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Broadband Printed Dipole Antennas

Conference Paper · June 2022

DOI: 10.1109/IEMTRONICS55184.2022.9795826

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 Broadband Printed Dipole Antennas
1 2
R.P.Ghosh,
1 2
Dept. of Electronics,
Vidyasagar University,
Midnapore-721102
India
rajendra.ghosh@gmail.com
Abstract- Two arms of Microstrip Dipole antenna are
printed on the same side of a substrate. But two arms of the
Printed Dipole Antenna (PDA) are printed on the opposite
sides and hence contain no ground plane. The Return Loss
(RL) Bandwidth (BW) of PDA is much higher compared to
Microstrip Dipole as it does not contain ground plane like
the Microstrip Dipole and therefore Q value is low which
results in large RL bandwidth. The PDA is fed by printed
version of two wire transmission line. The cross polar
discrimination is high as width to length ratio of the arm is
very small. In general the width is kept below 0.05λ0. A
novel design of PDA is reported in which the antenna arms
have been widened to make it a Flag shaped to achieve
large RL bandwidth. The -10dB RL bandwidth as high as
76% is achieved. Due to widening of the arms the
fundamental resonant frequency and its first harmonic is
stagger tuned to result a high RL. Three antennas are
designed and simulated in MOM based simulator IE3D.
One of them has been fabricated for experimental
verification. The experimental result is in good agreement
with the simulated results.
Keywords- printed dipole antenna (PDA), return loss
bandwidth, broadband, flag shaped antenna.
I.INTRODUCTION:
Two arms of PDA are printed on the two sides of a
dielectric substrate and also known as Double Sided
Printed Dipole Antenna (DSPDA) [1]. The DSPDA
is feed by the printed version of two wire
transmission line and is extensively analysed by the
Wheeler [2].The structure of the DSPDA along with
its feed structure is shown in Fig.-1[1].The closed
form expression for the resonant frequency of the
antenna is investigated by R.P. Ghosh, et. al. and is
given in Equation-1[3].
= ∗ . .
√ε ( . . )
………. (1)
Where L0 is the length of the antenna and ԑr is the
relative dielectric constant of the medium.
The arm width of the antenna is typically kept less
than 0.05λ0 [1]. This results in low transverse current
component and hence cross polar discrimination is
too high. The antenna has no ground plane and hence
no field confinement takes place, so the Q value is
B.Gupta
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
Jadavpur University,
Kol-32.
India
gupta_bh@gmail.com
low compared to other form of Microstrip Antennas.
The patch antenna in its basic and simple form
provides 2-5% of -10dB RL bandwidth [1], whereas
the RL bandwidth of DSPDA in its basic structure is
nearly 15-18% [3].This has created immense interest
among the researchers to use the PDA for wideband
applications like medical imaging, high speed data
applications, real time navigation etc. The research
has been carried out to increase the RL bandwidth
further using various techniques like integrated
BALUN, flaring arms, parasitic elements,
introducing slots on arms for gradual impedance
transformation [4-10]. But these techniques of
boarding the RL bandwidth have increased the
complexity of the structure of the DSPDA.
In this communication the broad band DSPDA is
reported with large impedance bandwidth (RL). The
broadband is achieved by widening the arm’s width
making it a Flag shaped. The widening of arms
stagger tunes the fundamental frequency and the first
harmonic to provide large RL bandwidth. No
BALUN, parasitic element or any other impedance
matching technique is used to design the DSPDA. It
is also found that cross polar discrimination is
relatively high (more than 20dB) in spite of widening
the arm width. Thus antennas are simply structured
and fabrication of these is easy. Three antennas are
designed and reported with highest 10dB RL
bandwidth of 76%. All antennas are designed and
simulated in MoM based simulator IE3D [11]. A
DSPDA is experimentally verified and is in good
agreement with the simulated data.
(DSPDA) along
Fig.-1: Double Sided Printed Dipole Antenna
with its feed structure [1].
 II. PARAMETRIC STUDY TO DESIGN
BROADBAND DSPDA
B W v s A rm w id th
The DSPDAs consist of two arms known as active 115

radial and ground radial which are printed on 110

105
opposite faces of dielectric material. The length of
100
the DSPDA for the resonant frequency is determined

