03

Fourier series representation of the train of pulses:

Fig. A periodic train of pulses of duration τ.

According to the exponential form of the Fourier series,

 

Vn e Vn e
j 2 n t / T0 j 2 n f 0 t
v(t )  
n   n  
where

1 T0 / 2  j 2 n t / T0 1 T0 / 2  j 2 n f 0 t
Vn 
T0  T0 / 2
v(t )e dt 
T0 T0 / 2
v(t )e dt

Therefore for the train of pulses,

1  j 2 n f 0 t 1  /2  j 2 n f 0 t

T0 / 2
Vn 
T0 T0 / 2
v(t )e dt 
T0  /2
Ae dt

A e j  n f 0
e
 j  n f 0

Vn   
 n f 0T0  2j 
Let,    n f 0

A sin( ) A
Therefore, Vn   Sa ( )
T0  T0
where Sa () is called the sampling function.
Thus,

A 

 Sa( ) e
j 2 n f 0 t
v(t )  where    n f 0
T0 n  

The sampling function is frequently encountered in spectral analysis.

sin x
A closely related function is sinc x  .
x
1
 Fig. The sampling function Sa (x)
The Fourier Transform:
Let x(t) be a non-periodic signal of finite duration,

Fig. Nonperiodic signal x(t)

Fig. Periodic signal xT0 (t ) formed by periodic extension of x(t).

If T0   lim xT0 (t )  x(t ) ................................ (1)

T0 

The complex exponential Fourier series of xT0 (t ) is given by

C e
j k 0 t
xT0 (t )  k ................................ (2)
k  

1 T0 / 2  j k 0 t
where,
Ck 
T0  T0 / 2
xT0 (t )e dt ................................ (3)

T0
Since xT0 (t )  x (t ) for t  and also since x(t) = 0 outside this interval,
2

1 T0 / 2  j k 0 t 1   j k 0 t
Ck 
T0 T0 / 2
x(t )e dt 
T0  
x(t )e dt ................................ (4)

2
Now let X() be defined as
 j  t
X ()   x(t )e dt ................................ (5)

Thus the complex Fourier coefficient Ck can be expressed as,

1
Ck  X (k0 ) ................................ (6)
T0

1

j k 0 t
xT0 (t )  X (k0 ) e
k   T0


1
 X (k0 ) e
j k 0 t
xT0 (t )  0 ................................ (7)
2 k  

2
As T0   , 0  becomes infinitesi mal
T0

In that case let 0  

Then Equation (7) becomes

1
 X (k) e
j k  t
xT0 (t )   ................................ (8)
T0  2 k  


1
 X (k ) e
j k  t
x(t )  lim xT0 (t )  lim  ......................... (9)
Therefore, T0   0 2
k  

The sum on the right-hand side of Equation (9) can be viewed as the area under the function
j t
X ( ) e , as shown below.

Fig. Graphical interpretation of Equation (9)

3
Therefore, we obtain,

1  j t
x(t ) 
2  
X ( )e d ................................ (10)

which is the Fourier representation of a non-periodic signal x(t) of finite duration.

 j  t
X ()  F {x(t)}   x(t )e

dt ......................... (5)
1  j t
x(t )  F -1
{X()} 
2 
X ( )e d ......................... (10)

x(t )  X ()
j  ( )
X ()  X () e
Properties of continuous-time Fourier transform (or Fourier transform theorems):
(1) Linearity:

a1 x1 (t )  a2 x2 (t )  a1 X 1 ()  a2 X 2 ( )
(2) Time shifting: (7) Differentiation in the time domain:
 j  t0
x(t  t0 )  e X () d x(t )
 j  X ( )
(3) Frequency shifting:
dt
(8) Differentiation in the frequency domain:
j 0 t
e x(t )  X (  0 )
d X ( )
( j t ) x(t ) 
d
(4) Time scaling:

1  
x(at )  X  (9) Integration in the time domain:
a a t
1
(5) Time reversal:  x( ) d   X (0)  ( ) 
0
j
X ( )

x(t )  X () (10) Convolution:

(6) Duality (or Symmetry):
x1 (t ) * x2 (t )  X 1 ( ) X 2 ( )
X (t )  2  x( )
(11) Multiplication (or frequency convolution):

1
x1 (t ) x2 (t )  X 1 ( ) * X 2 ( )
2

Assignment: Prove each of the properties of Fourier transform.