMPRISING A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE POPULATION. ACADIAN
FESTIVALS, MUSIC, CUISINE, AND LANGUAGE ARE CHERISHED ASPECTS OF THE PROVINCE'S
CULTURAL HERITAGE.

- FESTIVALS AND EVENTS: NEW BRUNSWICK HOSTS NUMEROUS CULTURAL FESTIVALS AND EVENTS
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, CELEBRATING EVERYTHING FROM MUSIC AND LITERATURE TO FOOD AND
MARITIME TRADITIONS. NOTABLE EVENTS INCLUDE THE SHEDIAC LOBSTER FESTIVAL, FREDERICTON'S
HARVEST JAZZ & BLUES FESTIVAL, AND THE ACADIAN WORLD CONGRESS.

- ARTS AND LITERATURE: THE PROVINCE BOASTS A VIBRANT ARTS SCENE, WITH MANY ARTISTS,
WRITERS, AND MUSICIANS CALLING NEW BRUNSWICK HOME. THE BEAVERBROOK ART GALLERY IN
FREDERICTON AND THE NEW BRUNSWICK MUSEUM IN SAINT JOHN SHOWCASE THE PROVINCE'S
ARTISTIC HERITAGE, WHILE LITERARY FESTIVALS LIKE WORD FEAST BRING TOGETHER LOCAL AND
NATIONAL WRITERS.

- OUTDOOR TRADITIONS: NEW BRUNSWICK'S CULTURE IS INTERTWINED WITH ITS NATURAL

ENVIRONMENT, FOSTERING OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES SUCH AS FISHING, HUNTING, HIKING, AND SKIING.
THESE ACTIVITIES NOT ONLY PROVIDE RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES BUT ALSO CONNECT
RESIDENTS TO THE PROVINCE'S RICH WILDERNESS AND MARITIME HERITAGE.
 ECONOMICS
1. RESOURCE-BASED ECONOMY: NEW BRUNSWICK'S ECONOMY HAS HISTORICALLY BEEN HEAVILY
RELIANT ON ITS NATURAL RESOURCES, INCLUDING FORESTRY, FISHING, AGRICULTURE, AND MINING.
THESE SECTORS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE PROVINCE'S GDP AND EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITIES, SHAPING ITS ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE.

2. MANUFACTURING AND EXPORT: THE PROVINCE HAS A DIVERSE MANUFACTURING SECTOR, WITH
INDUSTRIES SUCH AS PULP AND PAPER, FOOD PROCESSING, AND AEROSPACE CONTRIBUTING TO ITS
EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMY. ACCESS TO MAJOR TRANSPORTATION ROUTES, INCLUDING PORTS AND
RAILWAYS, FACILITATES THE MOVEMENT OF GOODS BOTH DOMESTICALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY.

3. DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES: NEW BRUNSWICK FACES DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES SUCH AS AN

AGING POPULATION, OUTMIGRATION OF YOUTH, AND LOW BIRTH RATES. THESE DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS
IMPACT THE LABOR FORCE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND SOCIAL SERVICES, POSING LONG-TERM
ECONOMIC CHALLENGES FOR THE PROVINCE.

4. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION: THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN

STIMULATING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH VARIOUS POLICIES AND INITIATIVES. THIS INCLUDES
INVESTMENTS IN INFRASTRUCTURE, EDUCATION, AND HEALTHCARE, AS WELL AS TARGETED INCENTIVES
TO ATTRACT BUSINESSES AND ENCOURAGE INNOVATION.

5. OPPORTUNITIES IN RENEWABLE ENERGY: WITH ITS ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES, INCLUDING

WIND, HYDROELECTRIC, AND BIOMASS, NEW BRUNSWICK HAS THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP A ROBUST
RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR. INVESTING IN CLEAN ENERGY INITIATIVES NOT ONLY SUPPORTS
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY BUT ALSO CREATES NEW ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND REDUCES
DEPENDENCE ON FOSSIL FUELS.
 - DEFORESTATION: NEW BRUNSWICK FACES CHALLENGES RELATED TO
DEFORESTATION, PARTICULARLY IN ITS VAST FORESTED AREAS,
IMPACTING BIODIVERSITY, SOIL EROSION, AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION.

- WATER POLLUTION: INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURE, AND URBAN

RUNOFF CONTRIBUTE TO WATER POLLUTION IN RIVERS, LAKES, AND
COASTAL AREAS, AFFECTING AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AND PUBLIC HEALTH.

- CLIMATE CHANGE: LIKE MANY REGIONS, NEW BRUNSWICK EXPERIENCES

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS SUCH AS EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS,
SHIFTING ECOSYSTEMS, AND THREATS TO INFRASTRUCTURE,
AGRICULTURE, AND COASTAL COMMUNITIES.

- SPECIES LOSS: HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND FRAGMENTATION THREATEN

NATIVE SPECIES IN NEW BRUNSWICK, INCLUDING ENDANGERED PLANTS
AND ANIMALS, LEADING TO LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL
IMBALANCE.

- WASTE MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES WITH WASTE DISPOSAL AND

RECYCLING CONTRIBUTE TO POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION, REQUIRING BETTER WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND
PRACTICES TO MITIGATE THE IMPACT ON LAND AND WATER ECOSYSTEMS.
 REFERENCES

1. JONES, A. B. (2018). THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK:

LANDFORMS, CLIMATE, AND NATURAL RESOURCES. *CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER,
42*(3), 301-315.

2. BROWN, C. D. (2019). HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK: SETTLEMENT

PATTERNS, POPULATION DYNAMICS, AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES. *JOURNAL OF
NEW BRUNSWICK STUDIES, 25*(1), 78-92.

3. SMITH, E. F., & JOHNSON, G. H. (2020). CHANGING LANDSCAPES:

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN NEW BRUNSWICK.
*ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY, 33*(4), 511-527.

4. WILSON, K. L., & MARTINEZ, R. (2021). DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND

URBANIZATION IN NEW BRUNSWICK: IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT. *CANADIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN RESEARCH, 28*(2), 145-160.

5. TAYLOR, M. R., & PARKER, S. L. (2022). SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS

INFLUENCING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN NEW BRUNSWICK.
*JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, 17*(3), 221-235.