BW in MHz
B W in M H z
95
by the Equation-1.
90
85
= ∗( . . . . )
(1) 80
√ε
75
Where L0 is the length of the antenna and ԑr is the 70
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
relative dielectric constant of the medium. A rm w id th o f th e P D A
In case of DSPDA no field confinement takes place
and hence there exists no fringing field. So the length Fig.-3: The variation of BW with arm width.
correction is not required. The arm width of the
DSPDA is usually kept less than 0.05λ0. Initially So from the above parametric study it is concluded
antenna is designed with the arm width much less that the common area and the arm width may be
than the prescribed value. But it is gradually simultaneously adjusted to get broad RL bandwidth
increased and is found to increase the RL bandwidth. of DSPDA. It is also found that the cross polar
A parametric study is carried out to find the increase discrimination is well above the acceptable limit even
of bandwidth with increasing arm width. The after the widening the arm’s width.
common area as described by R.P.Ghosh et. al. [3] is
also adjusted to get optimum RL bandwidth. A III. DESIGN OF BROADBAND DSPDA
parametric study is also carried out to get the
optimum RL bandwidth with the variation of Following the observations of the above parametric
common area. studies, three broad band DSPDAs has been
An antenna is designed initially with the following designed. The DSPDAs resonate at 0.5GHz, 1.0GHz
specifications to carry out the parametric study. and 1.5GHz. All three antennas are designed and
Dielectric Constant (εr) = 2.4, simulated in MOM based simulator IE3D. In all three
Length of each arm (L0) = 130mm, DSPDAs it is found that the maximum RL band
Height of the substrate (h) = 1.524mm, width is obtained at the arm width of 0.1λ0 and with
Arm width = 6mm. no common area. In each case, the fundamental
According to Equation-1, the DSPDA resonates at frequency and its first harmonic is staggered tuned to
0.5GHz. The arm width is kept well below the produce large RL bandwidth. The cross polar
0.05λ0. The variation of RL band width with the discrimination is above 20 dB which is well above
variation of common area is shown in Fig.-2. And the the acceptable limit. The DSPDA whose resonant
variation of bandwidth with the widening arm width frequency is 1.0GHz is fabricated for experimental
is shown in Fig.-3. verification. The experimental values agree with the
simulated results.
B W vs C o m m o n ar ea len g th
76 IV. RESULTS
74
72 B W in M H z A. DSPDA-1
70
BW in MHz

68 The DSPDA-1 operates at the frequency 0.5GHz.

66 The antenna arms are flattened to 0.1λ0 to stagger
64 tune the fundamental mode and first harmonic. It
62 provides RL bandwidth of 62% with cross polar
60
discrimination more than 20dB. The top and back
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
view of the antenna are shown in Fig.-4(a,b). The
C om m on ar ea le n gth in m m
antenna dimensions are given by
Dielectric Constant (εr) = 2.4,
Length of each arm (L0) = 130mm,
Fig.-2: Variation of RL bandwidth with common area of the Height of the substrate (h) = 1.524mm,
DASPDA.
Arm width = 60mm.
Common area between arms = 0 mm. 0
0 330 30

-10
300 60
-20

-30

-40 270 90

-30

-20 240 120

-10
210 150
0
180

E Plan e R adiation Pattern ,C o-P ol

E Plan e R adiation Pattern , C ross-P ol
(a)

(a)

0
0 330 30

-10
300 60
-20

-30
(b)
Fig.-4: Top and Back views of DSPDA-1 -40 270 90

(a) Top View (b) Back View. -30

The simulated RL plot, radiation patterns for E and H -20 240 120
plane at three different frequencies and gain vs -10
frequency plots are shown in Fig. - 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
210 150
0
180

H Plane Radiation Pattern,Co Pol

Return Loss H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross Pol
2
0 (b)
-2
-4 Fig.-6: Radiation Patterns at 0.43GHz of DSPDA-1.

-6 (a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane

S11 in dB

-8
-10 0
0 330 30
-12
-10
-14 3 00 60
-20
-16
-30
-18
-40 2 70 90
-20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -30

Frequncy in GHz -20 2 40 12 0

-10
2 10 150
0
18 0
Fig.-5: Return Loss plot of DSPDA-1.
E Plane Radiation Pattern, C o-Pol
E Plane Radiation Pattern, C ross Pol

(a)
 0 2.5 Gain
0 330 30

-10 2.0
300 60
-20

Gain in dBi
1.5
-30

-40 270 90 1.0

-30
0.5
-20 240 120

-10 0.0
210 150
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
180 Frequency in GHz
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co Pol
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross Pol Fig.-9: Gain versus Frequency plot of DSPDA-1.

(b) B. DSPDA-2:
Fig. -7: Radiation Patterns at 0.63GHz of DSPDA-1.
(a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane The DSPDA-2 operates at the frequency 1.0 GHz and
arms are flattened to 0.1λ0. It provides RL bandwidth
of 69% with cross polar discrimination more than
0
0 330 30
20dB. The top and back view of the antenna are
-10
shown in Fig.-10 (a,b). The antenna is fabricated and
300 60
experimentally verified. The antenna dimensions are
-20
given by
-30 Dielectric Constant (εr) = 2.4,
-40 270 90 Length of each arm (L0) = 66 mm,
-30 Height of the substrate (h) = 1.524mm,
-20
Arm width = 30mm.
240 120
Common area between arms = 0 mm.
-10
The top and back views of the designed antenna
210 150
0
180 along with all dimensions are shown in Fig.- 10. The
E Plane Radiation Pattern, Co Pol photograph of the fabricated antenna is shown in
E Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross Pol
Fig.-11.
(a)

0
0 330 30

-10
300 60
-20

-30

-40 270 90
(a)
-30

-20 240 120

-10
210 150
0
180

H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co Pol

H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross Pol

(b)
(b) Fig.-10: Front and Back views of DSPDA-2
Fig.- 8: Radiation Patterns at 0.81GHz of DSPDA-1.
(a) Top View (b) Back View.
(a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane
 0
0 330 30

-10
300 60
-20

-30

-40 270 90

-30

-20 240 120

-10
210 150
0
(a) 180

E Plane Radiation Pattern,Co-Pol, Simulated

E Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross Pol, Simulated
E Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol, Measured
E Plane Radiation Pttern,Cross-Pol, Measured

(a)

0
0 330 30

-10
300 60
-20

(b) -30

Fig.-11: Photographs of fabricated DSPDA-2 -40 270 90

(a) Top View (b) Back View -30

-20 240 120

The simulated and measured RL plot, radiation -10

patterns for E and H plane at three different 0

210
180
150

frequencies and gain vs. frequency plots are shown in H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol,Simulated
Fig. - 12, 13, 14, 15 &16. H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol,Simulated
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol,Measured
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol,Measured
(b)
Fig.-13: Radiation Patterns at 0.80GHz of DSPDA-2
(a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane

0
0 330 30

-10
300 60
-20

-30

-40 270 90

-30

-20 240 120

-10
Fig.-12: Simulated and Measured Return Loss Plots of DSPDA-2. 0
210 150
180

E Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol, Simulated

E Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol, Simulated
E Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol, Measured
E Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol, Measured

(a)
 3 G a in V S . F r e q u e n c y
0
0 330 30

-10
2
300 60
-20

Gain in dB
-30

-40 270 90 1

-30

-20 240 120

0
-10 0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8
210 150 F r eq u e n c y in G H z
0
180

H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol, Simulated

H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol, Simulated
Fig.-16: Gain vs frequency of DSPDA-2.
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol, Measured
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol, Measured

(b) C. DSPDA-3
Fig.-14: Radiation Patterns at 1.20 GHz of DSPDA-2
DSPDA-3 is also designed to operate at 1.5GHz with
(a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane
the following dimensions. The antenna provides
impedance bandwidth of 76%.
0 Dielectric Constant (εr) = 2.4,
0 330 30
Length of each arm (L0) = 44 mm,
-10
Height of the substrate (h) = 1.524mm,
300 60
-20 Arm width = 20mm.
-30 Common area between arms = 0 mm.
-40 270 90

-30
The top and back views of the designed antenna
along with all dimensions are shown in Fig. - 17.
-20 240 120

-10
210 150
0
180

E Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol, Simulated

E Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol, Simulated
E Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol, Measured
E Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol, Measured

(a)

0
(a)
0 330 30

-10
300 60
-20

-30

-40 270 90

-30

-20 240 120

-10
210 150
0
180
(b)
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol,Simulated Fig.-17: Top and Back views of DSPDA-3
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol,Simulated
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol,Measured (a) Top View (b) Back View.
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol,Simulated
The simulated RL plot, radiation patterns for E and H
(b) plane at three different frequencies and gain vs.
Fig.-15: Radiation Patterns at 1.5 GHz of DSPDA-2 frequency plots are shown in Fig. - 18, 19, 20,21 and
(a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane
22.
 2 R etu rn L o ss
0
0 0 330 30
-2
-10
-4 300 60
-20
-6
S11 in dB

-8 -30

-10 -40 270 90

-12 -30
-14
-20 240 120
-16
-10
0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0
210 150
F req u en cy in G H z 0
180

E Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol

Fig.-18: Return Loss Plot of DSPDA-3.
E Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross Pol

(a)
0
0 330 30

0
-10 0 330 30
300 60
-20 -10
300 60
-30 -20

-40 270 90 -30

-40 270 90
-30
-30
-20 240 120
-20 240 120
-10
-10
210 150
0 210 150
180 0
180

E Plane Radiation Pattern,Co-Pol H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co Pol

E Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross Pol

(a)

(b)
0 Fig.-20: Radiation Patterns at 1.85 GHz of DSPDA-3.
0 330 30
(a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane
-10
300 60
-20
0
-30 0 330 30

-40 270 90 -10

300 60
-30 -20

-20 -30
240 120
-40 270 90
-10
210 150 -30
0
180
-20 240 120
H Plane Radiation Pattern,Co Pol
-10
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross Pol
210 150
0
180
(b) E Plane Radiation Pattern,Co-Pol
Fig.-19: Radiation Patterns at 1.2GHz of DSPDA-3. E Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross Pol

(a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane

(a)
 resonating frequency (fundamental frequency) using
the Equation-1 and then widen the antenna arm to
0
0 330 30
0.1λ0. In the process, the fundamental frequency and
-10
its first harmonic will be staggered tuned to provide
300 60
large RL bandwidth. All the three antennas have been
-20 designed following this method.
-30

-40 270 90
REFERENCES
-30 1. I.J.Bahl, P.Bhartia, R.Garg and A. Ittipiboon, “ Microstrip
-20
Antenna Design Handbook,” 2nd Edition, Artech House,
240 120
Dedham, MA, pp. 399,2001.
-10 2. Wheeler H.A., “Transmission Line Properties of Parallel
210 150
Strips Separated by a Dielectric Sheet”, IEEE Trans. on
0 Microwave Theory and Technique.Vol. MTT 13, pp. 172-
180
185, Nov. 1965.
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Co-Pol 3. R.P.Ghosh, B.Gupta, Kaushik Patra, S.K.Chowdhury,
H Plane Radiation Pattern, Cross-Pol “Accurate formula to determine resonant frequency of double
sided printed dipole antenna,” IETE Journal of Research,
(b) 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2017.1355749.
4. R. P. Ghosh, B. Gupta and S. K. Chowdhury, "Broadband
Fig.-21: Radiation Pattern at 2.54 GHz of DSPDA-3. printed dipole antennas with shaped ground plane,"
(a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane TENCON 2010 - 2010 IEEE Region 10 Conference, 2010,
pp. 416-421, doi: 10.1109/TENCON.2010.5686680.
5. S. Thirakoune, A. Petosa, A. Ittipiboon and K. Levis,
Gain "Broadband printed dipole antennas," IEEE Antennas and
3.0
Propagation Society International Symposium (IEEE Cat.
No.02CH37313), 2002, pp. 52-, doi:
2.5 10.1109/APS.2002.1018154.
6. Thirakoune s., Petosa a.,Ittipiboon a., Levis K., "Broadband
2.0 Printed Dipole Antennas," IEEE Antennas and Propagation
S11 in dB

Society International Symposium, vol.3, pp.52, 16-21 June

1.5 2002.
7. K. E. Kedze, H. Wang, T. S. Xuat, and I. Park, “Wideband
1.0 Low-Profile Printed Dipole Antenna Incorporated with
Folded Strips and Corner-Cut Parasitic Patches above the
0.5 Ground Plane,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 15537-15546, 2019.
8. Y.-D. Lin and S.-N. Tsai, "Analysis and Design of
0.0 Broadside-Coupled Striplines-Fed Bow-Tie Antennas," IEEE
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.46, no.3,
Frequency in GHz pp.459- 460, Mar. 1998.
9. A. R. Behera and A.R. Harish, “A Novel Printed Wideband
Fig.-22: Gain versus Frequency plot for DSPDA-3. Dipole Antenna,” IEEE Transaction on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 60, No. 9, Sep. 2012.
V. CONCLUSIONS 10. Vasiliadis, T.G. and Sergiadis, G.D. (2006), “Wideband
printed dipole antenna parasitically enhanced with over-an-
Three broadband DSPDAs are developed with the octave bandwidth. Dual-band variant for WLAN
applications”. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 48: 444-449,
fundamental frequency of 0.5GHz, 1.0GHz and 2006. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.21375.
1.5GHz. In each case, the fundamental and first 11. https://www.rfglobalnet.com.
harmonic is staggered tuned when the antenna arms
are widened to 0.1λ0. It makes the antenna Flag
shaped. The Q value of the antenna is lowered at both
the frequency due to the increase of arm’s width and
results in high RL bandwidth. The DSPDAs provide
RL bandwidth of 62%, 69% and 76%. The antennas
are simply designed. No complicated antenna design
techniques are used to achieve large RL bandwidth.
Even no BALUN or complicated impedance
matching techniques are used. The cross polar
discrimination is well above 20dB in each case even
after widening the arm width. A generalised design
procedure may be adopted to design the broad band
DSPDA. At first, calculate the arm length for any

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